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Aims: Giardia duodenalis is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan. It has a variable prevalence. This study determines the prevalence of Giardia spp. in cat faecal samples from states of the Mexican Republic. Place and Duration of Study: Was carried out in 23 of the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, from June to December 2019. Methodology: Stool samples from 1591 client-owned cats were analysed for the detection of G. duodenalis (cysts or trophozoites). Faecal samples were analysed by direct smear techniques with and without staining (Lugol) and centrifugal floatation (faust), and were examined under a light microscope. Results: Of the cats sampled, 56.94% were positive for G. duodenalis. Its prevalence was associated and is a risk factor in cats that live with other animals (Chi2= 21.84, p= 0.0001; OR= 1.61, p= 0.0001), with hunting habits (Chi2= 5.53 p= 0.01, OR= 1.27 p= 0.01), with access to the outside (Chi2= 53.06, p= 0.0001; OR= 2.13, p=0.0001) and with the aqueous faeces (Chi2= 12.30, p=0.03; Chi2= 1.71, p= 0.03). Factors for not presenting Giardia spp. in faeces were, not brushing the cat (OR=0.74, p= 0.006), provenance (OR= 0.42, p=0.02), and median height (OR= 0.78, p= 0.01). Age, gender, hair type, coexistence with other cats and other stool findings were not associated as risk factors for infection. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in cats in Mexico, in addition to an association of its prevalence with risk factors such as cats living with other animals, hunting habits and access to outdoors.

Background and Aim: Rabbits often experience skin diseases. The beneficial effects of plant extracts and essential oils are well known in other species, but the properties of these natural ingredients have not been evaluated in rabbits in vivo. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a topical, commercial solution made of essential oils, plant-extracted polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Vitamin E on rabbits suffering from skin problems. Materials and Methods: Thirty New Zealand rabbits (no sex distinction) were included in this study, with an average weight of 2–3 kg. The rabbits were divided into two groups: The first group was treated with a topical solution made from natural ingredients, and the second was a control group. The rabbits' hair and skin conditions were evaluated on days 1, 14, 28, and 35 after treatment. Data were analyzed using a Kruskal–Wallis range test. Results: Significant differences were determined in terms of glossy hair variability on days 28 and 35 (p≤0.0001). On days 14-35, hair loss was determined to have reduced (p=0.001), and flaking and odor improved in the treatment group, showing increased scores and significant differences (p=0.0001). By contrast, the control group showed stable overall skin and hair score and an increase in the dryness score. Conclusion: The topical application of essential oils and polyunsaturated fatty acids with Vitamin E was able to improve hair shine and skin hydration and reduce flaking, bad odor, and hair loss, improving the general, and cutaneous aspect of rabbits.

The efficacy of lotilaner was evaluated in three tick-infested cane toads. A single oral administration of lotilaner eliminated all ticks from all three toads from Day (D)1. Environmental samples collected from toad enclosures were negative for ticks until D30.L'efficacité du lotilaner a été évaluée chez trois crapauds buffle infestés de tiques. Une seule administration orale de lotilaner a éliminé toutes les tiques des trois crapauds à partir du jour (J)1. Les échantillons environnementaux prélevés dans les enclos des crapauds étaient négatifs pour les tiques jusqu'à J30.Se evaluó la eficacia de lotilaner en tres sapos de caña infestados por garrapatas. Una sola administración oral de lotilaner eliminó todas las garrapatas de los tres sapos desde el día (D) 1. Las muestras ambientales recolectadas de los recintos de sapos fueron negativas para garrapatas hasta el D30.Die Wirksamkeit von Lotilaner wurde an drei mit Zecken befallenen Kröten untersucht. Eine einzige Verabreichung per os eliminierte alle Zecke von allen drei Kröten mit dem ersten Tag (D1). Proben aus den Krötengehegen war bis zum D30 frei von Zecken.マダニに感染した3匹のオオヒキガエルにおいて、ロチラネルの有効性を評価した。ロチラネルの単回経口投与により、3匹のヒキガエルのすべてのマダニがD1日目から駆除された。ヒキガエルの囲いから採取した環境サンプルはD30までマダニが陰性であった。.评价被蜱侵扰的3只藤条蟾蜍使用洛替拉纳的疗效。从第(D)1天开始, 单次经口给予洛替拉纳可消除3只蟾蜍身上的所有蜱。直至D30, 从蟾蜍围栏采集的环境样本中, 蜱均为阴性。.A eficácia do lotialaner foi avaliada em três sapos-boi infestados por carrapatos. Uma única administração de lotialaner eliminou todos os carrapatos de todos os sapos no Dia (D) 1. Amostras ambientais coletadas dos terrários dos sapos foram todas negativas para carrapatos até o D30.

