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The purpose of the study is to determine the value orientations of service communication and describe the axiological components of this type of institutional discourse. During the research, 217 texts of service communication were analyzed, including advertising messages of service companies, customer feedback, as well as information resources of websites. General scientific and linguistic research methods were used: observation, comparison and description; linguistic and extra-linguistic approaches to the lexical material, discourse analysis, contextual analysis, interpretive-contextual and lexico-semantic test analysis. On the basis of the studied material three groups of values were identified, among which are natural values, determined by human standards of life, morality and ethics; pragmatic values associated with the service activity itself, the services and products produced; artificial values, positioned by service companies in connection with advertising practices and the need to attract customers.

The purpose of the study is to describe service communication as a status-oriented type of discourse, to analyze its communicative-pragmatic, genre-stylistic and linguistic characteristics. The article defines the institutional features of service communication, describes the participants of the discourse and their communicative behavior in the process of interaction, analyzes the texts of service communication in its oral and written modes. Methods and materials. The methods of observation and description, interpretation and generalization, linguosociological analysis were used in the work. The sources of the language material were about 400 texts on the designated topic: websites of companies providing service, texts of instructions, letters and advertising messages of service companies. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made. 1. Service communication as purposeful communication, in which participants are within the specified framework of status-role relations, can be considered as a type of institutional discourse. 2. According to the function of institutions, we divide them into structures offering: 1) daily life services, 2) professional services (technical, intellectual, medical, etc.), 3) entertainment and leisure, cognitive, cultural and sports services. 3. Participants in service communication – representatives of the service sector (service providers) and clients (service recipients) are in a relationship of equality / inequality depending on their belonging to official status and related restrictions, which is manifested in the texts at lexical and stylistic level.

Early life stress (ELS) can cause long-term changes in gene expression, affect cognition, mood, and behavior, and increase susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood, in which the histone acetylation plays a crucial role. Studies have found that environmental enrichment (EE) mitigated the unfavorable outcomes of ELS. However, the underlying mechanism of the histone acetylation is not yet completely clear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of EE on the histone acetylation after ELS. In this study, using single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm in early adolescent rats explored the long-term effects of ELS on behavior, the activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), as well as the acetylation levels of the lysine 9 site of histone H3 (H3K9) and lysine 12 site of histone H4 (H4K12) in the hippocampus and amygdala. Meanwhile, the protective effects of EE intervention were examined. We found that adult male rats exposed to ELS showed behavioral changes, including reduced locomotor activity, increased anxiety-like behaviors, impaired spatial learning and memory, enhanced contextual and cued fear memory, and the HATs/HDACs ratio and acetyl H3K9 (Ac-H3K9) and acetyl H4K12 (Ac-H4K12) were increased in the hippocampus and decreased in the amygdala. Furthermore, EE attenuated the behavioral abnormalities from ELS, possibly through down-regulating the activity of HATs in the hippocampus and up-regulating HDACs activities in the amygdala. These finding suggested that EE could ameliorate ELS-induced PTSD-like behaviors by regulating histone acetylation in the hippocampus and amygdala, reducing the susceptibility to PTSD in adulthood.

Background Findings concerning gender differences in the associations between tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and depression are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the gender-specific associations between active and passive TSE with depressive symptoms in a large, nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Methods Data were from 27,175 adults aged ≥20 years in the 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for possible confounders. Whether the TSE-depression relationships may differ by age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported health status was examined. Results After adjustment for lifestyle- and health-related variables, no significant associations between active (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 0.87–1.55]) and passive TSE (OR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.59–1.19]) and depressive symptoms were found among men. Among women, active TSE was associated with depressive symptoms (OR, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.51–2.39]), while the association for passive TSE was nonsignificant (OR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.91–1.34]) after adjusting for lifestyle- and health-related variables. Interaction and subgroup analyses showed that self-reported health status could modify the relationship between passive TSE and depressive symptoms among women. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship between serum cotinine and depressive symptoms was found in women, but not in men. Conclusions This study suggests a stronger TSE-depression association in women than in men. Understanding these gender-specific patterns and identifying the potential moderators of such relationships will enable better targeting of public health interventions.

