44 results on '"Camins-Espuny A"'
Search Results
2. Neonatal Excitotoxicity Triggers Degenerative Processes Related to Seizure Susceptibility and Pharmacoresistance
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Ureña-Guerrero, Mónica E., Camins-Espuny, Antoni, Beas-Zárate, Carlos, Rocha, Luisa L., editor, Lazarowski, Alberto, editor, and Cavalheiro, Esper A., editor
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- 2023
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3. Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents
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Eliana B. Souto, João Dias-Ferreira, Ana López-Machado, Miren Ettcheto, Amanda Cano, Antonio Camins Espuny, Marta Espina, Maria Luisa Garcia, and Elena Sánchez-López
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ocular drug delivery ,patents ,bioavailability ,anterior eye segment ,posterior eye segment ,targeted drug delivery ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
The eye presents extensive perspectives and challenges for drug delivery, mainly because of the extraordinary capacity, intrinsic to this path, for drugs to permeate into the main circulatory system and also for the restrictions of the ocular barriers. Depending on the target segment of the eye, anterior or posterior, the specifications are different. The ocular route experienced in the last decades a lot of progresses related with the development of new drugs, improved formulations, specific-designed delivery and even new routes to administer a drug. Concomitantly, new categories of materials were developed and adapted to encapsulate drugs. With such advances, a multiplicity of parameters became possible to be optimized as the increase in bioavailability and decreased toxic effects of medicines. Also, the formulations were capable to easily adhere to specific tissues, increase the duration of the therapeutic effect and even target the delivery of the treatment. The ascending of new delivery systems for ocular targeting is a current focus, mainly because of the capacity to extend the normal time during which the drug exerts its therapeutic effect and, so, supplying the patients with a product which gives them fewer side effects, fewer number of applications and even more effective outcomes to their pathologies, surpassing the traditionally-used eye drops. Depending on the systems, some are capable of increasing the duration of the drug action as gels, emulsions, prodrugs, liposomes, and ocular inserts with hydrophilic properties, improving the absorption by the cornea. In parallel, other devices use as a strategy the capacity to sustain the release of the carried drugs by means of erodible and non-erodible matrices. This review discusses the different types of advanced formulations used for ocular delivery of therapeutics presenting the most recent patents according to the clinical applications.
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- 2019
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4. Correction: Viveros-Paredes et al. Neuroprotective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in a Murine Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by MPTP. Pharmaceuticals 2017, 10 , 60.
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Viveros-Paredes, Juan M., González-Castañeda, Rocio E., Gertsch, Juerg, Chaparro-Huerta, Veronica, López-Roa, Rocio I., Vázquez-Valls, Eduardo, Beas-Zarate, Carlos, Camins-Espuny, Antoni, and Flores-Soto, Mario E.
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PARKINSON'S disease ,LABORATORY mice ,DRUGS ,FIBERS ,NEUROPROTECTIVE agents - Abstract
A correction notice was issued for the article "Neuroprotective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in a Murine Model of Parkinson's Disease." The correction addressed an error in Figure 5, where the wrong image was used for "BCP." The authors confirmed that the scientific conclusions remain unchanged. The corrected version of Figure 5 was approved by the Academic Editor and the original publication has been updated accordingly. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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5. Double functionalized biodegradable Riluzole nanoparticles with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases
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Gerard Esteruelas Navarro, Lorena Bonilla Vidal, Marta Espina Garcia, Mª José Gómara, Miren Echetto Arriola, Antoni Camins Espuny, Isabel Haro, María Luisa García López, and Elena Sánchez López
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- 2021
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6. Neuroprotective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in a Murine Model of Parkinson’s Disease Induced by MPTP
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Juan M. Viveros-Paredes, Rocio E. González-Castañeda, Juerg Gertsch, Veronica Chaparro-Huerta, Rocio I. López-Roa, Eduardo Vázquez-Valls, Carlos Beas-Zarate, Antoni Camins-Espuny, and Mario E. Flores-Soto
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β-caryophyllene ,Parkinson’s disease ,MPTP ,microglial activation ,Medicine ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although the causes of PD are not understood, evidence suggests that its pathogenesis is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent studies have suggested a protective role of the cannabinoid signalling system in PD. β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is an agonist of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R). Previous studies have suggested that BCP exerts prophylactic and/or curative effects against inflammatory bowel disease through its antioxidative and/or anti-inflammatory action. The present study describes the neuroprotective effects of BCP in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced murine model of PD, and we report the results of our investigation of its neuroprotective mechanism in neurons and glial cells. In the murine model, BCP pretreatment ameliorated motor dysfunction, protected against dopaminergic neuronal losses in the SN and striatum, and alleviated MPTP-induced glia activation. Additionally, BCP inhibited the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the nigrostriatal system. The observed neuroprotection and inhibited glia activation were reversed upon treatment with the CB2R selective antagonist AM630, confirming the involvement of the CB2R. These results indicate that BCP acts via multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in our murine model and suggest that BCP may be viewed as a potential treatment and/or preventative agent for PD.
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- 2017
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7. EARLY ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY THE INTAKE OF HIGH FAT DIET IN APP/PS1 MICE AS A MODEL OF FAMILIAL ALZHEIMER DISEASE: C082
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Ettcheto, M., Martínez Jové, A., Petrov, D., Pàllas, M., Folch, J., and Camins Espuny, A.
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- 2015
8. Promising application of metformin in Alzheimer's disease
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Rabiei Poor, Saghar, Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Cano Fernández, Amanda, Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), Manzine, Patrícia Regina, Olloquequi González, Jordi, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Javan, Mohammad
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Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Diabetis ,Diabetes ,Insulin resistance ,Resistència a la insulina ,Alzheimer's disease ,Metformina ,Metformin - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating brain disorders. Currently, there are no effective treatments to stop the disease progression and it is becoming a major public health concern. Several risk factors are involved in the progression of AD, modifying neuronal circuits and brain cognition, and eventually leading to neuronal death. Among them, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have attracted increasing attention, since brain insulin resistance can contribute to neurodegeneration. Consequently, AD has been referred to "type 3 diabetes" and antidiabetic medications such as intranasal insulin, glitazones, metformin or liraglutide are being tested as possible alternatives. Metformin, a first line antihyperglycemic medication, is a 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator hypothesized to act as a geroprotective agent. However, studies on its association with age-related cognitive decline have shown controversial results with positive and negative findings. In spite of this, metformin shows positive benefits such as anti-inflammatory effects, accelerated neurogenesis, strengthened memory, and prolonged life expectancy. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that metformin enhances synaptophysin, sirtuin-1, AMPK, and brain-derived neuronal factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity, which are essential markers of plasticity. The present review discusses the numerous studies which have explored (1) the neuropathological hallmarks of AD, (2) association of type 2 diabetes with AD, and (3) the potential therapeutic effects of metformin on AD and preclinical models. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; diabetes mellitus; metformin; insulin resistance; beta amyloid; tau protein hyperphosphorylation; AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)
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- 2021
9. Translational Research and Drug Discovery for Neurodegeneration: Challenges for Latin America
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Adrian G. Palacios, Ricardo B. Maccioni, Luisa Lilia Rocha Arrieta, Gabrielle B. Britton, Norberto Garcia-Cairasco, Alberto Lazarowski, Antoni Camins Espuny, and K. S. Jagannatha Rao
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Latin Americans ,Drug discovery ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,Neurodegeneration ,Malalties neurodegeneratives ,Neurosciences ,Brain ,Translational research ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,General Medicine ,Computational biology ,medicine.disease ,Translational Research, Biomedical ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Latin America ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Humans ,Neurociències ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,business ,Cervell - Abstract
Perhaps one of the most significant scientific challenges is to understand the human brain. Neuroscience research has had a considerable impact on individuals, families, and society. However, before we can have a real impact on public health, we need a greater understanding of biological processes that underlie the wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and many others. It is a great challenge and responsibility of science to unravel the brain's secrets through translational research and drug discovery in order to improve the lives of individuals with these devastating conditions. In the past decade, outstanding discoveries have been made that have made possible novel and multidisciplinary approaches to understanding the brain's mysteries.
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- 2021
10. Double functionalized biodegradable Riluzole nanoparticles with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases
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Esteruelas Navarro, Gerard, primary, Bonilla Vidal, Lorena, additional, Espina Garcia, Marta, additional, Gómara, Mª José, additional, Echetto Arriola, Miren, additional, Camins Espuny, Antoni, additional, Haro, Isabel, additional, García López, María Luisa, additional, and Sánchez López, Elena, additional
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- 2021
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11. Translational Research and Drug Discovery for Neurodegeneration: Challenges for Latin America
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Rao, K.S. Jagannatha, primary, Britton, Gabrielle B., additional, Rocha Arrieta, Luisa Lilia, additional, Garcia-Cairasco, Norberto, additional, Lazarowski, Alberto, additional, Palacios, Adrián, additional, Camins Espuny, Antoni, additional, and Maccioni, Ricardo B., additional
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- 2021
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12. JNK isoforms control adult mammal hippocampal neurogenesis
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Castro-Torres, Rubén Darío, Busquets Figueras, Oriol, Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Verdaguer Cardona, Ester, and Auladell i Costa, M. Carme
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Proteïnes quinases ,Neurobiologia del desenvolupament ,nervous system ,Protein kinases ,Hipocamp (Cervell) ,Evolution of the brain ,Developmental neurobiology ,Evolució del cervell ,Hippocampus (Brain) - Abstract
[eng] In mammals, the term "Adult Neurogenesis” (AN) defines the process through which, throughout adulthood, new neurons are produced from neural stem cells (NSC). These NSC are located in a specific niche, concretely, in the subventricular zone (SVZ), lining the lateral ventricles, and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Controversially, new data have questioned the existence of this AN in the human brain seeing how only populations of immature neurons (IN), broadly dispersed within SGZ, have been detected. Either way, neurogenic activity in the hippocampus has been correlated with learning, memory formation and behavioral responses to stress, just like with the pathophysiology of many brain diseases and mood disorders. Various extracellular and intracellular stimuli have been shown to modulate survival, proliferation, and differentiation of adult-born cells in the hippocampus, especially through conserved stimuli-response mechanisms like the JNKs. In the present review, the JNK pathway and their control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis are described, evidencing the critical role of isoform JNK1., [cat] En mamíferos, el término “Neurogenesis Adulta (NA)”, se define como el proceso a través del cual, en adultos, se producen nuevas neuronas granulares a partir de células madre neurales (CMN). Estas CMN estan ubicadas en microambientes específicos, en concreto en la zona subventicular (ZSV), recubriendo los ventriculos laterales, y en la zona subgranular (ZSG) del giro dentado del hipocampo (GD). Sin embargo, nuevas informaciones han cuestionado la existencia de este proceso de neurogenesis adulta en el cerebro humano, ya que solamente se han detectado poblaciones de neuronas inmaduras (NI) dispersas a lo largo de la ZSG. Independientemente, la existencia de una actividad neurogénica en el hipocampo adulto se ha correlacionado con el aprendizaje, la formación de memoria y en el comportamiento ante situaciones de estrés, así como en la patofisiologia de diferentes patologías del cerebro, incluso en casos de alteraciones del estado de ánimo. Se ha demostrado que diferentes estímulos extracelulares e intracelulares controlan la supervivencia, la proliferación y la diferenciación de las nuevas neuronas del hipocampo, especialmente a través de mecanismos conservados de respuesta a estímulos como las JNKs. En la presente revisión se describe las JNK y su control de la neurogénesis hipocampal adulta, evidenciando el papel crucial de la isoforma JNK1.
