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Objective To determine whether the effectiveness of cervical pessary is different in women who experienced cervical shortening after a threatened preterm labor episode compared to those with asymptomatic short cervix. Methods Retrospective study on singleton pregnancies at risk for preterm delivery (PTD) due to cervical length <25 mm before 28 weeks, who were treated with Arabin cervical pessary. Two groups of patients were compared: those who had contractions causing shortening of the cervix, prior to pessary placement, and those who had asymptomatic cervical shortening. Patients carrying a multiple pregnancy and those who underwent iatrogenic PTD were excluded. The primary outcome was the incidence of PTD at different gestational ages. Secondary outcome was the rate of preterm premature rupture of membrane (pPROM). The groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results 115 patients that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Of these, 91 (79%) had asymptomatic cervical shortening, while 24 (21%) had an episode of threatened preterm labor that resolved, and the pessary was placed after the contractions had stopped. The two groups were similar for maternal characteristics, obstetric history, mean gestational age and length of the cervix at the time of pessary insertion. The median gestational age at delivery was significantly lower (36.4 vs 38.0 weeks, p = .02), and the incidence of PTD significantly higher (58.3% vs 30.8%, OR 4.69, 95% CI 1.68–13.1, p < .01) among women who had arrested preterm labor before the pessary was placed compared to the asymptomatic group, after controlling for confounders. The incidence of PTD before 34 and before 32 weeks was also significantly higher in the symptomatic group (p = .02 and p = .005, respectively). Women with asymptomatic cervical shortening had a longer interval between the placement of the pessary and delivery (median 15 weeks). pPROM occurred with a similar incidence in both groups. Conclusions Arabin cervical pessary to prevent preterm delivery seems be less effective in women with a short cervix following an episode of threatened preterm labor than in those with asymptomatic cervical shortening in the second trimester. This finding may help physicians to select patients in which cervical pessary is more likely to be effective, and to improve patient’s counseling about this intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem: The influence of fetal sex on immune responses in multifetal pregnancies remains incompletely elucidated. The a2 isoform of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (a2V) is expressed on the cell membrane of maternal lymphoid cells and contributes to down‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory immune responses during gestation. The association between fetal sex and a2V expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from mothers with twin gestations was assessed. Method of study: Patients in this prospective study were 93 women with twin pregnancies in their mid‐second or early third trimester—27 with two male, 30 with two female and 36 with one male and one female fetus. PBMCs were isolated and a2V was measured by ELISA in cell lysates. Demographic and clinical data were subsequently obtained and correlations between a2V and fetal sex, birthweight and pregnancy outcome were assessed by the Mann‐Whitney and Spearman rank correlation tests. Results: The mean a2V level was highest when both fetuses were male (2.0 ng/mL) and lowest when both were female (1.5 ng/mL; P = 0.0184). Only when both fetuses were female did the a2V concentration negatively correlate with birthweight of the 1st (P = 0.0011) and 2nd (P = 0.0044) born fetus and with gestational age at delivery (P = 0.0018). There were no associations between a2V and these outcomes in male only or mixed twin pregnancies. Conclusion: We conclude that the a2V‐mediated regulation of maternal immunity during twin pregnancies is influenced by fetal sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]