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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease (AD) caused by the aberrant attack of the immune system on its own joint tissues. Genetic and environmental factors are the main reasons of immune system impairment and high incidence of RA. Although there are medications on the market that lessen disease activity, there is no known cure for RA, and patients are at risk in varying degrees of systemic immunosuppression. By transporting (encapsulating or surface binding) RA-related self-antigens, nucleic acids, immunomodulators, or cytokines, tolerogenic nanoparticles-also known as immunomodulatory nano-preparations-have the potential to gently regulate local immune responses and ultimately induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. We review the recent advances in immunomodulatory nano-preparations for delivering self-antigen or self-antigen plus immunomodulator, simulating apoptotic cell avatars

Targeted delivery and labeling of single living cells in heterogeneous cell populations are of great importance to understand the molecular biology and physiological functions of individual cells. However, it remains challenging to perfuse fluorescence markers into single living cells with high spatial and temporal resolution without interfering neighboring cells. Here, we report a single cell perfusion and fluorescence labeling strategy based on nanoscale glass nanopipettes. With the nanoscale tip hole of 100 nm, the use of nanopipettes allows special perfusion and high-resolution fluorescence labeling of different subcellular regions in single cells of interest. The dynamic of various fluorescent probes has been studied to exemplify the feasibility of nanopipette-dependent targeted delivery. According to experimental results, the cytoplasm labeling of Sulfo-Cyanine5 and fluorescein isothiocyanate is mainly based on the Brownian movement due to the dyes themselves and does not have a targeting ability, while the nucleus labeling of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) is originated from the adsorption between DAPI and DNA in the nucleus. From the finite element simulation, the precise manipulation of intracellular delivery is realized by controlling the electro-osmotic flow inside the nanopipettes, and the different delivery modes between nontargeting dyes and nucleus-targeting dyes were compared, showcasing the valuable ability of nanopipette-based method for the analysis of specially defined subcellular regions and the potential applications for single cell surgery, subcellular manipulation, and gene delivery.

Carbon dots (CDs), as new type of carbon-based nanoparticles, are considered to be an aggregate with irreversible polymerization. Achieving the reversible tunability of CDs luminescence based on their reversible polymerization is a challenging subject. Herein, we, for the first time, design and construct the blue-emitting CDs with reversible polymerization by a room-temperature Schiff base reaction between tannic acid and ethylenediamine. The formation of CDs is proven to be due to the crosslinking polymerization of precursors caused by imine bond. As a dynamic covalent bond, imine bond endows CDs with controllable structural transformation properties, and the prepared CDs can be depolymerized and polymerized reversibly by pH-controlled imine bond cleavage and re-formation. These properties of reversible fluorescence photoswitching make the CDs have a good application prospect in reversible information encryption.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for the regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as cellular responses to stress and protein synthesis, folding, and posttranslational modification. Nevertheless, monitoring ER physiological activity remains challenging due to the lack of powerful detection methods. Herein, we built a two-stage cascade recognition process to achieve dynamic visualization of ER stress in living cells based on a fluorescent carbon dot (CD) probe, which is synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method without additional modification. The fluorescent CD probe enables two-stage cascade ER recognition by first accumulating in the ER as the positively charged and lipophilic surface of the CD probe allows its fast crossing of multiple membrane barriers. Next, the CD probe can specifically anchor on the ER membrane via recognition between boronic acids and

Two silole-containing non-fused-ring asymmetric small-molecule electron acceptors were designed and synthesized with an A–D1–D2–A configuration, featuring the assembly of dithienosilole and isooctoxy indenothiophene.