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- 2020
13. Dual-drug loaded nanoparticles of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)/Ascorbic acid enhance therapeutic efficacy of ECGC in a APPswe/PS1dE9 Alzheimer's disease mice model
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Cano Fernández, Amanda, Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Chang, Jui-Hsien, Barroso Fernández, Emma, Espina García, Marta, Kühne, Britta A., Barenys Espadaler, Marta, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Folch, Jaume, Souto, Eliana B., Camins Espuny, Antoni, Turowski, Patrick, and García López, María Luisa
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Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Nanopartícules ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,food and beverages ,Nanoparticles ,heterocyclic compounds ,sense organs ,Alzheimer's disease ,complex mixtures - Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a candidate for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but its inherent instability limits bioavailability and effectiveness. We found that EGCG displayed increased stability when formulated as dualdrug loaded PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles (EGCG/AA NPs). Oral administration of EGCG/AA NPs in mice resulted in EGCG accumulation in all major organs, including the brain. Pharmacokinetic comparison of plasma and brain accumulation following oral administration of free or EGCG/AA NPs showed that, whilst in both cases initial EGCG concentrations were similar, long-term (5-25 h) concentrations were ca. 5 fold higher with EGCG/AA NPs. No evidence was found that EGCG/AA NPs utilised a specific pathway across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, EGCG, empty NPs and EGCG/AA NPs all induced tight junction disruption and opened the BBB in vitro and ex vivo. Oral treatment of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice, a familial model of AD, with EGCG/AA NPs resulted in a marked increase in synapses, as judged by synaptophysin (SYP) expression, and reduction of neuroinflammation as well as amyloid β (Aβ) plaque burden and cortical levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ(1-42) peptide. These morphological changes were accompanied by significantly enhanced spatial learning and memory. Mechanistically, we propose that stabilisation of EGCG in NPs complexes and a destabilized BBB led to higher therapeutic EGCG concentrations in the brain. Thus EGCG/AA NPs have the potential to be developed as a safe and strategy for the treatment of AD.
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- 2019
14. Nanopartícules polimèriques d'epigalocatequina-3-galat, un enfocament nanotecnològic per tractar la malaltia d'Alzheimer
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Cano Fernández, Amanda, Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Espina García, Marta, Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), López-Machado, Ana, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and García López, María Luisa
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Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Nanopartícules ,Nanotecnologia ,Nanoparticles ,Nanotechnology ,Alzheimer's disease - Abstract
La malaltia d'Alzheimer (MA) es caracteritza per un deteriorament progressiu de la memòria, la cognició i el comportament i en tot el món afecta prop de 24 milions de persones. Un dels fàrmacs més prometedors per tractar aquesta malaltia és l'epigalocatequina-3-galat (EGCG). Amb una activitat antioxidant important, aquest fàrmac presenta molts processos d'inestabilitat. Actualment, l'ús de la nanotecnologia és una de les estratègies més utilitzades però cal millorarne l'eficàcia. L'objectiu d'aquest treball va ser desenvolupar un nanosistema polimèric d'EGCG per avaluar-lo en ratolins transgènics APP/PS1, model de la MA. Els resultats suggereixen que aquestes partícules tenen característiques adequades per millorar la biodisponibilitat i l'eficàcia de l'EGCG i que són una forma farmacèutica propícia per al tractament de la MA i altres malalties neurodegeneratives.
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- 2019
15. Estudi del paper de la dieta en l'aparició de processos neurodegeneratius en models preclínics (Seminaris de Recerca 2018)
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Busquets Figueras, Oriol, Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Manzine, Patricia, Verdaguer Cardona, Ester, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Vázquez Carrera, Manuel, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Folch, Jaume
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Malalties neurodegeneratives ,Seminaris ,Seminars ,Dieta ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Diet - Published
- 2018
16. Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents
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Souto, Eliana B., primary, Dias-Ferreira, João, additional, López-Machado, Ana, additional, Ettcheto, Miren, additional, Cano, Amanda, additional, Camins Espuny, Antonio, additional, Espina, Marta, additional, Garcia, Maria Luisa, additional, and Sánchez-López, Elena, additional
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- 2019
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17. The Implication of the Brain Insulin Receptor in Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Dementia
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Folch, Jaume, Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Busquets Figueras, Oriol, Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), Castro-Torres, Rubén Darío, Verdaguer Cardona, Ester, Manzine, Patricia, Rabiei Poor, Saghar, García López, María Luisa, Olloquequi, Jordi, Beas Zárate, Carlos, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, and Camins Espuny, Antoni
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Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Etiology ,Etiologia ,Malalties neurodegeneratives ,Non-insulin-dependent diabetes ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Insulin resistance ,Resistència a la insulina ,Alzheimer's disease ,Diabetis no-insulinodependent - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by brain accumulation of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ), which form senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and, eventually, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Interestingly, epidemiological studies have described a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and this pathology, being one of the risk factors for the development of AD pathogenesis. Information as it is, it would point out that, impairment in insulin signalling and glucose metabolism, in central as well as peripheral systems, would be one of the reasons for the cognitive decline. Brain insulin resistance, also known as Type 3 diabetes, leads to the increase of Aβ production and TAU phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and cognitive impairment, which are all hallmarks of AD. Moreover, given the complexity of interlocking mechanisms found in late onset AD (LOAD) pathogenesis, more data is being obtained. Recent evidence showed that Aβ42 generated in the brain would impact negatively on the hypothalamus, accelerating the 'peripheral' symptomatology of AD. In this situation, Aβ42 production would induce hypothalamic dysfunction that would favour peripheral hyperglycaemia due to down regulation of the liver insulin receptor. The objective of this review is to discuss the existing evidence supporting the concept that brain insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism play an important role in pathogenesis of LOAD. Furthermore, we discuss AD treatment approaches targeting insulin signalling using anti-diabetic drugs and mTOR inhibitors.
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- 2018
18. Transport de substàncies a través de la barrera hematoencefàlica mitjançant l’anticòs 8D3 dirigit contra el receptor de transferrina (Seminaris de recerca 2017)
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Pelegrí i Gabaldà, Carme, Cabezón Rodríguez, Itsaso, Augé Marí, Elisabet, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Vilaplana i Hortensi, Jordi, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Animal physiology ,Seminaris ,Seminars ,Fisiologia animal ,Barrera hematoencefàlica ,Blood-brain barrier - Published
- 2017
19. Neuroprotective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in a Murine Model of Parkinson’s Disease Induced by MPTP
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Eduardo Vázquez-Valls, V. Chaparro-Huerta, Carlos Beas-Zarate, J Gertsch, Rocio E. Gonzalez-Castaneda, Antoni Camins-Espuny, Rocío Ivette López-Roa, Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes, M.E. Flores-Soto, and Universitat de Barcelona
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0301 basic medicine ,Parkinson's disease ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Neurotoxins ,Pharmaceutical Science ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Substantia nigra ,Striatum ,Pharmacology ,Neuroprotection ,Article ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Malaltia de Parkinson ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,microglial activation ,β-caryophyllene ,Parkinson’s disease ,MPTP ,Chemistry ,Dopaminergic ,lcsh:R ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,nervous system ,Molecular Medicine ,Cannabinoid ,Neurotoxines ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although the causes of PD are not understood, evidence suggests that its pathogenesis is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent studies have suggested a protective role of the cannabinoid signalling system in PD. β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is an agonist of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R). Previous studies have suggested that BCP exerts prophylactic and/or curative effects against inflammatory bowel disease through its antioxidative and/or anti-inflammatory action. The present study describes the neuroprotective effects of BCP in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced murine model of PD, and we report the results of our investigation of its neuroprotective mechanism in neurons and glial cells. In the murine model, BCP pretreatment ameliorated motor dysfunction, protected against dopaminergic neuronal losses in the SN and striatum, and alleviated MPTP-induced glia activation. Additionally, BCP inhibited the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the nigrostriatal system. The observed neuroprotection and inhibited glia activation were reversed upon treatment with the CB2R selective antagonist AM630, confirming the involvement of the CB2R. These results indicate that BCP acts via multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in our murine model and suggest that BCP may be viewed as a potential treatment and/or preventative agent for PD.
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- 2017
20. Dexibuprofen prevents neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in APPswe/PS1dE9 through multiple signaling pathways
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Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), Pons, Laura, Busquets Figueras, Oriol, Olloquequi González, Jordi, Beas Zárate, Carlos, Pallàs i Llibería, Mercè, 1964, García López, María Luisa, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Folch, Jaume, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Universitat de Barcelona
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GFAP, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ,ADAM10, Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 ,MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase ,BACE1, β-secretase 1 ,CDK5, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 ,Ibuprofen ,IBU, Ibuprofen ,Hippocampus ,Mitocondris ,PFA, Paraformaldehide ,PPARγ, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ,Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ,Mice ,Cognition ,DXI, Dexibuprofen ,APPSwe/PS1dE9 ,Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl ,PKA, Protein kinase A ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,lcsh:R5-920 ,DI, Discrimination index ,Brain ,Drugs ,COX-1, Cyclooxygenase-1 ,NORT, Novel object recognition test ,IDE, Insulin-degrading enzyme ,Memory impairment ,Alzheimer's disease ,Mitochondria ,TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor ,Neuroprotective Agents ,pTAU, Phospho-TAU ,SYP, Synaptophysin ,Female ,AD, Alzheimer's disease ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Hippocampus (Brain) ,Medicaments ,Research Paper ,Signal Transduction ,APP/PS1, APPswe/PS1dE9 ,NSAIDs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ,Hipocamp (Cervell) ,NFĸβ, Nuclear factor kappa beta ,c-ABL, Abelson non-receptor tyrosine kinase ,tau Proteins ,COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2 ,Alzheimer Disease ,Cyclins ,GSK3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β ,Aβ, Amyloid beta ,Presenilin-1 ,Animals ,Insulin receptors ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 ,Receptors d'insulina ,Phosphoproteins ,iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Dexibuprofen ,MWM, Morris water maze ,Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,nNOS, Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase ,Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ,TAU ,Carrier Proteins ,APP, Amyloid precursor protein ,NFTs, Neurofibrillary tangles ,WT, Wild type ,Insulin receptor - Abstract
The aim of the present study is to elucidate the neuronal pathways associated to NSAIDs causing a reduction of the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease. The research was developed administering the active enantiomer of ibuprofen, dexibuprofen (DXI), in order to reduce associated gastric toxicity. DXI was administered from three to six-month-old female APPswe/PS1dE9 mice as a model of familial Alzheimer's disease. DXI treatment reduced the activation of glial cells and the cytokine release involved in the neurodegenerative process, especially TNFα. Moreover, DXI reduced soluble β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) plaque deposition by decreasing APP, BACE1 and facilitating Aβ degradation by enhancing insulin-degrading enzyme. DXI also decreased TAU hyperphosphorylation inhibiting c-Abl/CABLES/p-CDK5 activation signal pathway and prevented spatial learning and memory impairment in transgenic mice. Therefore, chronic DXI treatment could constitute a potential AD-modifying drug, both restoring cognitive functions and reversing multiple brain neuropathological hallmarks., Graphical abstract fx1, Highlights • DXI treatment improves cognitive impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice through multiple targets. • Aβ reduction occurs with DXI inhibiting APP, BACE1 and increasing IDE1 hippocampal protein levels. • DXI contributes to TAU hyperphosphorylation decreasing but does not alter total TAU expression. • CDK5 pathway is altered by DXI inhibiting CDK5 phosphorylation via TNFα/c-ABLl/CABLES. • DXI decreases pAKT/pGSK3β protein levels which are involved in insulin signaling pathway.