Background One of the most common ectoparasites in hedgehogs is Caparinia tripilis. Isoxazolines have recently shown to be a good treatment option for ectoparasites. The objective of this case report was to describe the treatment of a natural infestations from Caparinia tripilis in two African hedgehogs with sarolaner. Case description Two hedgehogs presented for Caparinia tripilis infestation. Sarolaner (2 mg/kg) was administered once orally and the response to treatment was evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, 30 and 60 by evaluating the lesions, the level of pruritus and the presence of parasites. From day 1 to 30 post-treatment, the severity of the lesions decreased in both hedgehogs and between day 30 and day 60 post-treatment, the lesions were not evident anymore. Presence of mites and pruritus decreased in both cases from day 1 to day 15, eventually disappeared, and remained so for 60 days of follow-up. Both hedgehogs gained weight during the evaluation period. Conclusions and case relevance Sarolaner as a standalone treatment effectively treated Caparinia tripilis infection without evidence of any adverse effects. Reports including a larger number of subjects are required in order to confirm safety and effectiveness of the drug.

The efficacy of afoxolaner was evaluated in two captive Burmese python snakes, which were naturally infested with Ophionyssus natricis mites. The administration of a single oral dose of afoxolaner eliminated live O. natricis mites from both snakes by Day 3. Environmental samples collected from the snakes' terrariums were negative for dead mites by Day 30.L'efficacité de l'afoxolaner a été évaluée chez deux serpents python birmans captifs, naturellement infestés par des acariens Ophionyssus natricis. L'administration d'une dose orale unique d'afoxolaner a éliminé les acariens O. natricis vivants des deux serpents à jour 3. Les échantillons environnementaux prélevés dans les terrariums des serpents étaient négatifs pour les acariens morts à jour 30.Se evaluó la eficacia de afoxolaner en dos serpientes pitón birmanas cautivas, que estaban naturalmente infestadas con ácaros Ophionyssus natricis. La administración de una sola dosis oral de afoxolaner eliminó los ácaros O. natricis vivos de ambas serpientes en el día 3. Las muestras ambientales recolectadas de los terrarios de las serpientes dieron negativo para ácaros muertos en el día 30.Die Wirksamkeit von Afoxolaner wurde bei zwei Burmesischen Pyton Schlangen in Gefangenschaft, die auf natürlichem Weg mit Ophionyssus natricis Milben infiziert worden waren, evaluiert. Die Verabreichung einer einzigen Dosis Afoxolaner per os eliminierte lebende O. natricis Milben von beiden Schlangen am 3. Tag. Umweltproben, die aus den Terrarien der Schlangen genommen wurden, zeigten am 30. Tag keine toten Milben mehr.アフォキソラネルの有効性を、Ophionyssus natricisダニが自然寄生した2匹の捕獲ビルマニシキヘビで評価した。アフォキソラネルの単回経口投与により、3日目までに両ヘビから生きたO. natricisダニが排除された。ヘビの飼育器から収集された環境サンプルにおいて、30日目までに死骸ダニは検出されなかった。.评估被蛇螨（Ophionyssus natricis）自然侵袭的2条圈养缅甸蟒蛇，使用阿福拉纳的治疗效果。单次经口给予阿福拉纳，可在第3天消除两条蛇的活O. natricis蛇螨。第30天从蛇的容器环境中采集样本，显示了只有死螨虫的阴性结果。.A eficácia do afoxolaner foi avaliada em duas cobras python birmanesas de cativeiro, que foram naturalmente infestadas com ácaros Ophionyssus natricis. A administração de uma única dose oral de afoxolaner eliminou ácaros O. natricis vivos de ambas as cobras no dia 3. As amostras ambientais coletadas dos terrários das cobras foram negativas para ácaros mortos no dia 30.