It is well-known that most high-efficiency small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) contain a big fused-ring central core. However, their syntheses are multistep and complex. The development of high-efficiency simple non-fused SMA is of great significance for organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bithiazole was primarily used as a weak electron-accepting (Aw) core to construct a type of non-fused SMAs of BTz-4F-1 and BTz-4Cl-1 with an Aw(π–A)2 architecture, in which halogenated (fluorinated or chlorinated) cyanoindanone was used as a strong electron-accepting (A) terminal. For comparison, an analogue BTz-4F-0 with 2,2′-bithiazole was synthesized. The effect of methylation in bithiazole and halogenation in cyanoindanone on solubility, crystallinity, morphology and photovoltaic properties was primarily studied. It was found that both SMAs with dimethylbithiazole exhibited a significantly increasing solubility than BTz-4F-0. The fluorinated BTz-4F-1 exhibited an adjustable crystallinity and an increasing solu-bility in comparison with the chlorinated BTz-4Cl-1. Furthermore, BTz-4F-1 exhibited better morphological and photovoltaic properties than BTz-4Cl-1 in the bulk heterojuncation OSCs using polymer J71 as the donor. The obtained power conversion efficiency in the BTz-4F-1 based OSCs is 1.46 times higher than that of the BTz-4Cl-1 based ones. However, the BTz-4F-0 based OSCs were not obtained by a solution process owing to the lower solubility of BTz-4F-0. This study indicates that the crystallinity, morphology and photovoltaic properties of SMAs can be managed by central methylation and terminal fluorination strategies.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Activated macrophages in arthritic joints play a prominent role in the initiation and persistence of RA. Despite great progress in the clinical treatment of RA, poor response and high discontinuation due to systemic toxicity remain unsolved issues, especially the well-known methotrexate (MTX). Therefore, active targeted delivery of therapeutic drugs to pathogenic cells in arthritic joints is essential to increase in situ activity and decrease systemic toxicity. Here, we developed an MTX-loaded macrophage-targeted nano-emulsion (NE) based on the overexpression of folate receptor (FR) on activated macrophages, the inherent high affinity of FR for folate (FA), as well as the property of MTX and phospholipids to form complexes (MTX@PC). Intravenous injection of DID-labelled MTX@PC-FA NEs into adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) mice, in vivo images and flow cytometry results revealed that the NEs were highly targeted to inflamed joints and macrophages, respectively. Therapeutic studies suggested that this strategy was conducive to achieve high efficacy and low toxicity of MTX in the treatment of RA. Our research highlights MTX@PC-FA NEs as a potential treatment option for RA targeting the FR-expressed activated macrophages.

Despite the promise of combination cancer therapy, it remains challenging to develop targeted strategies that are nontoxic to normal cells. Here we report a combination therapeutic strategy based on engineered DNAzyme molecular machines that can promote cancer apoptosis via dynamic inter- and intracellular regulation. To achieve external regulation of T-cell/cancer cell interactions, we designed a DNAzyme-based molecular machine with an aptamer and an i-motif, as the MUC-1-selective aptamer allows the specific recognition of cancer cells. The i-motif is folded under the tumor acidic microenvironment, shortening the intercellular distance. As a result, T-cells are released by metal ion activated DNAzyme cleavage. To achieve internal regulation of mitochondria, we delivered another DNAzyme-based molecular machine with mitochondria-targeted peptides into cancer cells to induce mitochondria aggregation. Our strategy achieved an enhanced killing effect in zinc deficient cancer cells.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant immune cell action against secretory glands throughout the body. A number of studies have previously identified unique characteristics in the circulating expression profile of white blood cells of pSS patients. However, the molecular progression pattern of pSS is unclear. Through a systematic analysis of pSS transcriptome information, we found that pSS transcriptomes display broad heterogeneity, but cannot be distinguished from the broad range of possible profiles of healthy controls. Instead, only sample learning using a subset of pre-identified signature genes could achieve partial separation through a trajectory governed by interferon activity. Interestingly, this trajectory is correlated with a decrease in dendritic cell counts. Our study thus highlights a major limitation to the utility of broad blood transcriptome analysis in the context of pSS, while also identifying several factors that influence the divergence between patient samples.