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- 2017
21. Strategies against β-amyloid protein as therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease
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Folch López, Jaume, Ettcheto, Miren, Busquets Figueras, Oriol, Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), Castro Torres, Ruben Dario, Beas Zárate, Carlos, Pallàs i Llibería, Mercè, 1964, Olloquequi González, Jordi, Jara, Daniela, García López, María Luisa, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Drugs ,Alzheimer's disease ,Medicaments - Abstract
Podeu consultar el llibre complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/120717
- Published
- 2017
22. Environmental Enrichment Modified Epigenetic Mechanisms in SAMP8 Mouse Hippocampus by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammaging and Achieving Neuroprotection
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Griñán Ferré, Christian, Puigoriol Illamola, Dolors, Palomera Ávalos, Verónica, Pérez Cáceres, David, Companys Alemany, Júlia, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Ortuño Sahagún, Daniel, Rodrigo, M. Teresa, Pallàs i Llibería, Mercè, 1964, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Inflammation ,Aging ,epigenetics ,Estrès oxidatiu ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Malalties neurodegeneratives ,neurodegeneration ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Epigenètica ,Inflamació ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,Epigènesi ,Human ecology ,Oxidative stress ,inflammation ,Ecologia humana ,environmental enrichment ,oxidative stress ,Epigenetics ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Epigenesis ,Neuroscience ,Original Research - Abstract
With the increase in life expectancy, aging and age-related cognitive impairments are becoming one of the most important issues for human health. At the same time, it has been shown that epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as universally important factors in life expectancy. The Senescence Accelerated Mouse P8 (SAMP8) strain exhibits age-related deterioration evidenced in learning and memory abilities and is a useful model of neurodegenerative disease. In SAMP8, Environmental Enrichment (EE) increased DNA-methylation levels (5-mC) and reduced hydroxymethylation levels (5-hmC), as well as increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels. Likewise, we found changes in the hippocampal gene expression of some chromatin-modifying enzyme genes, such as Dnmt3b, Hdac1, Hdac2, Sirt2, and Sirt6. Subsequently, we assessed the effects of EE on neuroprotection-related transcription factors, such as the Nuclear regulatory factor 2 (Nrf2)–Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) pathway and Nuclear Factor kappa Beta (NF-kΒ), which play critical roles in inflammation. We found that EE produces an increased expression of antioxidant genes, such as Hmox1, Aox1, and Cox2, and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and Cxcl10, all of this within the epigenetic context modified by EE. In conclusion, EE prevents epigenetic changes that promote or drive oxidative stress and inflammaging.
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- 2016
23. An evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in an in vitro experimental model of age-induced neuronal apoptosis
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Marta Tajes Orduña, Jordi Vilaplana i Hortensi, Antoni Camins Espuny, Mercè Pallàs i Llibería, and Carme Pelegrí i Gabaldà
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Programmed cell death ,medicine.medical_specialty ,DNA damage ,Cyclin D ,Apoptosis ,Neuroprotection ,Antioxidants ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Melatonin ,Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ,Endocrinology ,Cerebellum ,Cyclins ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Protein kinase B ,Cells, Cultured ,Cellular Senescence ,Neurons ,Analysis of Variance ,Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta ,biology ,Cell cycle ,Rats ,Cell biology ,Neuroprotective Agents ,biology.protein ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,E2F1 Transcription Factor ,DNA Damage ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of melatonin in an experimental model of aging-induced apoptosis have been examined. Cerebellar granule neurons show characteristics of apoptosis after 17 days in culture (DV). The addition of melatonin to neuronal cell cultures (100-500 mum) resulted in neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects, which were revealed by nuclear condensed cell counting. In a thorough analysis by Western-blot of the potential pathways responsible for melatonin's neuroprotective effects, we found an increase in the activation of prosurvival Akt. Subsequently GSK3beta inhibition and an increase in p-FOXO1 phosphorylation occurred. In this model of aging, apoptosis was associated with an elevated DNA damage, as demonstrated by an increase in the activation of ataxia telangiectasia muted (ATM). Subsequently, downstream targets such as p53 were activated. Furthermore, the process of DNA damage was coupled to an increase in the expression of certain proteins involved in cell cycle regulation; these were cyclin D and the proapoptotic transcription factor E2F-1. We conclude that the antiapoptotic effects of melatonin were mediated by two potential mechanisms: by increasing the activity of prosurvival pathways via Akt and by the prevention of DNA damage (via ATM inhibition) followed by the reduction of cell cycle re-entry.
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- 2009
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24. Current research therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease treatment
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Folch López, Jaume, Petrov, Dmitry, Ettcheto, Miren, Abad, Sonia, Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), García López, María Luisa, Olloquequi González, Jordi, Beas Zárate, Carlos, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Farmacobiologia Cel.lular, Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Pyridines ,Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 ,Review Article ,Therapeutics ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ,Bioquímica i biotecnologia ,Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ,Mice ,Piperidines ,Alzheimer Disease ,Animals ,Humans ,Amyloid beta protein ,PrPC Proteins ,Benzodioxoles ,Protein Kinase Inhibitors ,Neurons ,Bioquímica y tecnología ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Beta-proteïna amiloide ,Brain ,Alzheimer's disease ,Terapèutica ,Biochemistry and technology ,Disease Models, Animal ,Thiazoles ,Alzheimer, Malaltia d' -- Cura i tractament ,Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Receptors, Serotonin ,Benzamides ,Synapses ,Quinazolines ,2090-5904 - Abstract
Filiació URV: SI Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently presents one of the biggest healthcare issues in the developed countries. There is no effective treatment capable of slowing down disease progression. In recent years the main focus of research on novel pharmacotherapies was based on the amyloidogenic hypothesis of AD, which posits that the beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide is chiefly responsible for cognitive impairment and neuronal death. The goal of such treatments is (a) to reduce Aβ production through the inhibition of β and γ secretase enzymes and (b) to promote dissolution of existing cerebral Aβ plaques. However, this approach has proven to be only modestly effective. Recent studies suggest an alternative strategy centred on the inhibition of the downstream Aβ signalling, particularly at the synapse. Aβ oligomers may cause aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation postsynaptically by forming complexes with the cell-surface prion protein (PrPC). PrPC is enriched at the neuronal postsynaptic density, where it interacts with Fyn tyrosine kinase. Fyn activation occurs when Aβ is bound to PrPC-Fyn complex. Fyn causes tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). Fyn kinase blockers masitinib and saracatinib have proven to be efficacious in treating AD symptoms in experimental mouse models of the disease.
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- 2016
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25. Neuroprotective Effects of β-Caryophyllene against Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in a Murine Model of Parkinson’s Disease Induced by MPTP
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Viveros-Paredes, Juan, primary, González-Castañeda, Rocio, additional, Gertsch, Juerg, additional, Chaparro-Huerta, Veronica, additional, López-Roa, Rocio, additional, Vázquez-Valls, Eduardo, additional, Beas-Zarate, Carlos, additional, Camins-Espuny, Antoni, additional, and Flores-Soto, Mario, additional
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- 2017
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26. Grup d'Innovació Docent en Farmacologia (GIDOF)
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Alegret i Jordà, Marta, Camarasa García, Jordi, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Canudas Teixidó, Anna-Maria, Cañigueral i Folcarà, Salvador, Escubedo Rafa, Elena, Freixa de Reynoso, Blanca, Marin Parés, Esther, Jiménez Guerrero, Andrés, Laguna Egea, Juan Carlos, Merlos Roca, Manuel, Pallàs i Llibería, Mercè, 1964, Palomer Tarridas, Francesc Xavier, Pérez García, Francisco (Professor), Pubill Sánchez, David, Sánchez Peñarroya, Rosa M., Rimbau i Barreras, Víctor, Roglans i Ribas, Núria, Vázquez Carrera, Manuel, and Vila Casanovas, Roser
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Ciències de la salut ,Congressos ,Teaching ,Medical sciences ,Congresses ,Ensenyament - Abstract
Podeu consultar la Setena trobada de professorat de Ciències de la Salut completa a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/43352
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- 2013
27. Intracellular Pathways Associated with Neuronal Survival and Death in Epilepsy
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Felix Junyent, Carlos Beas-Zarate, Antoni Camins Espuny, Martha C. Rivera-Cervantes, and Alfredo Feria-Velasco
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Programmed cell death ,business.industry ,Excitotoxicity ,Disease ,Brain damage ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Epileptogenesis ,Neuroprotection ,Epilepsy ,Medicine ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Neuroscience ,PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway - Abstract
Epilepsy has been characterized a disease whose social and occupational behavioural has had devastating economical consequences and is associated with great cumulative brain damage and neurological deficits. From different forms of epilepsy, the most frequent type is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), being the most common form of drug refractory epilepsy. Although there are a great amount of studies about the mechanisms involved in neuronal damage and death during critical phases of epileptogenesis, it is crucial to construct strategies for neuroprotection that may prevent the development of epilepsy. In this chapter, some molecular mechanisms involved in the neuronal death, which are induced by excitotoxicity phenomena following the signalling pathways activation and studied in animal models under seizure conditions or expressed in the epilepsy are discussed, mainly those as the mitogen-activated protein kinases, Jak/Stat, and Pi3k/Akt pathways those genes responsible to participate in the apoptosis and cell cycle regulation are also analysed.
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- 2013
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28. The Role of JNK Pathway in the Process of Excitotoxicity Induced by Epilepsy and Neurodegeneration
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Aurelio Vazquez de la Torre, Felix Junyent, Maria Luisa de Lemos, Antoni Camins Espuny, Ester Verdaguer Cardona, Mercè Pallàs, and Carme Auladell
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MAPK/ERK pathway ,Kainic acid ,Kinase ,Neurodegeneration ,Excitotoxicity ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Epilepsy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,nervous system ,chemistry ,Apoptosis ,medicine ,Signal transduction ,Neuroscience - Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the MAPK family and can be activated in neurons by different neurotoxins such as kainic acid (an experimental model of epilepsy), beta amyloid, and nitropropionic acid. Although JNKs have different physiological functions they have been linked mainly to the apoptotic process in neurons and other cell types. Therefore, the JNK signaling pathway constitutes an important target to prevent the apoptotic cell death in epilepsy and neurodegeneration. In the present chapter, the role of JNKs, specifically the JNK3 isoform, as a potential target for epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. In addition, the pharmacological compounds that inhibit the JNKs signaling pathway constitutes a potential therapeutic intervention to prevent neuronal death.
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- 2013
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29. Role of JNK in neurodegenerative diseases
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Junyent Herena, Fèlix, Verdaguer Cardona, Ester, Folch López, Jaume, Beas Zárate, Carlos, Pallás i Llibería, Mercè, 1964, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Pharmacology ,Farmacologia ,Malalties neurodegeneratives ,Neurodegenerative Diseases - Abstract
Podeu consultar el llibre complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/32393, The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are members of the MAPK family and can be activated by different stimuli such as cellular stress, heat shock and ultra-violet irradiation. JNKs have different physiological functions and they have been linked to apoptosis in different cell types. Therefore, the JNK signalling pathway is an important target to prevent cell death. In the present chapter, the role of JNKs in neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, as well as the pharmacological compounds that inhibit this signalling pathway as therapeutic intervention to prevent neuronal death.
