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Probability of infection with the trematodes C. daubneyi (a, b) and F. hepatica (c, d) in the snail G. truncatula, in relation to snail size (a, c) and sampling month (b, d), estimated by the smoothing effect(s) in GAMs. Figure S2. Temporal variation in snail populations according to the centred smoothing effect(s) in the GAMs: total number (a), numbers harbouring C. daubneyi (b) and F. hepatica (c). Figure S3. Relationships between snail abundance and averaged daily mean air temperature (a), averaged daily mean relative humidity (b), mean daily global solar radiation (c) and accumulated rainfall (d). Figure S4. Relationships between the abundance of snails infected with C. daubneyi and averaged daily mean air temperature (a), averaged daily mean relative humidity (b), mean daily global solar radiation (c) and accumulated rainfall (d). Figure S5. Relationship between the abundance of snails infected with F. hepatica and averaged daily mean air temperature (a), averaged daily mean relative humidity (b), mean daily global solar radiation (c) and accumulated rainfall (d). Figure S6. Temporal variation in the mean number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) according to the centred smooth effect(s) estimated by the GAMs. Figure S7. Monthly averaged values of daily mean air temperature (a) and daily global solar radiation (b), and monthly accumulated rainfall (c) recorded in the study area (Olas weather station) for the period July 2006 to June 2016. (PDF 1987 kb)

Additional file 2 Individual quantification of lesions in the placenta, foetal liver, lung and brain. Table showing the individual quantification of lesions in the placenta, foetal liver, lung and brain.

Additional file 4 Individual frequency of parasite DNA detection in infected animals. Table showing the individual frequency of parasite DNA detection in infected animals.

Additional file 1 Individual serological titres in infected dams and foetuses/stillbirths at the time of necropsy. Table showing the individual serological titres in infected dams and foetuses/stillbirths at the time of necropsy.

Probability of infection with the trematodes C. daubneyi (a, b) and F. hepatica (c, d) in the snail G. truncatula, in relation to snail size (a, c) and sampling month (b, d), estimated by the smoothing effect(s) in GAMs. Figure S2. Temporal variation in snail populations according to the centred smoothing effect(s) in the GAMs: total number (a), numbers harbouring C. daubneyi (b) and F. hepatica (c). Figure S3. Relationships between snail abundance and averaged daily mean air temperature (a), averaged daily mean relative humidity (b), mean daily global solar radiation (c) and accumulated rainfall (d). Figure S4. Relationships between the abundance of snails infected with C. daubneyi and averaged daily mean air temperature (a), averaged daily mean relative humidity (b), mean daily global solar radiation (c) and accumulated rainfall (d). Figure S5. Relationship between the abundance of snails infected with F. hepatica and averaged daily mean air temperature (a), averaged daily mean relative humidity (b), mean daily global solar radiation (c) and accumulated rainfall (d). Figure S6. Temporal variation in the mean number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) according to the centred smooth effect(s) estimated by the GAMs. Figure S7. Monthly averaged values of daily mean air temperature (a) and daily global solar radiation (b), and monthly accumulated rainfall (c) recorded in the study area (Olas weather station) for the period July 2006 to June 2016. (PDF 1987 kb)

6 páginas, 2 figuras, 1 tabla., In order to recognize the local immune response of the definitive host to Calicophoron daubneyi natural infection, an immunohistochemical study was carried out in the reticulum and rumen in 49 naturally infected cattle. The role of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10 interleukins and IFN-gamma) in the activation of specific defence mechanisms was evaluated by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to study cytokine mRNA expression. In all infected animals, CD3+ T lymphocytes seemed to be the main element of the inflammatory infiltrate in the reticular and ruminal lamina propria at the point of the parasite adhesion. Intraepithelial globule leukocytes also showed immunolabelling for CD3. Most CD3+ cells also expressed CD4 (T cell helper) antigen although sporadic CD8+-cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed. Local expression of IFN-gamma was observed in damaged papillae at the site of parasite attachment and in scattered cells in the lamina propria. B cells (CD79 alpha cy+, CD45+ and IgG+) were found constantly in relation to lymphoid aggregates. MAC387 was expressed in squamous epithelium and in macrophages of the lamina propria of affected papillae. Macrophages in this location also stained positively for CD163 and CD68. Intraepithelial Langerhans cells and macrophages located in the lamina propria showed immunopositivity for MHCII in the affected areas. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed a statistical significant increase of IFN-gamma, and IL-10 expression (p < 0.01) in the rumen associated with the presence of flukes. These findings suggest a predominant Th1 polarized local immune response with the probable involvement of Th regulatory cells in cattle C. daubneyi natural infection. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., This work was supported by grant LE023A10-2 from Junta de Castilla y León.

9 páginas, 4 Figuras, 1 Tabla., Local host response and parasite distribution were studied in the forestomachs, abomasum, duodenum and regional lymph nodes of cattle suffering from bovine paramphistomosis. The parasites were found attached, by its ventral sucker, to small conical papillae of the rumen and reticulum. Affected papillae, showed morphological changes denoted by very narrow stalks and expanded heads. Histologically, these changes were characterized by epithelial acanthosis-hyperkeratosis of the epithelium. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was often related with the epithelial changes, although it was also found in the duodenal mucosa and submucosa. These cells were arranged as aggregates or follicles but sparse infiltration of eosinophils, globule leukocytes, mast cells or macrophages was also observed in the lamina propria. Tissue damage and inflammatory reaction were more severe in the ruminal atrium, where the largest number of flukes and affected papillae were observed. In contrast, lesions in the ruminal dorsal sac were absent or mild. Statistical correlation between lesion severity and parasite burden was confirmed., This work was supported by grant LE023A10-2 from Junta de Castilla y Leon.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9687590, Water soluble extracts of 3131 adult specimens of Dicrocoelium dendriticum from cattle, sheep and goats, mainly from León province, were analysed by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels. Activity of the following enzymes was studied: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI, EC 5.3.1.9), phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), acid phosphatase (AcP, EC 3.1.3.2), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH, EC 1.1.1.8), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH, EC 1.1.1.30) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH, 1.1.1.37). Five distinct enzyme types were recognized for LDH (pH range 6.30-7.13), GPI (pH 6.13-6.80) and PGM (pH 6.20-6.60) whereas AcP showed three different patterns (pH 5.70-5.92). Weak and diffuse activity was detected for MDH (pH 4.8-6.2) and no activity was observed for alpha-GPDH and HBDH. In general, little phenotypic variation was observed between worms recovered from a single host, between those from hosts of the same species and between those from hosts of different species, although some enzyme types were found in some animals but not others. Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that most parasites came from sheep and also from a relatively small area in north-west Spain., This study was supported by the British Council-Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Joint Research Programme, 1991-1993) and the CICYT (Project number AGF92-0588)

3 pages, 1 figure, 1 table.-- PMID: 8459332 [PubMed]., Sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica for 10 wk acquired a substantial level of resistance to challenge with Schistosoma bovis. The worm burden was reduced by 87.2% (P < 0.01) compared with that of a control group. But when sheep primarily were infected with S. bovis and 6 wk later with F. hepatica, no significant reduction in the S. bovis burden was observed., This work was supported by the CICYT grant GAN89-0525