Ratiometric fluorescence (FL) probes are highly desirable for highly sensitive and reliable assays. Dual-emitting carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) have great application prospects in building ratiometric FL sensors. However, dual-emitting CPDs are usually synthesized at high temperatures and high pressures, which not only increases the cost but also complicates the structure of CPDs. Here, we developed a facile strategy for the fabrication of dual-emitting CPDs at room temperature using tetrachlorobenzoquinone and ethylenediamine. The formation of CPDs was induced by Schiff base condensation reaction, enabling the following cross-linking polymerization process. The dual-emitting CPDs demonstrate good photostability and antioxidant capacity. Importantly, the typical dual-emission bands of the as-prepared CPDs are found to have a blue emission band at 445 nm with a maximum excitation of 350 nm and a yellow emission band at 575 nm with a maximum excitation of 440 nm. Based on the dual-emitting property of CPDs, a ratiometric FL nanoprobe is obtained for sensitive determination of vitamin B12 (VB12), as the inner filtering and static quenching effects between VB12 and CPDs allow effective quenching of the blue FL of CPDs, while the yellow FL is maintained. The established assay shows linear detection ranges of 0.25-100 μM with a low limit of detection of 0.14 μM. These findings provide new guidance for the facile preparation of CPDs with excellent dual-emitting optical properties, indicating good prospects in biosensing.

H2O2 is an essential signaling molecule in living cells that can cause direct damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, resulting in cell membrane rupture. However, current studies mostly focus on probe-based sensing of intracellular H2O2, and these methods usually require sophisticated probe synthesis and instruments. In particular, local H2O2 treatment induces cell membrane rupture, but the level of cell membrane destruction is unknown because the mechanical properties of the cell membrane are difficult to accurately determine. Therefore, highly sensitive and label-free methods are required to measure and reflect mechanical changes in the cell membrane. Here, using an ultrasmall quartz nanopipette with a tip diameter less than 90 nm as a nanosensor, label-free and noninvasive electrochemical single-cell measurement is achieved for real-time monitoring of cell membrane rupture under H2O2 treatment. By spatially controlling the nanopipette tip to precisely approach a specific location on the membrane of a single living cell, stable cyclic membrane oscillations are observed under a constant direct current voltage. Specifically, upon nanopipette advancement, the mechanical status of the cell membrane can be sensibly displayed by continuous current versus time traces. The electrical signals are collected and processed, ultimately revealing the mechanical properties of the cell membrane and the degree of cell apoptosis. This nanopipette-based nanosensor paves the way for developing a facile, label-free, and noninvasive strategy to assay the mechanical properties of the cell membrane during external stimulation at the single-cell level.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) widely involves in intracellular and intercellular redox signaling pathways, playing a vital role in regulating various physiological events. Nevertheless, current analytical methods for the H2O2 assay are often hindered by relatively long response time, low sensitivity, or self-interference. Herein, a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor has been developed to detect H2O2 released from living cells by depositing ZIF-8 over SERS active gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) grafted with H2O2-responsive probe molecules, 2-mercaptohydroquinone. Combining the superior fingerprint identification of SERS and the highly efficient enrichment and selective response of H2O2 by ZIF, the ZIF-8-based SERS sensor exhibits a high anti-interference ability for H2O2 detection, with a limit of detection as low as 0.357 nM. Satisfyingly, owing to the enhanced catalytic activity derived from the successful integration of AuNPs and ZIF, the response time as short as 1 min can be obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the SERS sensor for rapid H2O2 detection. Furthermore, the developed SERS sensor enables real-time detection of H2O2 secreted from living cells under phorbol myristate acetate stimulation, as cells can be cultured on-chip. This study will pave the way toward the development of a metal-organic framework-based SERS platform for application in the fields of biosensing and early disease diagnosis associated with H2O2 secretion, thus exhibiting promising potential for future therapies.

The redox homeostasis in living cells is greatly crucial for maintaining the redox biological function, whereas accurate and dynamic detection of intracellular redox states still remains challenging. Herein, a reversible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensor based on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) was prepared to dynamically monitor the redox processes in living cells. The nanosensor was fabricated by modifying the redox-responsive Raman reporter molecule, 2-Mercaptobenzoquione (2-MBQ), on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), followed by the in situ coating of COFs shell. 2-MBQ molecules can repeatedly and quickly undergo reduction and oxidation when successively treated with ascorbic acid (AA) and hypochlorite (ClO