Icariin (ICA) has a significant capacity to protect against depression and hippocampal injury, but it cannot effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain. Therefore, the mechanism by which ICA protects against hippocampal injury in depression remains unclear. In this study, we performed proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid to investigate the mechanism by which ICA prevents dysfunctional hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. A rat model of depression was established through exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress for 6 weeks, after which 120 mg/kg ICA was administered subcutaneously every day. The results showed that ICA alleviated depressive symptoms, learning and memory dysfunction, dysfunctional neurogenesis, and neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus of rats with depression. Neural stem cells from rat embryonic hippocampi were cultured in media containing 20% cerebrospinal fluid from each group of rats and then treated with 100 μM corticosterone. The addition of cerebrospinal fluid from rats treated with ICA largely prevented the corticosterone-mediated inhibition of neuronal proliferation and differentiation. Fifty-two differentially expressed proteins regulated by chronic unpredictable mild stress and ICA were identified through proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. These proteins were mainly involved in the ribosome, PI3K-Akt signaling, and interleukin-17 signaling pathways. Parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry showed that Rps4x, Rps12, Rps14, Rps19, Hsp90b1, and Hsp90aa1 were up-regulated by chronic unpredictable mild stress and down-regulated by ICA. In contrast, HtrA1 was down-regulated by chronic unpredictable mild stress and up-regulated by ICA. These findings suggest that ICA can prevent depression and dysfunctional hippocampal neurogenesis through regulating the expression of certain proteins found in the cerebrospinal fluid. The study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine of China in March 2017.

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are associated with poor patient survival because of the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressions. Our previous studies have shown that the triterpenoid saponin AG8 from Ardisia gigantifolia stapf. inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. In this study, the effects of AG8 were further analyzed in different TNBC cell types: MDA-MB-231, BT-549, and MDA-MB-157 cells. AG8 inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231, BT-549, and MDA-MB-157 cells in a dose-dependent manner and showed stronger cytotoxicity to African American (AA) and mesenchymal (M) subtypes than Caucasian (CA) and mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) subtypes, respectively. AG8 impaired the uptake of MitoTracker Red CMXRos by the mitochondria of TNBC cells in a dose-dependent manner, and this was recovered by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). AG8 affected GSH, SOD, and MDA levels of TNBC cells, but different TNBC subtypes had different sensitivities to AG8 and NAC. In addition, we found that AG8 increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the levels of cytoplasmic cytochrome c and significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK and AKT in BT549 and MDA-MB-157 cells. AG8 elicited its anticancer effects through ROS generation, ERK and AKT activation, and by triggering mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in TNBC cells. AG8 had selective cytotoxic effects against the AA and M TNBC subtypes and markedly induced MDA-MB-157 (AA subtype) cell apoptosis through pathways that were not associated with ROS, which was different from the other two subtypes. The underlying mechanisms should be further investigated.

AG36 is a triterpenoid saponin from Ardisia gigantifolia stapf. Our recent studies proved that AG36 displayed prominent cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, whether AG36 has antiangiogenic properties is unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the antiangiogenic effect of AG36 and the underlying mechanism. The results indicated that AG36 could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Further antiangiogenic molecular mechanism investigation showed that AG36 significantly suppressed phosphorylated FAK and AKT, and downregulated the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in HUVECs. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and FAK inhibitor (PF562271) pretreatment could markedly enhance AG36-induced inhibition of HUVEC proliferation and p-FAK suppression, respectively. In addition, AG36 inhibited the tumor growth in xenograft model and expressions of p-VEGFR2 and p-Akt in vivo. Molecular docking simulation indicated that AG36 formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions within the ATP binding pocket of VEGFR2 kinase domain. The present study firstly revealed the high antiangiogenic potency and related underlying molecular of AG36, demonstrating that AG36 maybe a potential antiangiogenic cancer therapy agent or lead candidate.

