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İstatistiksel şekil analizi; nesnelerden elde edilen geometrik bilginin kullanıldığı yöntemleri içermektedir. İstatistiksel şekil analizinde geometrik bilginin kullanılmasında en önemli girdi landmarklardır. Şekil analizinde kayıp veriler landmark koordinatlarına ait bilgi kaybı olduğu durumda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Landmarkların kartezyen koordinatlarında veri kaybı meydana gelmesi o landmarkı kullanılamaz hale getirerek ilgili birimin araştırmadan çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Tez çalışmasında kayıp landmarkların tahminine yönelik kullanılan EM algoritması, çoklu regresyon atama, Bayes yaklaşımlı temel bileşenler analizi, olasılıksal temel bileşenler analizi, ters doğrusal olmayan temel bileşenler analizi ve iteratif kısmi en küçük kareler ile doğrusal olmayan tahmine dayalı temel bileşenler analizi yöntemleri ve amaca yönelik olarak tez çalışması kapsamında önerilen min(F) ve max(F) yaklaşımının performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Simülasyon senaryosunda landmark sayıları 3, 6, 9 ve 12 ve örneklem büyüklükleri 30, 50 ve 100 olarak alınmıştır. Çok değişkenli normal dağılımdan isotropik ve isotropik olmayan modellere dayalı olarak veri türetilmiş ve 10 farklı simülasyon senaryosu dikkate alınmıştır. Küçük, orta ve büyük örneklem büyüklükleri dikkate alındığında, performans değerlendirmesinde en iyi ve en farklı sonucu, tez çalışmasında önerilen F-yaklaşımı algoritması Min(F) ölçütü vermiştir. Statistical shape analysis involves methods that use geometric information obtained from objects. The most important input to the use of geometric information in statistical shape analysis is landmarks. Missing data in shape analysis occurs when there is a loss of information about landmark coordinates. The loss of data in the cartesian coordinates of landmarks makes that landmark unusable and causes the releated unit to be dropped out of the survey. Performances are evaluated for the following methods used in the estimation of missing data; EM algorithm, multiple regression imputation, Bayesian principal component analysis, probabilistic principal component analysis, Inverse non-linear principal component analysis, non-linear estimation by iterative partial least squares principal component analysis and proposed Min(F) and Max(F) approaches in the thesis. Landmark counts were taken as 3, 6, 9, 12 and sample sizes were taken as 30, 50, 100 in the simulation study. The data are generated based on multivariate normal distribution from isotropic and non-isotropic models and 10 different simulation scenarios are considered. The best and the most different result in the performance evaluation according to small, medium and large sample sizes is the Min(F) criterion of the F-approximation algorithm proposed in the thesis study. 146

Sensitive question methods are used when the subject under investigation is illegal or undesirable, and respondents are unwilling to give truthful answers to the questions. In our study intended to antibiotics prescription, we investigated insistence of patients and their try to force physician for prescription, by using sensitive question methods. There are many methods account for sensitive subjects, we used crosswise model which is one of the sensitive question methods. The crosswise model has developed for sensitive questions which participants are hesitant to answer directly. In this method, participants receive two questions which one of them is a sensitive question and another one is a non-sensitive. The probability of the non-sensitive question is known to the researcher. To answer the questions, participants are asked to select -A- if both items have the same answer or they are asked to select -B- if the two items do not have the same answer, in this way the sensitive question is not asked directly. For this study a cross-sectional survey using a validated self-administered questionnaire was held in Bursa city. For the sensitive question we asked respondents if they force the physician to prescribe antibiotics with complaining of unrealistic health symptoms. The non-sensitive item asked respondents about their birthday: -Is your birthday in January, February, or March?- In our study, a total of 1050 questionnaires was applied to 1050 patients by Uludag University. As a result of application, 30% of the patients were forced the physician to prescribe antibiotics.