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- 2012
30. Efectos de la melatonina en el cerebro de ratones con senescencia acelerada SAMP8
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Gutiérrez Cuesta, Javier, primary, Tajes Orduña, Marta, additional, Jiménez Guerrero, Andrés, additional, Camins Espuny, Antoni, additional, and Pallàs Lliberia, Mercè, additional
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- 2011
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31. An evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in an in vitro experimental model of age-induced neuronal apoptosis
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Tajes Orduña, Marta, primary, Pelegrí Gabalda, Carme, additional, Vilaplana Hortensi, Jordi, additional, Pallàs LLiberia, Mercè, additional, and Camins Espuny, Antoni, additional
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- 2009
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32. Caracterización del receptor benzodiacepínico periférico en tejidos de rata y humanos
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Camins Espuny, Antoni, Camarasa García, Jordi, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica
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Benzodiazepines ,Benzodiazepines receptors ,Receptors de benzodiazepines ,Ciències de la Salut - Abstract
1) INTRODUCCIÓNLas benzodiacepinas son unos fármacos ampliamente usados en nuestros días para el tratamiento clínico de síntomas relacionados con la ansiedad, pero estos fármacos producen por otro lados efectos miorrelajantes, anticonvulsivantes e hipnóticos. Las benzodiacepinas median estos efectos a través del receptor benzodiacepínico central el cual está unido a receptor del GABA y del ionóforo del cloro.Aunque estos efectos farmacológicos están mediados a través del receptor benzodiacepínico central (Costa y col, 1979), existe otra clase de lugares de unión a las benzodiacepinas cuyo mecanismo de acción es menos claro. Estos lugares de unión se encuentran localizados tanto a nivel de tejidos periféricos (Baestrup and Squires, 1977) y en el cerebro, concretamente a nivel de la glia (Awad and Gavish, 1987, 1989). A este lugar de unión se le denomina receptor benzodiacepínico periférico, existiendo ligandos específicos para este lugar como son el Ro 5-4864 (que presenta una estructura de tipo benzodiacepínica y se diferencia del diazepam, que presenta una elevada afinidad por el receptor benzodiacepínico central, por la presencia de un cloro en posición 4') y el PK 11195 que presenta una estructura de isoquinoleínico.Los objetivos del presente trabajo han consistido en llevar a cabo un estudio a nivel molecular para la caracterización del receptor benzodiacepínico periférico en tracto genital de rata. Asimismo, se ha realizado un estudio para demostrar una posible interacción entre este receptor con el receptor de la testosterona y con el receptor mitocondrial de las dihidropiridinas de alta capacidad y baja afinidad. También hemos considerado de interés ver el papel que puede desempeñar el ligano endógeno propuesto para este receptor, la protoporfirina IX.Se planteó la necesidad de realizar estudios con tejido humano y más concretamente en próstata humana, debido al posible interés de este receptor como marcador de neoplasias. En el presente trabajo se ha realizado un estudio para demostrar la existencia de un transporte de la adenosina a nivel mitocondrial y el papel que desempeñan las benzodiacepinas a nivel periférico inhibiendo dicho transporte. 2) METODOLOGÍALos tejidos de roedores se han obtenido a partir de ratas Sprage-Dawley macho adultas de 250-275 gramos ce peso (C.E.R.J., Le Genest, Francia). Los animales fueron estabulados en condiciones estándar de temperatura y mantenidos en un ciclo de oscuridad de 12 horas. Los animales se sacrificaron y los tejidos se homogeneizaron con un Polytron. El extracto crudo mitocondrial se obtuvo por doble centrifugación a 3000 rpm durante 10 min a 4ºC. El sobrenadante obtenido en este proceso se centrifugó a 8000 rpm durante 10 min. Para cuantificar el contenido proteico del "pellet" obtenido se utilizó el método de Bradford, que se fundamenta en la utilización de un colorante Coomasie Brillant Blue G-250 que se une a la proteína al cabo de 2 min., formándose un complejo que se lee al espectrofotómetro a 595 nm.Los estudios de Binding se realizaron usando [(3)H]-Ro 5-4864 y [(3)H]-PK 11195. El volumen del ensayo fue de 0.250 ml incluyendo 0.125 de la preparación mitocondrial. Las muestras fueron incubadas entre 0-4ºC durante 60 min. La incubación se terminó por filtración con ayuda del vacío a través de filtros Whatman GF/B que habían sido tratados previamente con polietilenenimna. Los filtros se colocaron son viales de centelleo y se añadió "cockteil" de centelleo, determinándose la radioactividad retenida en los filtros al cabo de 24 horas.Para les estudios de transporte [(3)H] adenosina se utilizó testículo de rata realizándose los estudios a los 5 min.3) RESULTADOSLos estudios realizados en tejido de trata muestran la existencia de un lugar de unión de elevada afinidad tanto para el Ro 5-4864 en vesícula seminal, próstata y conducto deferente como para el PK 11195 en próstata de rata. En tejido de próstata humana se observa una disminución muy patente en la afinidad del Ro 5-4864 mientras que el PK 11195 continua teniendo en humanos una afinidiad dentro de un orden nanomolar. Los estudios cinéticos vienen a confirmar la elevada afinidad del PK 11195. Estos resultados confirman que en la especie humana el receptor benzodiacepínico periférico se aleja de una estructura relacionada con la molécula benzodiacepínica para reconocer de manera selectiva una estructura de tipo isoquinoleínico.Se ha realizado un estudio comparativo entre tejido prostático de rata y humano y dentro del tejido humano se han comparado muestras control con muestras de adenoma de próstata. Se ha comprobado una mayor población de receptores benzodiacepínicos periféricos en tejido humano respecto a roedores y no se encuentran diferencias significativas entre tejido de adenoma de próstata y control, con lo cual el papel del receptor benzodiacepínico periférico como marcador de neoplasias queda en entredicho. Los estudios de competición demuestran que el PK 11195 presenta una afinidad de orden nanomolar en tejido de rata y humano, mientras que el Ro 5-4864 presenta una elevada afinidad en roedores. Se demuestra una interacción de tipo no competitivo entre los inhibidores del "carrier" ADP/ATP y el receptor benzodiacepínico periférico. Los compuestos que actúan inhibiendo el transporte de la adenosina desplazan con una afinidad dentro del orden micromolar la unión del Ro 5-4864 y del PK 11195. La protoporfirina IX presenta una afinidad dentro del orden micromolar para el receptor benzodiacepínico periférico en roedores. Se demuestra que este efecto no se realiza a través del receptor benzodiacepínico periférico., The clinical use of benzodiazepines is due to their specific binding to the central benzodiazepine receptor, which is linked to the GABA receptor and ion chloride channel. At present there are no clinical applications based on the interaction of drugs peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. The aim of the present study is to investigate and characterize [(3)H]-Ro 5-4864 and [(3)H]-PK 11195 binding sites in rat and humans. PK 11195 had higher affinity by the peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor than Ro 5-4854 in human prostate. In rat the affinity was in nanomolar range for this receptor. The Ro 5-4864 binding in rat was inhibited no competivively by atractyloside and alpha, beta-methylene ATP, suggesting a modulation by the ADP/ATP mitochondrial carrier. We postulate that [(3)H]-Ro 5-4864 binding sites are regulated by purine nucleotides in a allosteric fashion, a result suggesting the involvement of these binding sites in mitochondrial metabolism, which could explain why both Ro 5-4864 and PK 11195 decrease respiratory control in isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Protoporphyrin IX the most potent endogenous ligand inhibitor of [(3)H]-PK 11195 binding (Verma and Snyder, 1989) was also able to displace [(3)H]-Ro 5-4864 binding but only a micromolar concentration range. Clonazepam, a characteristic central benzodiazepine ligand, did not displace [(3)H]-binding site. Flutamide is able to displace Ro 5-4864 and PK 11195 only a micromolar concentrations. However, the slopes of competition curves not differ from unity, we have characterized an adenosine carrier in rat mitochondria. Peripheral benzodiazepines inhibited the adenosine transporter in the micromolar range.
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- 1992
33. Síntesis de sistemas tetracíclicos funcionalizados precursores de alcaloides del tipo Strychnos
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Camins Espuny, Antoni and Álvarez Domingo, Mercedes
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Síntesi orgànica ,Alkaloids ,Alcaloides ,Tesis de Llicenciatura (Tesines) ,Organic synthesis - Abstract
Tesi de Llicenciatura per a la obtenció del Grau de Farmàcia. Facultat de Farmàcia. Universitat de Barcelona. Director: Mercedes Álvarez Domingo. 1989, Los alcaloides indólicos del tipo Strvchnos constituyen un extenso grupo de productos naturales que, a di ferencia de otras familias de alcaloides, ha sido muy poco estudiada desde el punto de vista sintético.* En nuestro laboratorio se ha desarrollado en la última década una nueva vía sintética para la preparación de alcaloides pentacíel icos del tipo Strvchnos. este procedimiento consiste en la formación del anillo de pirrolidina (anillo E) en las últimas etapas de la síntesis a partir de un sistema tetracíclico de l,2,3,4,5.6-hexahidro-l,5-metanoazocino[4,3-b]indol adecuadamente sustituido
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- 1989
34. Study of the transport of substances across the blood-brain barrier with the 8D3 anti-transferrin receptor antibody
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Cabezón Rodríguez, Itsaso, Augé Marí, Elisabet, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Vilaplana i Hortensi, Jordi, Pelegrí i Gabaldà, Carme, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Animal physiology ,Fisiologia animal ,Barrera hematoencefàlica ,Blood-brain barrier - Abstract
Podeu consultar el llibre complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/128014, Numerous strategies have been proposed to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and efficiently deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. One of these strategies consists of linking the pharmacologically active substance to a molecular vector that acts as a molecular Trojan Horse and is capable of crossing the BBB using a receptor-mediated transcellular transport system of the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). The transferrin receptor (TfR) is related to a transcytosis process in these cells, and the 8D3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), directed against the mouse TfR, is able to induce a receptor response. Thus, the 8D3 antibody could be a potential molecular Trojan Horse to transport pharmacologically active substances across the BBB. On these bases, a series of experiments were performed where the 8D3 antibody was conjugated to different cargoes, the resulting constructs were administered in vivo to mice, and the distribution and intracellular mechanisms that these constructs undergo at the BBB were studied. Our results indicated a TfR-mediated and clathrin-dependent internalization process by which the 8D3-cargo constructs enters the BCEC. The resulting endocytic vesicles follow at least two different routes. On one hand, most vesicles enter intracellular processes of vesicular fusion and rearrangement in which the cargo is guided to late endosomes, multivesicular bodies or lysosomes. On the other hand, a small but not negligible percentage of the vesicles follow a different route in which they fuse with the abluminal membrane and open towards the basal lamina, indicating a potential route for the delivery of therapeutic substances. In this route, however, the 8D3−cargo remain fixed to the abluminal membrane, indicating that the 8D3 is maintained linked to the TfR, and the cargo does not go beyond the basal membrane. Altogether, different optimization approaches need to be developed for efficient drug delivery, but receptor-mediated transport (RMT) continues to be one of the most promising strategies to overcome the BBB.