This study was designed to examine the mechanisms underlying decline of stress resilience in aged rats from the perspective of CP-CSF-hippocampus. Male Wistar rats (7–8 weeks old or 20 months old) were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks. The behavioral tests were conducted to assess anxiety, depression and cognitive function. Hippocampal neurogenesis, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity were detected by western blot (WB) and/or immunofluorescence (IF) assay. Differential expression of growth factors (GFs) and axon guidance proteins (AGPs) in CSF was analyzed using the quantitative proteomics approach. IF and WB were performed to detect expression of occludin-1, Ki-67/Transthyretin, and folate transporters in choroid plexus (CP). Decreased proliferation, impaired structure and transport function of CP were correlated with CSF composition alterations in stressed aging rats, including reduced 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, growth factors and axon growth factors. Nutritional support of CSF upon hippocampus was attenuated, therefore affecting hippocampal plasticity. It has led to depression-like behaviors and cognitive deficits in stressful aged rats. Keeping normal structure and function of CP-CSF system may be a practical strategy for neuropsychological disorders in the elderly. This work provides evidential basis for CP transplant and CSF replacement therapy in future studies.

Aims The importance of prenatal maternal somatic diseases for offspring mood and anxiety disorders may be overlooked or undervalued. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the risk of offspring mood and anxiety disorders in the context of prenatal maternal somatic diseases. Methods We screened articles indexed in Embase (including Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed-not-MEDLINE), PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO databases up to August 2021. 21 studies were included. We examined the overall associations between prenatal maternal somatic diseases and offspring mood/anxiety disorders. Analyses were stratified according to maternal somatic diseases and follow-up duration. Results We observed an increased risk of mood and anxiety disorders in the context of prenatal maternal somatic diseases [relative risk (RR) = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.37, RR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.24–1.38]; maternal obesity(RR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.72–2.11), hypertensive disorders (RR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.11–1.86) and infertility (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.14–1.39) were risk factors for mood disorders; maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (RR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.42–1.80), severe obesity (RR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.44–1.68) and moderate obesity (RR = 1.36; 95% CI 1.28–1.44) were risk factors for anxiety disorders. Prenatal maternal somatic diseases increased the risk of mood disorders in childhood and adulthood (RR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.34–2.09/RR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.09–1.30), as well as the risk of anxiety disorders in adulthood (RR = 1.33; 95% CI 1.26–1.41). Conclusion The results indicate that prenatal maternal somatic diseases are associated with offspring mood and anxiety disorders, and that the associations may be long-lasting.

To reveal the material removal mechanism of zirconia ceramics, an improved prediction models of the critical grinding force and maximum subsurface damage depth models are developed based on the dynamic fracture toughness. The effects of three different grain sizes on the material removal mechanism during brittle- ductile transition process of zirconia ceramics is analyzed through grinding experiments. And the influence of grain size on grinding force, workpiece surface roughness, surface fragmentation rate and subsurface damage depth in grinding are discussed. The results of the experiment results indicated that the value of dynamic fracture toughness tends to decrease with an increase in equivalent grinding thickness, and the ductile removal range of zirconia ceramics expands for the reason that the critical grinding force considering dynamic fracture toughness is higher than the static grinding force considering static fracture toughness, and the maximum subsurface damage depth is closer to actual maximum subsurface damage depth. Besides the smaller the grain size of zirconia ceramics, the higher the surface quality of grinding.