SUMMARY: Craniofacial morphology is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The general aim of this study was to investigate the craniofacial shape differences in adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, using geometric morphometric methods. A descriptive study conducted in 106 adult Turkish subjects, consisting of 50 patients with OSAS diagnosed by polysomnography and 56 non-OSAS controls. Three dimensional craniofacial scanning processes were performed on patient subjects on the same day as the PSG. Twelve standard craniofacial landmarks were collected from each subject’s 3D craniofacial scan. Geometric morphometric analysis was used to compare the craniofacial shape differences between the OSAS and non-OSAS control groups. No statistically significant difference in terms of general shape in face shapes was found between the OSAS group and control group. However, local significance differences were found. There were significant differences between the groups in some of the interlandmark distances: 11 % of the interlandmark distances were greater in OSAS patients, and 29 % were greater in controls. Greater measured distances in OSAS are concentrated in the nasal region. In the control group, the difference is not concentrated in a specific region. Given the relationship of craniofacial structural alterations and sleep disordered breathing, we hypothesized that inter-landmark distance measurements in the craniofacial anatomy of patients might be predictive of OSA.

SUMMARY: Craniofacial morphology is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The general aim of this study was to investigate the craniofacial shape differences in adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, using geometric morphometric methods. A descriptive study conducted in 106 adult Turkish subjects, consisting of 50 patients with OSAS diagnosed by polysomnography and 56 non-OSAS controls. Three dimensional craniofacial scanning processes were performed on patient subjects on the same day as the PSG. Twelve standard craniofacial landmarks were collected from each subject’s 3D craniofacial scan. Geometric morphometric analysis was used to compare the craniofacial shape differences between the OSAS and non-OSAS control groups. No statistically significant difference in terms of general shape in face shapes was found between the OSAS group and control group. However, local significance differences were found. There were significant differences between the groups in some of the interlandmark distances: 11 % of the interlandmark distances were greater in OSAS patients, and 29 % were greater in controls. Greater measured distances in OSAS are concentrated in the nasal region. In the control group, the difference is not concentrated in a specific region. Given the relationship of craniofacial structural alterations and sleep disordered breathing, we hypothesized that inter-landmark distance measurements in the craniofacial anatomy of patients might be predictive of OSA. RESUMEN: La morfología craneofacial es un factor de riesgo para el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño. El objetivo general de este estudio fue investigar las diferencias de forma craneofacial en adultos con y sin síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño utilizando métodos morfométricos geométricos. Un estudio descriptivo realizado en 106 sujetos turcos adultos, de 50 pacientes con SAOS diagnosticados mediante polisomnografía y 56 controles no SAOS. El proceso de escaneo craneofacial tridimensional se realizó en pacientes sujetos el mismo día que el PSG. Se recogieron doce puntos de referencia craneofaciales estándar del escaneo craneofacial 3D de cada sujeto. Se usó el análisis morfométrico geométrico para comparar las diferencias de forma craneofacial entre los grupos de control SAOS y no SAOS. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en términos de forma general en las formas de la cara entre el grupo SAOS y el grupo control. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias de significación local. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos en algunas de las distancias interlandmark: el 11 % de las distancias interlandmark fueron mayores en los pacientes con SAOS y el 29 % en los controles. Las mayores distancias medidas en SAOS se concentran en la región nasal. En el grupo de control, la diferencia no se concentra en una región específica. Dada la relación de las alteraciones estructurales craneofaciales y la alteración de la respiración durante el sueño, planteamos la hipótesis de que las mediciones de distancias inter-hito en la anatomía craneofacial de los pacientes podrían ser predictivas de la SAOS.

Objective: The presentstudy, an international web-based survey, was focused on four aims: to obtainnursing professional’s self-reported statistical knowledge levels and how this knowledge varies byresearch area, to investigate and specify when biostatistics courses shouldbe taught in nursing education and to identify the key statistical methodsrelevant to nursing education. Methods: A total of 448 nursingprofessionals from five continents and 52 countries participated in our study.For the data comparison, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U test, thePearson Chi Square and Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were applied. Results: The results indicate that while nursing professionals place an emphasis onbiostatistics education, the majority state that biostatistics education shouldbe taken both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level and the participantsalso believe that taking a biostatistics course is useful for their occupation.A biostatistics education should also emphasize the necessity of consulting toa biostatistician when planning a study. Conclusion: Our study providesinformation regarding self-reported levels of biostatistical knowledge ofnursing professionals by research area and academic position, and providesguidance regarding the ideal semester for administering a biostatistics course.