35. Memantine loaded PLGA PEGylated nanoparticles for Alzheimer's disease: in vitro and in vivo characterization
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Sánchez-López, E. (Elena), Ettcheto, Miren, Egea Gras, Ma. Antonia, Espina García, Marta, Cano, Amanda, Calpena Campmany, Ana Cristina, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Carmona, Nuria, Silva, Amélia M, Souto, Eliana B., García, Maria Luisa, and Universitat de Barcelona
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Male ,lcsh:Medical technology ,Cell Survival ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,Drug Compounding ,Polyesters ,Administration, Oral ,APPswe/PS1dE9 mice ,Mice, Transgenic ,Plaque, Amyloid ,macromolecular substances ,Cell Line ,Polyethylene Glycols ,Antiparkinson Agents ,Mice ,Alzheimer Disease ,Memantine ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,β-Amyloid plaques ,Animals ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Particle Size ,Maze Learning ,Neurons ,Brain targeting ,Drug Carriers ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Nanopartícules ,Research ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Alzheimer's disease ,Disease Models, Animal ,Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,lcsh:R855-855.5 ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,Astrocytes ,bEnd.3 ,Nanoparticles ,Emulsions ,Alzheimer’s disease - Abstract
Background Memantine, drug approved for moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease, has not shown to be fully effective. In order to solve this issue, polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) nanoparticles could be a suitable solution to increase drug’s action on the target site as well as decrease adverse effects. For these reason, Memantine was loaded in biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles, produced by double emulsion method and surface-coated with polyethylene glycol. MEM–PEG–PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) were aimed to target the blood–brain barrier (BBB) upon oral administration for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Results The production parameters were optimized by design of experiments. MEM–PEG–PLGA NPs showed a mean particle size below 200 nm (152.6 ± 0.5 nm), monomodal size distribution (polydispersity index, PI
36. Estudi del paper de les proteïnes JNK en el desenvolupament de trastorns metabòlics i cognitius = Study on the role of the JNK proteins in the development of metabolic and cognitive disruptions
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Busquets Figueras, Oriol, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Folch, Jaume, and Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació
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Epilèpsia ,Metabolismo ,Epilepsy ,Metabolism ,Insulina ,Obesidad ,Insulin ,Obesitat ,Obesity ,Ciències de la Salut ,Metabolisme ,Epilepsia - Abstract
[cat] Molts estudis previs sobre el paper de les cinases c-JUN N-terminal (JNK) no tenien en compte les diferències existents en l’activitat de cadascuna de les isoformes. Això va provocar que les propostes terapèutiques que regulaven les JNK de manera inespecífica es trobessin amb problemes importants. L’objectiu de la present tesi doctoral era ampliar els coneixements que es tenen actualment sobre el paper individual de les isoformes de les JNK i, avaluar qualsevol interès terapèutic que pugui derivar de la seva modulació per a l’epilèpsia del lòbul temporal i afectacions cognitives derivades del metabolisme. Estudis previs van demostrar que la inactivació genètica de la JNK1 tenia efectes neuroprotectors davant el dany citotòxic derivat de l’administració d’àcid kainic, un model d’epilèpsia del lòbul temporal. Per tant, es va posar a prova el potencial terapèutic de la Licochalcona A (LIC- A), un inhibidor de la JNK1. Els resultats van confirmar que quan els animals eren pretractats amb LIC-A, aquests quedaven protegits dels efectes de l’àcid kainic, tal i com ho demostrava l’absència de cèl·lules en degeneració ni de teixit escleròtic, així com una menor resposta neuroinflamatòria en astròcits i micròglia. A més a més, es van estudiar les conseqüències metabòliques d’una alimentació crònica amb una dieta rica en greixos (HFD). Els resultats demostraven que la dieta provocava l’aparició de resistència la insulina a escala central i perifèrica com a resultat d’estrès en les mitocòndries i el reticle endoplasmàtic, desregulacions de l’autofàgia, entre altres. Al final, això portava a l’aparició d’afectacions cognitives. Paral·lelament, es van avaluar els efectes de la inactivació genètica de la JNK2 i, es va determinar que afavoria l’aparició d’aquestes mateixes alteracions, especialment quan es combinava amb HFD. Per contra, la inactivació de JNK1 protegia de les conseqüències metabòliques d’una ingesta crònica de HFD, afavorint una major sensibilitat a la insulina, un menor pes corporal i una activitat mitocondrial més eficient. A més a més, aquests animals estaven protegits davant l’aparició de dèficits cognitius derivats d’alteracions metabòliques., [eng] Many past reports on the c-JUN N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) did not take into account the existing differences in the activity of each of the isoforms. And so, therapeutic proposals that regulated the JNKs unspecifically encountered setbacks of import. The aim of the present thesis was to contribute to current understanding of the role of individual JNK isoforms in the development of pathology and, to appraise any therapeutic interest derived of their modulation for temporal lobe epilepsy and the metabolic- cognitive syndrome. Reported results demonstrated that the knock-out JNK1 had neuroprotective effects against excitotoxic damage derived of the administration of kainic acid, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, Licochalcone A (LIC-A), a JNK1 inhibitor, was tested for its potential as a therapeutic agent. Results confirmed that when animals were pre-treated with LIC-A they were protected from the effects of kainic acid, as demonstrated by the absence of degenerating cells and sclerotic tissue, as well as lower neuroinflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia. Additionally, the metabolic consequences of a chronic feeding of a fat- enriched diet (High fat diet; HFD) were also assessed. Data demonstrated that HFD caused the appearance of peripheral and central insulin resistance as a result of mitochondrial and endoplasmic stress, dysregulation of autophagy and other alterations. In the end, it led to the appearance of cognitive impairments. Parallelly, the effects of the ablation of JNK2 were evaluated and, it was determined that it favoured the appearance of these same alterations, especially when combined with HFD. On the contrary, the knockout of JNK1 protected against the metabolic consequences of a chronic feeding with HFD, showing improved sensibility to insulin, reduced body weight and more efficient mitochondrial activity. Moreover, these animals were protected against the appearance of metabolic-derived cognitive dysfunctions., [spa] Muchos estudios previos sobre el papel de las quinasas c-JUN N- terminal (JNK) no tenían en cuenta las diferencias existentes en la actividad de cada una de las isoformas. Esto provocó que las propuestas terapéuticas que regulaban las JNK de forma inespecífica se encontraran con problemas importantes. El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral era ampliar los conocimientos que se tienen actualmente sobre el papel individual de las isoformas de las JNK y, evaluar cualquier interés terapéutico que pueda derivar de su modulación para la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal y afectaciones cognitivas derivadas del metabolismo. Estudios previos demostraron que la inactivación genética de la JNK1 tenía efectos neuroprotectores ante el daño citotóxico derivado de la administración de ácido kaínico, un modelo de epilepsia del lóbulo temporal. Por tanto, se puso a prueba el potencial terapéutico de la Licochalcona A (LIC-A), un inhibidor de la JNK1. Los resultados confirmaron que cuando los animales eran pretratados con LIC-A, estos quedaban protegidos de los efectos del ácido kaínico, tal y como lo demostraba la ausencia de células en degeneración ni de tejido esclerótico, así como una menor respuesta neuroinflamatoria en astrocitos y microglía. Además, se estudiaron las consecuencias metabólicas de una alimentación crónica con una dieta rica en grasas (HFD). Los resultados demostraban que la dieta provocaba la aparición de resistencia a la insulina a escala central y periférica como resultado de estrés en las mitocondrias y el retículo endoplasmático, desregulaciones de la autofagia, entre otros. Al final, esto llevaba a la aparición de afectaciones cognitivas. Paralelamente, se evaluaron los efectos de la inactivación genética de la JNK2 y, se determinó que favorecía la aparición de estas mismas alteraciones, especialmente cuando se combinaba con HFD. Por lo contrario, la inactivación de JNK1 protegía ante las consecuencias metabólicas de una ingesta crónica de HFD, favoreciendo una mayor sensibilidad a la insulina, un menor peso corporal y una actividad mitocondrial más eficiente. Además, estos animales quedaban protegidos ante la aparición de déficits cognitivos derivados de alteraciones metabólicas.
- Published
- 2019
37. Efecto del síndrome metabólico provocado por una dieta rica en grasa en ratones APPswe/PS1dE9, modelo experimental de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, y posibles terapias farmacológicas
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Ettcheto Arriola, Miren, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Folch, Jaume, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
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616.8 ,Metabolisme energètic ,Enfermedades del sistema nervioso ,Neurociencias ,Neurosciences ,Nervous system Diseases ,Experimental pharmacology ,Energy metabolism ,Ciències de la Salut ,Farmacología experimental ,Malalties del sistema nerviós ,Farmacologia experimental ,Neurociències ,Metabolismo energético - Abstract
[spa] La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es el tipo de demencia progresiva más común. En base al incremento de la prevalencia esperada, es considera la epidemia del siglo XXI. En consecuencia, surge una gran necesidad de encontrar un tratamiento eficaz contra esta patología. Diversos estudios han relacionado la diabetes mellitus del tipo 2 (DMT2) con esta enfermedad neurodegenerativa. De hecho, estudios epidemiológicos han confirmado que las personas con DMT2 presentan mayor prevalencia de desarrollar la EA y viceversa. Uno de los principales problemas es que no existen marcadores precoces para poder detectar la enfermedad y tratarla en estadios previos a la muerte neuronal por lo que el primer estudio de esta tesis doctoral se ha centrado en la detección molecular de estos marcadores en el modelo de ratón APPswe/PS1dE9, modelo experimental de la EA familiar alimentados con dieta en rica en grasa a 3 meses de edad. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron la disminución de los niveles proteicos de IDE, ADAM10 Y PGC1alfa, además de pNMDAR2B, lo cual favorece el incremento de beta1-40 y beta1-42 insoluble y beta1- 40 soluble, favoreciendo la temprana neuropatología de la EA. Diversos estudios epidemiológicos han demuestrado que el tratamiento crónico con antiinflamatorios previene el desarrollo de la EA o al menos retrasa su progresión. Uno de los principales problemas del uso crónico de estos fármacos es la toxicidad gástrica que provocan, por lo que este trabajo se ha centrado en el estudio del tratamiento con dexibuprofeno (DXI), enantiomero activo del ibuprofeno, durante 3 meses en ratones APPswe/PS1dE9 hembras de 6 meses de edad. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que el tratamiento crónico del DXI disminuye la activación glial y, por consiguiente, la liberación de citocinas proinflamatorias. Esta situación resulta en una reducción de la fosforilación de TAU a través de vía de señalización de c-ABL/CABLES/pCDK5 y de la insulina. Además, los ratones tratados mostraron niveles proteicos más bajos de BACE1 lo que conduce al incremento de p-CREB y disminución de la beta1- 42 soluble e insoluble, lo cual conduce la disminución de placas beta amiloide. Acorde con esto, IDE también mostró un incremento en los animales tratados, datos que concuerdan con la mejora cognitiva observada. Por todo ello, el tratamiento crónico con DXI podría constituir un fármaco potencial para la EA. Como se ha comentado previamente, se ha descrito que existe una relación directa entre la DMT2 asociada a la ingesta de la dieta rica en grasa y la EA. Sin embargo, el mecanismo que les relaciona mantiene sin esclarecerse. La memantina (MEM) es un antagonista del receptor de NMDA que actualmente se utiliza para la EA. El objetivo de este estudio es esclarecer los efectos de este fármaco, administrado durante 2 meses, en ratones APP/PS1 de 6 meses de edad exacerbados con la ingesta de dieta rica en grasa, además de intentar determinar los posibles mecanismos moleculares que conectan la EA y DMT2. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la mejora significativa de los parámetros periféricos en los animales tratados con MEM y alimentados con dieta rica en grasa. Además, se demostró una disminución de la neuroinflamación, pérdida cognitiva, deposición de placas beta amiloide y resistencia a la insulina en el hipocampo. A su vez, los animales tratados presentaron la activación de moléculas involucradas en la vía de la insulina en el hígado, sin embargo, curiosamente, no se detectaron niveles proteicos ni expresión del receptor de NMDA en el tejido hepático. Por consiguiente, además de demostrar el papel fundamental del beta amiloide en los desórdenes metabólicos, este estudio sugiere la posible aplicación de la MEM en los desórdenes metabólicos como es el caso de la DMT2., [eng] Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is most common form of dementia which is considered as the epidemic of XXI century. Several studies have demonstrated the link between AD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in fact, epidemiological studies have suggested that people suffering from AD have more prevalence to develop T2DM and vice versa. The lack of early biomarkers for the diagnosis of this neurogenerative disease makes its prevention and treatment less effective. Therefore, the aim of this first study has been to detect early changes in a presymptomatic APPswe/PS1dE9 familial AD mouse model at 3 months of age fed with high fat diet (HFD). Our results demonstrated the IDE, ADAM10 and PGC1alpha together with NMDA2B receptor are involved in the increase of insoluble beta1-40 and beta1-42 and soluble beta1-40, favoring the early neuropathology of AD. In addition, it has been published that antiinflamatory chronic treatments prevent the development of AD, however, the main adverse effect is its gastric toxicity. Our study has focused on the effect of dexibuprofen, the active enantiomer or ibuprofen, in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice at 6 months old after a chronic treatment. The observed results showed that the reduction of glial activation caused by dexibuprofen intake, decrease the TAU phosphorylation through c-ABL/CABLES/pCDK5 and insulin pathway. Moreover, BACE1 protein level was decreased in treated animals dealing to reduction of beta amyloid deposits and, therefore, improvement of cognitive decline. Finally, the link between T2DM and AD has been widely described, however, the mechanism which connect both pathologies remains unclear. Memantine is an antagonist of NMDA receptor used nowadays as treatment for AD. The objective of this last study has been to clarify the effects of MEM in a mixed, T2DM and AD, mice model in APPswe/PS1dE9 fed with high fat diet at 6 months old. Our results demonstrated that MEM improves the peripheral parameters, likewise the neuroinflammation, Beta amyloid plaque deposition, memory decline and insulin resistance in the hippocampus. In addition, MEM activated insulin pathway in the liver. Therefore, the use of this drug could be a possible therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders such as T2DM
- Published
- 2018
38. Diseño y caracterización de nanopartículas poliméricas de Epigalocatequina-3-galato para el tratamiento de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central
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Cano Fernández, Amanda, García López, María Luisa, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació
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Epilepsy ,Nanopartícules ,Enfermedades del sistema nervioso ,Nanopartículas ,Polímeros en medicina ,Drug development ,Polímers en medicina ,Alzheimer's disease ,Ciències de la Salut ,Desenvolupament de medicaments ,Epilepsia ,Epilèpsia ,Malalties del sistema nerviós ,Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Enfermedad de Alzheimer ,Nanoparticles ,Nervous System Diseases ,Desarrollo de los medicamentos ,Polymers in medicine - Abstract
[spa]Las enfermedades del sistema nervioso central (SNC) engloban a un conjunto de patologías de elevada gravedad debido a la importancia de este sistema para el organismo. La Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal (TLE) y la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) son unas de las enfermedades de este grupo con mayor prevalencia, las cuales afectan actualmente a unos 50 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Debido a la falta de tratamientos eficaces para ambas patologías, surge la necesidad de buscar nuevas moléculas para su tratamiento. Uno de los compuestos que mayor interés ha suscitado en la última década por sus numerosas propiedades es la Epigalocatequina-3-galato (EGCG), pero sus problemas de estabilidad y biodisponibilidad comprometen su éxito terapéutico. La encapsulación de este tipo de moléculas en sistemas de liberación controlada de fármacos, como las nanopartículas poliméricas (NPs), es una de las alternativas farmacológicas más utilizadas para solventar estos problemas y aumentar con ello su efectividad terapéutica. En este contexto, en la presente tesis doctoral se desarrollaron dos nanovehículos de EGCG asociado a una matriz polimérica de PLGA-PEG para su evaluación en dos modelos preclínicos de ratón de la TLE y la EA. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que ambos sistemas nanoestructurados mostraban características fisicoquímicas óptimas que aumentaban la estabilidad del EGCG y garantizaban una liberación sostenida del fármaco para su administración in vivo. Ambos sistemas no mostraron signos de citotoxicidad en diferentes líneas celulares y evidenciaron una protección de la integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica (BHE) respecto a los efectos perjudiciales del fármaco libre. Los ensayos de paso de barrera evidenciaron una penetración de la BHE por parte de estos sistemas tanto en un modelo in vitro como in vivo. Del mismo modo, los resultados de farmacocinética y biodistribución mostraron un aumento de la permanencia en el organismo respecto al fármaco libre y el alcance de las zonas cerebrales más profundas por parte del nanovehículo. Finalmente, en los ensayos de eficacia, ambos sistemas nanoestructurados demostraron ser más efectivos que el fármaco libre. En el estudio de la TLE, el fármaco mostró poseer una actividad anticonvulsiva evidente, reduciendo en mayor medida los procesos de neuroinflamación y muerte neuronal cuando se administró encapsulado en las NPs. En el estudio de la EA, los resultados obtenidos pusieron de relieve una mejora estadísticamente significativa de los procesos cognitivos y de memoria en los ratones transgénicos APP/PS1 (modelo de la EA) tratados con NPs de EGCG respecto a aquellos que recibieron el fármaco libre. Así mismo, estos ratones mostraron una disminución de la neuroinflamación en diferentes áreas cerebrales, disminución de los depósitos de placas β- amiloide (βA), disminución de los niveles del péptido βA42 (tanto soluble como insoluble) y un aumento de las sinapsis, muy superiores en todos ellos a los encontrados en los ratones tratados con fármaco libre. En definitiva, los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis doctoral sugieren que la administración de nanopartículas poliméricas de EGCG podría constituir una nueva alternativa terapéutica, segura y eficaz para el tratamiento de la TLE, la EA y otras enfermedades del SNC., [eng] Central nervous system (CNS) diseases include a group of pathologies of high severity due to the importance of this system for the body. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are some of these neurological diseases which currently affect around 50 million people worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatments for both pathologies, there is a need to find new molecules for their treatment. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the compounds most studied nowadays due to its multiple properties, but its stability and bioavailability problems compromise its therapeutic success. The encapsulation of this type of molecules in controlled drug delivery systems, as polymeric nanoparticles, is one of the most used pharmacological alternatives to solve these obstacles and thus improve their therapeutic effectiveness. In this context, in the present doctoral thesis, two EGCG PLGA-PEG nanovehicles were developed for their evaluation in two mouse models of TLE and AD. The results obtained showed that both nanosystems exhibited optimal physicochemical characteristics that increased the stability of the EGCG, guaranteed a sustained release of the drug, did not show cytotoxic effect and protected blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Likewise, the BBB permeation assays evidenced a concentration dependent penetration by these systems, and pharmacokinetics/biodistribution results showed an increase of the bloodstream permanence with respect to the free drug reaching the deepest cerebral regions. Finally, in the in vivo evaluation of their effectiveness, both nanostructured systems proved to be more effective than the free drug. In the study of TLE, the drug exhibited anticonvulsant activity, reducing to a greater extent the processes of neuroinflammation and neuronal death when it was administered encapsulated in the NPs. In the study of AD, the obtained results showed a statistically significant improvement of the cognitive and memory processes in the APP/PS1 transgenic mice (EA model) treated with the drug encapsulated nanosystem with respect to those that received the free drug. Likewise, those mice showed a decrease in neuroinflammation in different brain areas, a decrease of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, a decrease of soluble and insoluble Aβ42 peptide levels and an increase in synapsis expression, higher than those mice treated with free drug. In conclusion, the results obtained in this doctoral thesis suggest that the administration of polymeric nanoparticles of EGCG could be a new, safe and effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of TLE, AD and other CNS diseases.
- Published
- 2018
39. Estudio del transporte de sustancias a través de la barrera hematoencefálica mediante el anticuerpo 8D3 dirigido contra el receptor de transferrina
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Cabezón Rodríguez, Itsaso, Vilaplana i Hortensi, Jordi, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Pelegrí i Gabaldà, Carme, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia
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Microscopy ,Sistema nerviós central ,Immunochemistry ,Neurociencias ,Neurosciences ,Fisiologia animal ,Barrera hematoencefàlica ,Ciències de la Salut ,Microscòpia ,Immunoquímica ,Sistema nervioso central ,Microscopía ,Central nervous system ,Animal physiology ,Neurociències ,Barrera hematoencefálica ,Inmunoquímica ,Fisiología animal ,Blood-brain barrier - Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a well-coordinated and highly selective barrier whose main function is to regulate brain homeostasis and the transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds between the blood and the brain. It permits the selective brain uptake of nutrients and impedes the entrance of potentially harmful substances and pathogenic organisms into the brain. Due to this restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier, the transport of neurotherapeutics from the blood to the brain results extremely difficult, and has become a major pharmaceutical challenge in recent decades. Only lipophilic molecules with a molecular weight under 400-600 Da are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. For this reason, 98% of all small molecule drugs and almost 100% of large molecule drugs are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, and hence, most neurological and neurodegenerative diseases currently have few or no treatment options. During the last decades, numerous strategies have been proposed to overcome the blood-brain barrier and efficiently deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. One of these strategies consists in linking the pharmacologically active substance to a molecular vector that acts as a molecular Trojan Horse and is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier using a receptor-mediated transcellular transport system of the brain capillary endothelial cells. These molecular vectors can be natural ligands, peptides or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to a particular receptor and trigger endocytosis or transcytosis processes. Several mAbs directed against the transferrin receptor (TfR), which is abundant in brain capillaries, have been extensively studied. However, there is still no consensus regarding their transcytotic capacity and their ability to transport substances across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the intracellular mechanisms that these antibodies or constructs undergo inside the endothelial cells remain unclear. To gain insight on this strategy, this thesis aimed to study the potential of the 8D3 monoclonal antibody, directed against the murine TfR, to transport substances across the blood-brain barrier in mice. On this basis, a series of experiments were performed where the 8D3 antibody was conjugated to different cargoes, the resulting constructs were administered in vivo to mice, and the distribution and intracellular mechanisms that these constructs undergo at the blood-brain barrier were studied. Overall results suggest, firstly, that the 8D3 antibody is able to bind to the TfR and trigger endocytosis of the 8D3-TfR complex, but does not complete transcytosis except in rare occasions. Secondly, the 8D3 antibody is capable of internalizing the conjugated cargo inside the brain capillary endothelial cells through a clathrin-dependent endocytosis process, and hence, of overcoming the first obstacle in the transport across these cells. However, once inside the endothelial cells, the constructs tend to progressively accumulate in mature endosomal structures of large size and great complexity. These results can be mainly explained by the high affinity of the peptidomimetic mAbs for their receptors and their consequent difficulty to dissociate from them. Only a small percentage of the endocytic vesicles fuse with the abluminal membrane and open up to the basal lamina. Thus, in these cases, the constructs complete transcytosis. Nevertheless, they remain attached to the abluminal membrane and never reach the brain parenchyma, probably, in this case as well, because of the high affinity of the 8D3 for the TfR. Based on this premise, different aspects can be approached regarding the design of the constructs. Nanocarrier functionalization, development of acid-cleavable linkages between mAb and cargo, and reducing mAb’s affinity for the target receptor are some of the ideas that are currently under development for the optimization of this receptor-mediated transport based strategy to overcome the blood-brain barrier. These aspects are today main focus of research and starting point towards new perspectives.