Cognitive deficiency is one of the fundamental characteristics of late-onset depression (LOD). Luteolin (LUT) possesses antidepressant, anti-aging, and neuroprotective properties, which can dramatically enhance cognition. The altered composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is involved in neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis, directly reflects the physio-pathological status of the central nervous system. It is not well known whether the effect of LUT on LOD is in association with a changed CSF composition. Therefore, this study first established a rat model of LOD and then tested the therapeutic effects of LUT using several behavioral approaches. A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to evaluate the CSF proteomics data for KEGG pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology annotation. We combined network pharmacology and differentially expressed proteins to screen for key GSEA–KEGG pathways as well as potential targets for LUT therapy for LOD. Molecular docking was adopted to verify the affinity and binding activity of LUT to these potential targets. The outcomes demonstrated that LUT improved the cognitive and depression-like behaviors in LOD rats. LUT may exert therapeutic effects on LOD through the axon guidance pathway. Five axon guidance molecules—EFNA5, EPHB4, EPHA4, SEMA7A, and NTNG—as well as UNC5B, L1CAM, and DCC, may be candidates for the LUT treatment of LOD.

Gushen Jiedu capsule (GSJD) is a formula that has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanism underlying the protective effects of GSJD on DN is still unclear. This study was performed to clarify the therapeutic effects of GSJD on DN and its underlying mechanisms. High-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced DN rats were treated with or without GSJD suspension by gavage for 8 weeks, and biochemical changes in blood and urine were analysed. Kidneys were isolated for histological, TUNEL and Western blot analysis. Compared to the DN group, the GSJD-treated groups exhibited decreased urinary albumin, ameliorated renal dysfunction, including serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, and attenuated total cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein levels. However, there were no significant effects of GSJD on body weight, fasting blood glucose or albuminuria. Histology showed that GSJD could retard the progression of DN and decrease the apoptosis rate from 52% to less than 20%. Western blot analysis showed that GSJD could regulate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by downregulating the expression of Bax and upregulating the expression of BCL-2 in the kidneys of DN rats. Moreover, the Akt pathway, an upstream signalling pathway of the BCL-2 family, was also ameliorated by GSJD. Further, the podocyte foot process markers podocin and nephrin were upregulated by GSJD in DN rats. This study demonstrated that GSJD might play a renoprotective role by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic and Akt pathways during pathological changes in DN.

Quality evaluation is a bottleneck restricting the modernization and internationalization of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Due to characteristics of multi-component, multi-efficacy, multi-target, the existing quality evaluation system still cannot fully meet quality control needs of CMM. Hence, the author put forward “Bio-characteristic profiling related to clinic, BPRC” academic concept, meanwhile, fully take the advantage of analysis method with clinical monitoring superiority or profiling characteristics, build up “BPRC” new technology platform, in order to realize “real-time, dynamic and full-range monitoring” new technologies of CMM quality evaluation system and promote the further development of CMM industry.

Objectives To analyze the imaging manifestations of common fetal oral masses by ultrasound combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to discuss their differential diagnoses. Methods A retrospective study of 6 fetuses with oral masses was performed at a tertiary referral center. The imaging features of prenatal ultrasonography and MRI in the diagnosis of fetal oral masses were analyzed. Results Histopathological examination and/or postpartum ultrasound revealed lymphangioma malformation in 2 fetuses, and mucosal retention cyst, mature teratoma, immature teratoma, and cranial meningocele in 1 fetus, respectively. The teratoma had a characteristic sonographic appearance. In our study, the 4 cases of cystic masses did not have an abnormal vessel architecture. Supplemental MRI revealed a mass effect at the level of the hypopharynx, and in 2 cases with polyhydramnios, the mass obstructed the fetuses' upper airway. Thus, ex-utero intrapartum therapy surgery was performed to secure the newborn's airway. Conclusions Oral fetal tumors represent rare congenital malformations. This study shows that a prenatal diagnosis of oral masses is feasible by ultrasound examination. MRI can further confirm the results of ultrasonography and clearly show the relationship between the mass and the hypopharynx. Ultrasonography combined with MRI could, to a large extent, facilitate early detection and appropriate treatment and improve outcome.