Reactivation of T-cell immunity by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the recognition of PD-L1 by antibodies is usually suppressed due to the N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1. In this study, we present an effective PD-L1-blocking strategy based on a sialidase-conjugated "NanoNiche" to improve the antitumor effect via T-cell reactivation. Molecularly imprinted by PD-L1 N-glycans, NanoNiche can specifically recognize glycosylated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface, thereby resulting in more efficient PD-L1 blockade. Moreover, sialidase modified on the surface of NanoNiche can selectively strip sialoglycans from tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration. In vitro studies confirmed that NanoNiche can specifically bind with PD-L1 while also desialylate the tumor cell surface. The proliferation of PD-L1-positive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under T-cell killing was significantly inhibited after NanoNiche treatment. In vivo experiments in solid tumors show enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Thus, the NanoNiche-sialidase conjugate represents a promising approach for immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

Regulating cell–cell interactions and cell behaviors via cell surface engineering is of significance for biological research such as cell fate control and cell therapy. While extensive efforts have been made to induce cell–cell assembly via various cell surface modifications triggered by macromolecules or organic metabolites, controllable cell–cell interactions that include both assembly and disassembly triggered by metal ions remain a challenge. Herein, we report a strategy based on DNAzymes to realize controllable cell–cell interactions, triggered by metal ions. The metal-dependent DNAzyme-based cleavage can effectively manipulate cell behaviors, including cell–cell conjunctions and disaggregation. Using a Zn(2+)-specific DNAzyme, a Mg(2+)-specific DNAzyme, and their respective substrate strands as the building blocks, the corresponding DNA double-chain switches enabling two-factor disassembly are demonstrated. Moreover, the method has been applied to control the assembly and disassembly between two cell spheroids. Since a wide variety of metal-specific DNAzymes are available, this method can be readily applied to construct cell dynamic systems controlled by other metal ions, providing a smart and versatile platform to regulate dynamic cell behavior.

The biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles/QDs has been universally recognized as environmentally sound and energy-saving, generating less pollution and having good biocompatibility, which is most needed in biological and medical fields. In the arena of chemical routes, however, biosynthesis has long been criticized for its low productivity, time-consuming process, and poor control over size, shape and crystallinity, keeping the much-needed technology away from practical application. In this work, a rapid and extracellular biosynthesis of multi-colour ternary ZnxCd1−xS QDs by a mixed sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-derived supernatant was carried out for the first time to solve the problems plaguing this field of biosynthesis. The results showed that about 3.5 g L−1 of ZnxCd1−xS QDs with size of 3.50–4.64 nm were achieved within 30 minutes. The PL emission wavelength of ZnxCd1−xS QDs increased from 450 to 590 nm to yield multicolor QDs by altering the molar ratio of Cd2+ to Zn2+. The SRB-biogenic ZnxCd1−xS QDs have high stability in gastric acid and at high temperature, as well as excellent biocompatibility and biosafety, successfully entering growing HeLa cells and labelling them without detectable harm to cells. The SRB-secreted peculiar extracellular proteins (EPs) play a decisive function in the time-saving, high-yield biosynthesis of PL-tuned multicolor QDs, which cover an abnormally high concentration of acidic amino acids to provide tremendous negatively charged sites for the absorption of Cd2+/Zn2+ for rapid nucleation and biosynthesis. The strongly electrostatic connection between the QDs and the EPs and the increasing amount of EPs attached to the QDs in response to the increase of Cd2+ concentration account for their high stability and excellent biocompatibility.

In this study, we developed a deep convolution neural network (DCNN) model for predicting the optical properties of carbon dots (CDs), including spectral properties and fluorescence color under ultraviolet irradiation. These results demonstrate the powerful potential of DCNN for guiding the synthesis of CDs.