- Published
- 2017
40. Estudi dels efectes neuroplàstics i neurotòxics de l’MDMA en models experimentals d’alteracions del Sistema Nerviós Central
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Abad Florensa, Sònia, Escubedo Rafa, Elena, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Camarasa García, Jordi, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica
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Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Enfermedad de Alzheimer ,Dopamine ,Hipocamp (Cervell) ,Adolescencia ,Hipocampo (Cerebro) ,Dopamina ,Alzheimer's disease ,Hippocampus (Brain) ,Ciències de la Salut ,Adolescència ,Adolescence - Abstract
L'èxtasi és una substància d'abús molt popular entre els joves i els adolescents a causa de les seves propietats psicoestimulants i entactògenes. Es l'ús particular en aquesta franja de població el que fa més convenient fer la recerca sobre aquesta substància en aquesta edat, que és precisament quan el cervell experimenta una gran remodelació a causa del procés de maduració. L'èxtasi o MDMA és un derivat amfetamínic que es caracteritza per la seva habilitat per alliberar catecolamines i serotonina en diferents àrees cerebrals L'abús d'aquesta substància pot donar lloc a diversos efectes neurotòxics. Està ben establert que aquesta neurotoxicitat és espècie-selectiva, es a dir en humans, primats i rates actua principalment com a neurotoxina serotoninèrgica, mentre que en ratolins actua principalment en el sistema dopaminèrgic. En aquesta tesi s'han avaluat els efectes de l'MDMA en l'hipocamp i la seva repercussió en els processos de memòria i aprenentatge. En el primer estudi, vam utilitzar el model de la rata amb un règim de dosificació descrit com a crònic, on una setmana després de finalitzar el tractament els animals van ser sotmesos a diferents tests cognitius. Els animals tractats prèviament amb el derivat amfetamínic no van mostrar cap alteració ni en la memòria ni en l'aprenentatge en el test del laberint d'aigua estàndard, contràriament van exhibir una millor puntuació en l'habilitat d'aprendre una nova tasca, i en el test del laberint d'aigua restrictiu, a més de demostrar un comportament ansiolític en el test del camp obert. A nivell molecular, l'MDMA va produir una disminució en el nombre d'espines dendrítiques en l'àrea CA1, el qual va ser revertit quan els animals van realitzar el test del laberint d'aigua. En el segon estudi es van utilitzar ratolins adolescents i es va dissenyar un esquema de tractament recreatiu que imités el patró de consum dels adolescents. Els animals van ser sacrificats dos setmanes després de finalitzar el tractament o tres mesos després per tal d'avaluar els efectes sobre la memòria i la plasticitat en hipocamp tant a curt com a llarg termini. El nostre règim d'administració va causar un dèficit en la memòria a llarg termini, que va ser evident inclús tres mesos després de finalitzar el tractament. Finalment vam concloure que l'MDMA produeix una forta inducció de paràmetres relacionats amb el procés de plasticitat, probablement donant lloc a una plasticitat mal adaptativa, resultant en un dèficit de memòria. En un tercer estudi es va avaluar si un tractament recreatiu amb MDMA podia potenciar les convulsions induïdes per kainat i la seva neurotoxicitat. L'administració intermitent durant l'adolescència amb el derivat amfetamínic va incrementar tant la intensitat com el nombre d'animals que van convulsionar per kainat. A nivell molecular, l'MDMA va potenciar la neurodegeneració i astrogliosi induïdes per kainat, probablement com a resultat d'una desregulació iònica de la cèl.lula i a la reducció en l'expressió de les proteïnes d'unió al calci. Finalment es van determinar els efectes d'un règim recreatiu d'MDMA durant l'adolescència sobre la via nigroestriatal, en un model de la malaltia d'Alzheimer familiar, com són els animals APPswe/PS1dE9, i si l'ús abusiu d'aquesta substància podia potenciar l’aparició de plaques β-amiloides. Els nostres resultats van revelar que l’MDMA produeix una disminució de neurones dopaminèrgiques en substància nigra, independent del genotip. En els animals APP/PS1 el tractament va causar una major afectació dels terminals dopaminèrgics, així com una potenciació en el depòsit de plaques Aβ en estriat. En definitiva l’administració d’MDMA té importants repercussions no tan sols en la via nigroestriatal, sinó que també altera el normal funcionalisme de certes neurones hipocampals, exercint efectes sobre la seva excitabilitat i plasticitat., MDMA is one of the most popular drugs used by young people and its consumption has been associated with many alterations in the brain. Hence, the study of the recreational use of this substance during adolescence is a matter of great interest. It has been established that its neurotoxicity is specie-selective. In humans, primates and rats it acts as a serotoninergic neurotoxin, while in mice it is mostly a dopaminergic one. In this work we focus on three main processes that could be affected by being exposed to MDMA. These processes are cognition process, seizures related to an excitotoxicty process and the effects of MDMA on a nigroestriatal pathway in a model of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. The effects of MDMA on hippocampus plasticity and memory process depend on both the animal's model and schedule of the treatment used. The administration of a chronic treatment of MDMA in adolescent rats produced an improved ability both in the learning of a new task and in the restrictive water maze, as well as an anxiolytic behavior. Changes in behavior and psychological functions are thought to be caused by the reorganization of synaptic connections. In our study, the MDMA treatment induced a decrease in spine density, which was reversed by training the rats in the water maze. In order to mimic the pattern of the consumption of the adolescents, a new treatment schedule was designed for mice. When memory process was assessed MDMA-exposed animals showed loss in a long-term memory even three month after finishing the treatment, probably related to a maladaptative plasticity triggered by a prolonged activation of IEGs. A recreational consumption of MDMA during adolescence enhances kainic acid convulsive susceptibility and potentiates kainate-induced neurodegeneration and astrogliosis, likely due to an ionic cellular disruption, in addition to the reduction of the expression of calcium binding proteins. Finally, we studied the effects of a recreational consumption of this amphetamine derivative during adolescence of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, a model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Our findings suggest that in this model MDMA anticipates the ulterior nigrostriatal dysfunction developed by these transgenic mice. Moreover, MDMA potentiates A-beta in the striatum.
- Published
- 2016
41. The role of high-fat diet in an APP/PS1 model of familial Alzheimer disease = Efecto de una dieta rica en grasas en ratones APP/PS1, modelo familiar de la enfermedad de Alzheimer
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Petrov, Dmitry, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Folch, Jaume, Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica
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Metabolismo ,Hàbits alimentaris ,Food habits ,Hipocamp (Cervell) ,Hipocampo (Cerebro) ,Alzheimer's disease ,Ciències de la Salut ,Metabolisme ,Malaltia d'Alzheimer ,Metabolism ,Enfermedad de Alzheimer ,Hábitos alimenticios ,Insulina ,mental disorders ,Insulin ,Hippocampus (Brain) - Abstract
Global obesity is a pandemic status, estimated to affect over 2 billion people, and has resulted in an enormous strain on healthcare systems worldwide. The situation is compounded by the fact that apart from the direct costs associated with overweight pathology, obesity presents itself with a number of comorbidities, including an increased risk for the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer disease (AD), the main cause of senile dementia, is no exception. Spectacular failure of the pharmaceutical industry to come up with effective AD treatment strategies is forcing scientific community to rethink the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to cognitive decline. Research described in this doctoral thesis is focused on the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) versus control chow in C57/Bl6 Wild-type (WT) and APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice, a well-established mouse model of familial AD. WT and APP/PS1 mice were fed control chow from the time of weaning (21 days) until the age of 3 months. In addition, a separate group of animals were fed either a control or a HFD from the time of weaning until 6 months of age. We have detected tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloidogenesis and impaired mitochondrial signaling in the hippocampi of 3-month-old APP/PS1 mice. By the time the mice reached 6 months of age this phenotype was exacerbated. In addition, 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice present with cognitive deficits, hippocampal insulin signaling abnormalities and impairments in peripheral glucose and insulin tolerance. On a HFD, diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome were present both in the WT and APP/PS1 groups. Both groups demonstrate memory loss and impaired peripheral glucose metabolism as well as abnormal hippocampal insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism, with APP/PS1 mice exhibiting a nearly diabetic phenotype. Significantly higher levels of insoluble Aβ (1-42) were detected in the cortical extracts of HFD-fed APP/PS1 mice versus APP/PS1 animals on a control chow. In transgenic animals predisposed to AD development, the introduction of hypercaloric diet significantly worsened existing phenotype both at the periphery and in the hippocampal networks. Overall, our results suggest that metabolic syndrome, diabetes and related comorbidities clearly do have a potential to significantly worsen the symptoms of AD disease., La obesidad es una pandemia mundial, la cual según estudios recientes afecta a más de 2.000 millones de personas en todo el mundo y conlleva una fuerte presión de los sistemas sanitarios globales. El problema se ve aumentado no sólo por los costes directos asociados al sobrepeso, sino también por las comorbilidades relacionadas, entre ellas el incremento del riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como por ejemplo la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), principal causa de demencia senil. Hasta el momento, la industria farmacéutica no ha sido capaz de desarrollar estrategias eficaces para el tratamiento de la EA. Por ello, ha surgido la necesidad de plantearse nuevos mecanismos moleculares que puedieran explicar el declive cognitivo de esta enfermedad. La presente tesis doctoral trata sobre los efectos provocados por la ingesta de una dieta rica en grasa (high-fat diet, HFD) en ratones salvajes C57/Bl6 (wild-type, WT) y en ratones APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1), como modelo experimental de EA familiar. Dichos ratones fueron alimentados con dieta estándar a partir del destete (21 días) hasta los 3 meses. Por otro lado se estableció un nueva línea de investigación en la cual los animales fueran alimentados con dieta estándar o HFD hasta los 6 meses de edad. Se detectó hiperfosforilación de la proteína tau, amiloidogénesis y deterioro de la señalización mitocondrial en el hipocampo de los ratones APP/PS1 a 3 meses de edad. Por otro lado, los ratones presentaban un fenotipo exacerbado a 6 meses. Además, presentaban defectos cognitivos, anomalías en la vía de señalización de la insulina en el hipocampo y alteraciones en el metabolismo periférico de la glucosa y de la insulina. La ingesta de la HFD indujo obesidad y desarrollo de síndrome metabólico, tanto en el grupo de ratones WT como en APP/PS1. Ambos grupos presentaron pérdida de memoria, alteración del metabolismo periférico de la glucosa, así como anomalías en la vía de señalización de la insulina y en el metabolismo mitocondrial en hipocampo, desarrollando un fenotipo casi diabético en el caso de los ratones APP/PS1. En los extractos corticales de estos animales alimentados con HFD se detectaron niveles de Aβ insoluble (1-42) significativamente más elevados en comparación con los alimentados con dieta estándar. En los animales transgénicos con predisposición al desarrollo de EA, la introducción de una dieta hipercalórica provocó un empeoramiento significativo del fenotipo, tanto en la periferia como en el hipocampo. En general, nuestros resultados parecen indicar que el síndrome metabólico, la diabetes y las comorbilidades asociadas podrían causar un empeoramiento significativo de los síntomas de EA.
- Published
- 2015
42. Participación de JNK3 en los mecanismos de muerte neuronal e inflamación en procesos neurodegenerativos
- Author
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Lemos Machado, Maria Luisa de, Junyent Herena, Fèlix, Auladell i Costa, M. Carme, Camins Espuny, Antoni, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica
- Subjects
Proteïnes quinases ,Neurologia ,Neurology ,Protein kinases ,Malalties neurodegeneratives ,Neurodegenerative diseases ,Enfermedades neurodegeneratives ,Proteínas quinasas ,Neurología ,Ciències de la Salut - Abstract
[spa] La activación de JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase) ha sido relacionada en modelos in vivo e in vitro con la neurodegeneración inducida por glutamato, ácido kaínico (KA) y privación neurotrófica. Además, la activación de la vía de JNK se ha descrito en enfermedades neurodegenerativas crónicas como la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la enfermedad de Parkinson. En mamíferos, se han identificado tres genes (Jnk1, Jnk2 y Jnk3) que codifican para distintas isoformas de JNK con diferente distribución tisular. Así, mientras que JNK1 y JNK2 están ampliamente distribuidas por los tejidos, JNK3 está básicamente localizada en el sistema nervioso central y, en menor medida, en corazón y testículo. La expresión de JNK3 específica de cerebro contribuye a que esta isoforma se presente como posible diana terapéutica en enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Además, diferentes estudios han evidenciado, que en ratones deficientes para JNK3 (Jnk3-/-), éstos demuestran neuroprotección y resistencia ante la excitotoxicidad del KA, ante la toxicidad del β-amiloide o en situaciones de hipoxia-isquemia. De acuerdo con esto, en la presente tesis se han estudiado los mecanismos moleculares y celulares responsables de la neuroprotección observada en ausencia de la isoforma JNK3, bajo la acción de diferentes estímulos neurotóxicos: i) el KA, como modelo experimental de epilepsia, y ii) el ácido 3-nitropropiónico (3NP), como modelo experimental de la enfermedad de Huntington. En primer lugar, se ha evidenciado que la falta de JNK3, además de reducir la muerte neuronal y la astrogliosis ante la acción del KA, modula la activación de otras MAPK, como ERK1/2 y p38. Sin embargo, la deleción de JNK3 no confiere neuroprotección ante la acción del 3NP, presentándose la vía de la calpaína/CDK5 como la responsable de la neuroprotección en este modelo experimental. En segundo lugar, se ha analizado la actividad transcripcional inducida por la ausencia de JNK3. Se ha observado una relación entre la falta de JNK3 y la activación de la vía de supervivencia de PI3K/AKT, mediante la regulación específica del gen Pik3cb. Además, esta relación no se ha detectado respecto a la ausencia de la isoforma JNK1. Por último, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos anteriormente se estudió comparativamente el efecto de la ausencia de JNK3 y JNK1 en el modelo del KA. Los análisis realizados de muerte neuronal, reactividad glial y expresión génica evidenciaron que la ausencia de JNK1, igual de lo que ocurría en ausencia de JNK3, mostraba neuroprotección frente a la muerte neuronal inducida por KA. En concordancia, se detectó una falta de inducción de los genes Fasl, Casp8 y Casp3 implicados en la vía extrínseca de la apoptosis tanto en ausencia de JNK3 como de JNK1. Por otro lado, la ausencia de JNK3 mostró una reducción de la reactividad astroglial y microglial inducida por KA, mientras que la ausencia de JNK1 manifestó una reducción de la reactividad astroglial. Sugiriendo que ambas isoformas divergen en las vías de actuación., [eng] The JNK pathway activation has been implicated in in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegeneration induced by glutamate, kainic acid (KA) and neurotrophic deprivation. Moreover, activation of the JNK pathway has been described in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In mammals, there are three genes (Jnk1, Jnk2 and Jnk3) that encode different isoforms of JNK. Whereas JNK1 and JNK2 are widely distributed, JNK3 is mainly located in central nervous system and to a lesser extent in heart and testis. Specifically, JNK3 plays a crucial role in neuronal death and different studies have shown that the lack of the Jnk3 gene confers neuroprotection to kainic acid (KA), amyloid-β and hypoxia-ischemia situations. However, the specific mechanism involved in such neuroprotection has not yet been elucidated. The present thesis was undertaken in order to clarify the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the neuroprotection observed in mice lacking Jnk3 in different neurodegeneration models: i) kainic acid epilepsy model and ii) 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) model of Huntington’s disease. Firstly, the results revealed that the lack of JNK3 protein attenuated the neuronal death induced by kainic acid and modulate the activation/inactivation of p38 and ERK1/2. Although the lack of JNK3 does not confer neuroprotection against 3-NP toxicity. Secondly, our results indicated that the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway in Jnk3 null mice was due to the increased of Pi3kcb transcription and this mechanism is specifically related to the lack of JNK3. Finally, according to the results obtained above, we comparatively analyzed the effect of the absence of JNK3 and JNK1 in KA model. Neuronal death, glial reactivity and gene expression analyses showed that the absence of JNK1, just as what detected in the absence of JNK3, showed neuroprotection against neuronal death induced by KA. Accordingly, a lack of induction of Fasl, Casp3 and Casp8 genes, involved in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, was detected in the absence of JNK3 and JNK1. Furthermore, the absence of JNK3 showed a reduction of microglial and astroglial reactivity, while the absence of JNK1 only showed a reduction of astroglial reactivity. Taking together, this data suggesting that both isoforms differ in the way of action.