Exposure to early stressful events increases susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood, in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a crucial role. Studies have found that environmental enrichment (EE) mitigates the detrimental outcomes of early adversity. However, the HPA-related mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used the single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm to explore the long-term effects of early adolescent stress on behavior, HPA axis activity, as well as expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRF1R) and CRF2R in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Meanwhile, the protective effects of EE intervention were examined. We found that adult male rats exposed to adolescent stress showed reduced locomotor activity, increased anxiety-like behaviors, enhanced contextual fear memory, elevated basal plasma ACTH levels, and enhanced HPA negative feedback inhibition, as indicated by decreased plasma ACTH levels in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Furthermore, EE normalized the behavioral abnormalities and enhanced HPA negative feedback in stressed rats, possibly through down-regulating GR expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. These findings suggested that EE could ameliorate adolescent stress-induced PTSD-like behaviors and aberrant reprogramming of the HPA axis, reducing the risk of developing PTSD in adulthood.

In this paper, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) 4-antenna array is proposed and fabricated for 5G mobile terminal communication. The antenna array is composed of four triple-band antennas placed along the long edges on both sides of the terminal. It adopts a bent structure to achieve miniaturization and can cover the ISM (Industry Science Medicine) frequency band of 2370-to-2450MHz, and the 5G operating frequency bands of 3510-to-3610MHz and 4830-to-5080MHz allocated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The proposed antenna array achieves >40% total antenna efficiency, and > -15dB isolation between each two ports. The measurement results of the fabricated antenna array demonstrate in-line performance based on the simulation results, offering a feasible approach for 5G mobile terminal applications.

This study aims to investigate the effect of Toddalia asiatica extract combined with miR-483 on osteoarthritis chondrocyte proliferation and apoptosis and expression of inflammatory factors. Osteoarthritis chondrocytes were treated with Toddalia asiatica extract. Osteoarthritis chondrocytes were transfected with anti-miR-483 or miR-483 and Toddalia asiatica extract was applied. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 were determined by ELISA. Cell proliferation and cloning were evaluated by MTT and cloning experiment. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. P21 and caspase-3 protein expression were analyzed by Western blot. The expression of miR-483 was detected by qRT-PCR. The application of Toddalia asiatica extract or inhibition of miR-483 significantly increased the cell survival rate, cloning count and IL-10 level of osteoarthritis chondrocytes, and significantly reduced the apoptosis rate, levels of P21, Caspase-3, TNF-α IL-6 and miR-483 expression level of osteoarthritis chondrocytes (p0.05). Overexpression of miR-483 could reverse the promotion effect of Toddalia asiatica extract on osteoarthritis chondrocytes proliferation, clone formation and IL-10 level, as well as reserve the inhibition effect of Toddalia asiatica extract on osteoarthritis chondrocyte apoptosis and levels of P21, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6. The combination of Toddalia asiatica extract and miR-483 can promote the proliferation of osteoarthritis chondrocytes and inhibit apoptosis and expression of inflammatory factors.

BackgroundHippocampal neurogenesis dysfunction is one of the main pathogenesis of depression. Icariin (ICA) has significant anti-depression and anti-hippocampal damage effects but could not effectively cross the blood-brain-barrier and accumulate in brain. Based on the proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), this study aimed to explore the mechanism of ICA against hippocampal neurogenesis dysfunction in depression.MethodsIn vivo, rats were exposed to 6-week CUMS and treated by ICA to observe the effects of ICA on depressive symptoms, cognitive functions, neurogenesis and number of neurons in DG. Tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics were used to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CSF co-regulated by CUMS and ICA. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was used to validate 10 DEPs that were related to cell proliferation and survival. In vitro, CSF was conducted on primary hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) to observe the proliferation and differentiation under high-corticosterone (CORT) concentration.Results It was shown that ICA could alleviate depressive symptoms, learning-memory dysfunction, neurogenesis dysfunction and neuronal loss in DG of depression rats and ICA-CSF could effectively repair the CORT-induced damage. A total of 52 DEPs co-regulated by CUMS and ICA in CSF were screened and mainly involved in ribosome pathway, PI3K-Akt pathway and IL-17 pathway. Rps4x, Rps12, Rps14, Rps19, Hsp90b1, Hsp90aa1 and HtrA1 were validated by PRM.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that to regulate the expression of proteins in CSF may be involved in the effects of ICA against hippocampal neurogenesis dysfunction in depression.