Purpose Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is extremely rare and has high malignancy and poor prognosis. The purpose of this research is to explore the clinical characteristic, imaging, pathological diagnosis, treatment and prognostic outcome of CDCs. Materials and methods The clinical data of 12 CDC cases who had been surgically treated between August 2007 and August 2017 and verified the diagnosis of CDC by postoperative pathological and/or immunohistochemical staining (IHC) results were retrospectively analyzed, and related works of literature were reviewed. And Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to draw the survival curve and to calculate the survival rate and the median survival time. Results According to the TNM stage system, 4 cases were in stage I, 2 in stage II,3 in stage III, and 3 in stage IV. On the computed tomograph and magnetic resonance imaging, CDC displayed that various shapes, unclear boundary and invasive growth into the renal parenchyma. Compared with small CDCs which did not change the contour of the kidney, large CDCs presented various imaging features. Microscopically, the typical morphology of CDCs was that collecting ducts or tubules were obviously infiltrated by tumor cells. A tubular, papillary, tubulopapillary or solid architectures with desmoplasia were often presented. And tumor cells had high-grade cytology or an infiltrative growth pattern. Necrosis of tumor cells also was common in many cases. The expression of biomarkers, such as PAX-8, INI-1, 34βE12, CK19, PAX-2, and vimentin, in most patients was detected by IHC. Eleven of all 12 cases received radical surgery, of whom 5 patients died 3-11 months after surgery, and 1 case having undergone interventional embolization therapy died at 6 months after treatment due to multiple metastases. And 1 lost to contact. The overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 45.5%, 36.4%, and 8.8%, respectively, and the median survival time (MST) was 11 months. Conclusion CDC has an aggressive clinical course, with a poor prognosis. The best way to treat CDC suspected by imaging examinations is radical surgery which can contribute to confirm the correct histopathological type. And post-operation follow-up is necessary.

Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted considerable attention for clinical diagnosis. However, a limiting factor in current EV assays is the ability to detect various EV cancer biomarkers expressed at different locations. Here, we report a biomimetic multifunctional nanoplatform for multilayer imaging of cancer biomarkers from the EV surface to the interior without complex pretreatment. Constructed from polydopamine-wrapped gold nanoparticles modified with multiple functional molecules, this nanoplatform can capture EVs from complex samples and target different EV cancer biomarkers for imaging analysis at the single-vesicle level. Combined with 96-well plates, this assay can distinguish cancer cell-derived EVs from normal ones in a high-throughput manner. Using serum samples, EVs from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients can be distinguished from healthy controls. This convenient workflow represents a promising tool for EV-based cancer diagnosis.

Controlled self-assembly is a powerful strategy for building mesoscopic superstructures. However, the construction of high luminescence, millimeter-sized and spatially well-defined 3D rare earth (RE) material assemblies is a challenging objective. Apart from ligand sensitized luminescence of RE3+ ions, improving their luminescence efficiency by changing the symmetry of the coordination environment of RE3+ ions is a promising approach. In this work, we propose a facile “hot-node” growth strategy for the preparation of millimeter-sized high luminescence 3D RE micro-networks (RE-MNs) using citric acid (CA) as a ligand with weak absorption and mismatched energy levels of RE3+ ions. A unique assembly mechanism for RE-MNs is revealed, mainly including RE3+/CA coordination, high temperature-promoted disordered aggregation, “hot-node” formation, and the “hot-node” controlled production of MNs. Surprisingly, the luminescence efficiency of RE-MN assemblies is ∼102 times stronger than that of RE3+/CA complex precursors. Based on detailed photoluminescence (PL) spectra analysis, the significantly enhanced PL is directly attributed to the symmetry deviation induced transition (SDIT) effect. The formation of RE-MN assemblies results in the decrease of symmetry of the coordination environment of RE3+ ions and leads to the deviation of RE3+ from the center of inversion, which directly changes the originally Laporte-forbidden f–f transition to an allowed transition. Such facile and gram-scale synthesis technology enables the formation of high luminescence RE-MN assemblies with narrow bandwidth emission with promise for application in light emitting diodes (LEDs).