- Published
- 2014
43. Estudio de la apoptosis inducida por la inhibición de la vía de la PI3K/AKT
- Author
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Vázquez de la Torre Cervera, Aurelio, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Verdaguer Cardona, Ester, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica
- Subjects
Neurons ,Cellular signal transduction ,Transducció de senyal cel·lular ,Apoptosi ,Apoptosis ,Neurones ,Neuronas ,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) ,Ciències de la Salut ,Proteïnes quinases ,Protein kinases ,Regulació cel·lular ,Cellular control mechanisms ,Inostol - Abstract
[spa] Una de las vías que se postula que tienen una mayor importancia en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas es la de los inositoles fosfato. Para el estudio de esta vía se ha utilizado un inhibidor farmacológico de la fosfoinositol 3 cinasa (PI3K), el LY294002, en un modelo in vitro de células granulares de cerebelo de rata (CGC). Al tratar las CGC con una dosis de 30μM de LY294002 se produce una muerte celular por apoptosis que es independiente de calpaínas y dependiente de caspasas, además no se observa la fragmentación de p35 ni de α espectrina que se da por activación de las calpaínas. Los ensayos de actividad caspasa nos muestran un incremento significativo de la actividad de las caspasas 6 y 9 pero no de la 3 como sucede en otros modelos de apoptosis como la deprivación de S/K+. Nuestros estudios muestran que aunque existen algunas similitudes entre los modelos de inhibición de la PI3K y la deprivación de S/K+ también existen importantes diferencias. En ambos se produce una desfosforilación de AKT en Ser476 y consecuentemente una desfosforilación de GSK3β en Ser9, lo que indica la activación de GSK3β. Respecto a la proteína Rb en ambos modelos se observa un incremento de su fosforilación, si bien su papel es distinto ya que en la deprivación de S/K+ conduce a la liberación del E2F y a la transcripción de proteínas relacionadas con el ciclo celular. Además, se observó un incremento de la síntesis de DNA. Por el contrario el tratamiento con LY294002, pese a provocar un incremento en la fosforilación del Rb, no lleva a la expresión de ciclinas, CDKs ni un aumento de la síntesis de DNA.. Sin embargo el uso de inhibidores de CDK como flavopiridol y roscovitina muestran una protección significativa frente a la apoptosis inducida por LY294002, nuestros estudios muestran por vez primera que, no solo flavopiridol sino también otros inhibidores de CDK como la roscovitina tienen capacidad para inhibir la actividad GSK3β. Rb puede ser fosforilado por p38, un miembro de la vía de las MAPK las cuales son inhibidas por AKT. Nuestros resultados indican que LY294002 produce un incremento de la actividad de p38, pero no de JNK. Además, los cultivos Knockout de JNK3 no muestran una protección frente al tratamiento con LY294002, lo que refuerza la idea de que JNK no juega un papel central en este modelo. El incremento de actividad de p38 fue revertido con SB203580, un inhibidor de p38, así como por SP600125, inhibidor de JNK. Ambos fármacos mostraron una protección significativa frente a la apoptosis inducida por LY294002 y una reducción de la fosforilación del factor de transcripción c‐Jun, implicado en la apoptosis. La activación de c‐Jun conduce a la expresión de genes proapoptóticos como dp5 relacionados con la vía intrínseca, la inhibición de p38 previno del aumento de expresión de dp5. Por el contrario otras proteínas implicadas en la vía como Bim no están reguladas por c‐Jun ya que la inhibición de esta vía no reduce su activación. En nuestro estudio podemos concluir que, LY294002 produce una apoptosis dependiente de caspasas 6 y 9, sin implicación ni de calpaínas ni de proteínas del ciclo celular. La inhibición de AKT lleva a la activación de GSK3β y de p38. Además, p38 es capaz de fosforilar c‐Jun que regula la expresión de genes relacionados con la apoptosis por la vía intrínseca., [eng] Study of the apoptosis induced by the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT in neurons The inositol pathway has been reported that plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases We study the mechansims involved in the apoptosis induced by inhibiting the phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) using a pharmacological inhibitor named LY294002 in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC). LY294002 induced apoptotic cell death through calpain independent and caspase dependent. Furthermore, we could not observed neither fragmentation of of p35 or α espectrin which is caused by calpains. The caspase activity assays showed a significant increase in caspase 6 and 9 but not in caspasa 3, in contrast with other apoptotic models such as de S/K+ deprivation. Our studies show that although exist several common points between inhibition of PI3K and S/K+ deprivation, also exist important differences between them. In both cases it has been observed AKT dephosphorylation at Ser476 and consequently GSK3β dephosphorylation at Ser9, which indicates GSK3β activation. On the other side, it was observed an increase of Rb phosphorylation in both models. However, it seems that the role played by this protein is different since in the de S/K+ deprivation leads to E2F released which participates in the transcription of proteins related to cell cycle. Moreover, the BrdU assay showed an increase in DNA synthesis. On the contrary, the LY294002 treatment, in spite of the fact that induced an increase of Rb phosphorylation, it did not induce any change of the levels neither cell cycle proteins or However, CDK inhibitors such as flavopiridol and roscovitine protected from the apoptosis induced by LY294002, our studies showed for the first time, that not only flavopiridol, but also other CDK inhibitors such as roscovitine could inhibit the GSK3β activity. Furthermore Rb can be phosphorylated by p38, which is a protein of MAPK pathway that is down‐regulated by AKT. Our results showed that LY294002 produced an increase of p38 activity, but not of JNK. Moreover, JNK3 Knockout cultures were not significantly protected from LY294002 treatment, this reinforces the idea that JNK is not the main target involved in this model. The increase of p38 activity was prevented with SB203580, a specific p38 inhibitor, and either with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. Both drugs shown a significant protection from the apoptosis induced by LY294002 and prevented from c‐Jun phosphorylation, a transcription factor implied in apoptosis. The activation of c‐Jun triggered the expression of proapoptotic genes such as dp5 which is related to the intrinsic pathway, p38 inhibition prevented from the increase in dp5 expression. On the contrary, other proapoptotic proteins related to this pathway such as Bim was not regulated by c‐Jun since the inhibition of p38 pathway did not reduce its expression. In our study we can conclude that LY294002 induced apoptosis mediated by caspasas 6 and 9. Neither calpains nor cell cycle proteins were involved in this apoptotic model. The inhibition of AKT leaded to GSK3β and p38 activation. Moreover, p38 was able to phosphorylate c‐Jun that triggers the expression of proapoptotic genes implied in the apoptotic intrinsic pathway.
- Published
- 2013
44. Paper de la GSK-3 i la JNK en la regulació de les vies apoptòtiques en cèl·lules granulars de cerebel
- Author
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Yeste Velasco, Marc, Camins Espuny, Antoni, Folch López, Jaume, and Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica
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Cèl.lules granulars ,GSK-3 ,Cerebellum ,Malalties neurodegeneratives ,Apoptosi ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Apoptosis ,Cerebel ,Neurodegeneració ,JNK ,Ciències de la Salut ,Cèl·lules granulars - Abstract
DE LA TESI:L´apoptosi és un dels principals tipus de mort cel.lular programada i es caracteritza per ser un procés actiu encaminat a produir la mort cel.lular de manera controlada. Aquest procés juga un paper important en el correcte desenvolupament del sistema nerviós central, ja que permet l'eliminació de les cèl.lules innecessàries. En canvi, l´activació anòmala d´aquest mecanisme en el cervell adult contribueix de manera significativa en el desencadenament de moltes malalties neurodegeneratives, com són la malaltia d´Alzheimer o la de Parkinson entre d´altres. Així doncs, la determinació i comprensió de les diferents rutes senyalitzadores pro-apoptòtiques involucrades en aquestes malalties permetrà identificar noves dianes terapèutiques.L´objectiu d´aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat estudiar el paper anti-apoptòtic en neurones granulars de cerebel (CGNs) dels inhibidors de dos proteïnes cinases: la Glycogen Sinthase Kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) i la c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase (JNK), i determinar per quines rutes senyalitzadores protegeixen a les neurones de la mort apoptòtica provocada per la deprivació de sèrum i potassi (DV S/K). El model escollit per realitzar aquests estudis ha estat la DV S/K en cultius primaris de CGNs, ja que permet reproduir in vitro la mort neuronal programada provocada per la deprivació de factors tròfics.En quant a la GSK-3beta s´ha demostrat que la seva inhibició protegeix de la mort induïda per la DV S/K i que aquesta protecció ve donada, com a mínim, per dos mecanismes no descrits prèviament. En primer lloc s´ha determinat que la GSK-3beta intervé en l'activació anòmala del cicle cel.lular, fet que en CGNs condueix a l'activació de l'apoptosi, i en segon lloc que la GSK-3beta intervé en l'alliberament desde els mitocondris de la proteína pro-apoptòtica AIF. En quant a la JNK també s'ha detectat que la seva inhibició protegeix d'aquest estímul apoptòtic i que una de les raons subjacents a aquest fet, és que la inhibició de la JNK manté activa la via de supervivència de l'AKT.La conclusió final d'aquesta tesi doctoral és que tant la GSK-3beta com la JNK tenen un paper clau en l'activació de l'apoptosi en neurones i que per aquest motiu podrien ser considerades potencials dianes farmacològiques per tractar malalties neurodegeneratives.
- Published
- 2008
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