Objective: Depending on the changing definition of disability and its classification systems in the world, the data collection criteria regarding the profile of those with disabilities in Turkey have been exposed to transformation as well. There are very few family based studies conducted with samples representing Turkey, yet there is a great need for such a scientific data. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of disabled individuals with respect to their disability types in Turkey. Material and Methods: In this study, Lincoln-Petersen, Chapman and Bailey Capture-Recapture methods were applied to estimate the population size of nuclear and extended families with at least one disabled individual and disability prevalence in Turkey. Uludag University students were regarded as sample population to represent Turkey because the students came from all regions of Turkey. To generalize the study, the students were asked to provide information about their families. Results: Out of the 38.258 students, the number of nuclear family with at least one disabled individual is estimated with Bailey method is 637, with Chapman method is 649 and with Lincoln-Petersen is 833. While the number of extended family with at least one disable individual s estimated with Bailey method is 4.608, with Chapman method is 4.625 and with Lincoln-Petersen is 4.898. Conclusion:When the role and importance of family in Turkish society is considered, education of people with disabilities, rehabilitation, social security status, economic living conditions and the socio-cultural living conditions, these needs can be primarily addressed by the means of family base system. In our findings the prevalence of nuclear and extended family with at least one disabled person in Turkey is estimated to be ranging from 1.67% to 2.18% and 12.04% to 12.80% respectively, Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit, This study was supported by Uludag University Scientific Research Project. Project number: KUAP(T)-2015/42.

Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency is an important public health problem in the developing countries. It is well known that vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency has negative effects on cognitive functions and is associated with increased risk for dementia. This situation only doesn't effect the hematological system, it also effects neurological system without hematological involvement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of these vitamins on hematological parameters and cognitive performance. Between 2011-2013 years, 235 patients who referred to the Uludag University Neurology policlinic with complaint of forgetfullness were investigated retrospectively. There was no statistical relation between low blood vitamin B12 and folic acid levels and cognitive performance. In the older age groups folat deficiency was more common when compared with younger age patients and this was statistically significant ( p=0,044). Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency can be observed especially in the elderly people, and permanent neurological deficits secondary to this deficiency could be easily prevented by vitamin replacement., Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Vitamin B12 ve folik asit eksikliği önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Vitamin B12 ve folik asit eksikliğinin bilişsel fonksiyonlar üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu, demans gelişim riskinde artış ile ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Hematolojik tutulum olmadan da nörolojik tutulumun olabileceği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada vitamin B12 ve folik asit eksikliğinin hematolojik parametreler ve bilişsel performans üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 2011-2013 yılları arasında unutkanlık yakınması ile Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroloji Polikliniği'ne başvuran 235 olgu dahil edildi. Vitamin B12 ve folik asit düzeylerinin hematolojik para-metreler ve bilişsel durum üzerine etkisi retrospektif olarak incelendi. Serumda düşük vitamin B12 düzeyinin bilişsel performans üzerine anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı görüldü. Ancak yaş gruplarındaki vitamin B12 ve folik asit düzeyleri ele alındığında, ileri yaştaki hastalarda folik asit eksikliğinin, diğer yaş gruplarından daha sık olduğu görüldü (p=0,044). Vitamin B12 ve folik asit eksikliğinin ileri yaştaki hastalarda gözlenebileceği, bu vitaminlerin eksikliği sonucu ortaya çıkan kalıcı nörolojik hasarların tedaviyle önlenebilir olduğuna dikkat çekilmiştir.

The authors aim to determine the periorbital soft tissue anthropometric norms for Turkish young adults for right and left eyes using a noninvasive two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis. Anthropometric measurements of the periorbital soft tissue were taken from 172 female and 56 male Turkish adults aged between 18 and 24 years. The periorbital soft tissue profiles (ocular and palpebral) for males and females were digitally analyzed using linear measurements made with standardized photographic records, taken in a natural head position. Statistically significant differences were found for ocular soft tissue measurements according to gender except inner intercanthal distance (P = 0.125) and right horizontal palpebral aperture (P = 0.240). Statistically significant differences were found for palpebral soft tissue measurements according to gender except right pretarsal skin height (P = 0.112) and left pretarsal skin height (P = 0.056). Results were compared with other ethnic groups. Normal periorbital soft tissue measurements are fundamental anatomical parameters utilized in ophthalmology, optometry, ophthalmic industry, oculoplastic surgery, clinical genetics, dermatocosmetology. Further, normal anthropometric measurements generate reference data for studies in craniofacial dysmorphology, oculoplastic surgery, dermatocosmetology, and comparative physical anthropology.