Purpose. To clarify the efficiency and outcomes of suctioning ureteral access sheath (UAS) during flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (fURL) for the management of renal stones. Methods. Between January 2017 and January 2019, a total of 444 patients with renal stones undergoing fURL were divided into suctioning UAS and nonsuctioning UAS groups. The outcomes of patients in both groups were compared using a matched-pair analysis (1 : 1 scenario). Furthermore, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) was drawn to guide the multivariate logistic regression model and analyze the protective effect of suctioning UAS on the incidence of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Results. Before propensity score matching, significant differences were observed between the two groups in blood white cell counts, urine white cell counts, preoperative fever, preoperative indwelling stents, and laterality ( P < 0.05 ). Eighty-one patients in the suctioning UAS group were successfully matched with 81 patients in the nonsuctioning group. The stone-free rate (SFR) on postoperative day 1 after fURL in the suctioning group was higher than that in the nonsuctioning group (86.4% vs. 71.6%; P = 0.034 ), whereas it was comparable between the two groups 1 month after the surgery (88.9% vs. 82.7%; P = 0.368 ). The incidence of postoperative fever or SIRS was lower in the suctioning group (fever: 3.70% vs. 14.8%; P = 0.030 ; SIRS: 1.23% vs. 12.3%; P = 0.012 ). However, the operative duration was similar in both groups (mean (SD)) (72.9 (28.1) min vs. 80.0 (29.5) min; P = 0.121 ). The result of the multivariate logistic regression model guided by DAG revealed that the application of nonsuctioning UAS (odds ratio: 5.28 [1.38–35.07], P = 0.034 ) during fURL was associated with postoperative SIRS. Conclusions. The application of suctioning UAS during fURL was associated with higher SFR on day 1 after surgery and a lower incidence of postoperative fever or SIRS.

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Xiaoyuan Qian,1 Junlai Wan,2 Can Qian,3 Jiaqiao Zhang1 1Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rheumatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jiaqiao ZhangDepartment of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail medzjq@163.comPurpose: Although papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second common renal malignant tumor, the current understanding of pRCC is poor. This study aims to explore the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of pRCC.Methods: From August 2007 and August 2017, 87 patients diagnosed with pRCC by postoperative pathology were enrolled. The clinicopathological features between type1 pRCC and type2 pRCC were compared by Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, or t-test. The Kaplan–Meier method was performed to estimate progression-free survival (PFS). Univariate and multivariate cox regression models were used to verify the prognostic factors.Results: Of the 87 cases, the median tumor diameter was 5.3cm. Twenty-nine patients were diagnosed with type1 pRCC and 58 patients with type2 pRCC. According pathological stage, 59 (67.8%) cases were in pT1 stage, 19 (21.8%) in pT2 stage, and 9 (10.4%) in pT3 stage. WHO/ISUP pathological grade revealed that 56 (64.4%) patients were in grade I, 17 (19.5%) in grade II, 7 (8.05%) in grade III, and 7 (8.05%) in grade IV. The median follow-up time was 57.0months, and the 1-, 3-year PFS was 95.4%, and 80.8%, respectively. For type1 and type2 pRCC, 3-years PFS was 93.0% and 74.9%, respectively. Survival of type1 pRCC was better than that of type2 (P= 0.027). Patients with late pT stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, high pathological grade, and large size exhibited worse survival. pTNM stage, pathological grade, and tumor types were potentially related to prognosis for PFS. However, an independent prognostic factor affecting PFS was not found in multivariate regression models. For patients with the pT1 stage, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) and radical nephrectomy (RN) did not affect the PFS, ignoring tumor types (P=0.45).Conclusion: Type2 pRCC is more than type1 pRCC and has an advanced TNM stage and a higher pathological grade. For patients with pRCC with the pT1 stage, the outcome of NSS is not inferior to that of RN.Keywords: papillary renal cell carcinoma, clinical features, pathological features, prognosis

The cell membrane is a biological interface consisting of phospholipid bilayer, saccharides and proteins that maintains a stable metabolic intracellular environment as well as regulating and controlling the exchange of substances inside and outside the cell. Cell membranes provide a highly complex biological surface carrying a variety of essential surfaces ligands and receptors for cells to receive various stimuli of external signals, thereby inducing corresponding cell responses regulating the life activities of the cell. These surface receptors can be manipulated via cell surface modification to regulate cellular functions and behaviors Thus, cell surface modification has attracted considerable attention due to its significance in cell fate control, cell engineering and cell therapy. In this minireview, we describe the recent developments and advances of cell surface modification, and summarize the main modification methods with corresponding functions and applications. Finally, the prospect for the future development of the modification of the living cell membrane is discussed.