The aim of this paper was to predict the multi-compound, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of Guilu Erxianjiao in treating post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) based on network pharmacology. Active compounds and corresponding targets of Guilu Erxianjiao were obtained from TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, Chemistry and DrugBank database, and known therapeutic targets of PTSD were obtained from OMIM, TTD and DisGeNET Database. The protein interaction network of compound-disease was then built by combining with the STRING Database. Topological parameters of the network were analyzed by Cytoscape 3.6.0 to get key active compounds and their targets. The GO biological process analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of the key targets were conducted. Based on the results of KEGG, the "compound-target-pathway" network was built by Cytoscape 3.6.0 and the results were verified by SystemsDock online molecular docking tool. The prediction results showed that there were 67 active compounds and 420 targets for Guilu Erxianjiao, and 206 known PTSD-related therapeutic targets. Besides, 66 targets, 58 terms and 22 pathways were obtained from Cytoscape 3.6.0 topological parameters analysis, GO biological process analysis, and KEGG pathway analysis, respectively. Molecular docking results showed that both target with the maximum degree value and common targets of PTSD and Guilu Erxianjiao in the pathway can be effectively combined with their corresponding active compounds through molecular docking. The results suggested that Guilu Erxianjiao could exert anti-PTSD effect by regulating synaptic plasticity, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and promoting fear memory extinction through pathways such as LTP, PI3 K/Akt/mTOR, TNF, serotonergic synapse and dopaminergic synapse. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating pharmacological mechanisms of Guilu Erxianjiao in treating PTSD.

Background We aimed to explore metabolite biomarkers that could be used to identify pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Four databases, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed and Scopus were selected. A random effect model and a fixed effect model were applied to the results of forest plot analyses to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each metabolite. The SMD for every metabolite was then converted into an odds ratio to create an metabolite biomarker profile. Results Twenty-four independent studies reported data from 14,131 healthy individuals and 3499 patients with T2DM, and 14 included studies reported 4844 healthy controls and a total of 2139 pre-diabetes patients. In the serum and plasma of patients with T2DM, compared with the healthy participants, the concentrations of valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, tyrosine, lysine and glutamate were higher and that of glycine was lower. The concentrations of isoleucine, alanine, proline, glutamate, palmitic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid and lysine were higher and those of glycine, serine, and citrulline were lower in prediabetic patients. Metabolite biomarkers of T2DM and pre-diabetes revealed that the levels of alanine, glutamate and palmitic acid (C16:0) were significantly different in T2DM and pre-diabetes. Conclusions Quantified multiple metabolite biomarkers may reflect the different status of pre-diabetes and T2DM, and could provide an important reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of pre-diabetes and T2DM.

To investigate the radioprotective effect of tea polyphenols (TP 50) against radiation-induced organ and tissue damage.Beagle dogs were exposed to a single acute dose of whole-body γ-radiation (3 Gy) and orally administered TP 50 (80 or 240 mg·kg－1·d－1) for 28 consecutive days. A hemogram was obtained from experimental dogs every other day for 42 d. At the end of the experiment, enzyme activities of the antioxidants superoxide-dismutase andglutathione peroxidase, serum levels of inflamma- tory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), colony-forming units of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells, andorgan coefficients were measured.Dogs exposed to γ-radiation alone exhibited typical hematopoietic syndrome. In contrast, irradiated dogs that received TP 50 exhibited an improved blood profile with reduced leucopenia, thrombocytopenia (platelet counts), and reticulocyte levels. TP 50 also significantly elevated levels of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxide-dismutase, reduced the increased levels of serum cytokine in response to radiation-induced toxicity, and increased colony-forming units of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, TP 50 repaired radiation-induced organ damage.The current findings suggest that oral administration of TP 50 to beagle dogs effectively alleviated hematopoietic bone marrow dam- age induced by γ-radiation.