Otitis externa is an inflammatory disease of the external ear canal; a therapeutic alternative is the controlled-flux electrolyzed acidic solution (SAEFC) with bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and cytological efficacies of SAEFC in otitis externa. A total of 30 dogs were examined. The clinical and cytological evaluations were on days 1, 7 and 14; the following was considered: Pain, erythema, exudate, inflammation, ulcers, putrid odor and pigmentation. Cytological evaluations were carried out to examine the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), intra-cellular bacteria (cocci; IC), extra-cellular bacteria (EC) and yeasts on days 1, 7 and 14. A cotton swab saturated with SAEFC was applied for each dog's ear. The values of PMN diminished having a significant difference between days. The presence of IC (cocci) had a difference in evaluations from day 1 to day 7 and from day 7 to day 14 demonstrating an important drop. The evaluation of pain showed a sustained decrease until reaching 95.00% of remission, erythema diminished 68.33%, the exudate dropped to 90.00%, inflammation was no longer present by day 14 in 78.00% of the cases and 21.67% showed a slight inflammation, the putrid odor dropped to 95.00% and 5.00% presented a mild odor and by day 14 ear pigmentation was no longer present in 51.67% of the cases and the 48.33% had slight pigmentation. The use of SAEFC is an effective alternative treatment in dogs with otitis externa.

RESUMEN La distribución geográfica de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores está influenciada por una dinámica compleja de factores ambientales y sociales y por el impacto cambiante de la transmisión de sus vectores, huéspedes intermedios y reservorios. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum y Borrelia burgdorferia y la seropositividad a antígenos de Dirofilaria immitis en perros de un área de México con un clima semifrío. Se tomaron 100 muestras de sangre de caninos de hogares privados y en clínicas veterinarias del estado de Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México. El análisis de las muestras se llevó a cabo mediante un kit comercial de ELISA (Test SNAP® 4Dx® Plus Canine IDEXX®). Se observó una seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-E. canis del 30 %, 9 % para A. phagocytophilum, 4 % para B. burgdorferi y 16 % para antígenos de D. immitis. Así mismo, se halló una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la seropositividad a anticuerpos anti-E. canis y perros mayores a un año y de raza. Por otra parte, se reportaron resultados similares en perros machos y mayores de un año con seropositividad a D. immitis. Con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que existe una mayor seropositividad para la infección por E. canis y D. immitis y una asociación significativa en perros mayores de un año. Es de gran relevancia conocer la epidemiología de patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas debido al impacto zoonótico que implican. Se recomiendan investigaciones adicionales, así como medidas preventivas de salud animal y salud pública para reducir el riesgo de infección en perros. ABSTRACT The geographical distribution of vector-borne diseases is influenced by a complex dynamic of environmental and social factors and by the changing impact of transmission of their vectors and intermediate hosts and reservoirs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the seropositivity for antibodies anti-Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum y Borrelia burgdorferia, and the seropositivity to antigens of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in an area of Mexico with a cool climate. 100 blood samples from dogs were took in private homes and at veterinary clinics in the State of Amecameca de Juárez, Mexico State. The analysis of samples was carried out by a commercial ELISA kit (Test SNAP® 4Dx® Plus Canine IDEXX®). There was a seropositivity for antibodies anti-E. canis of 30 %, 9 % for A. phagocytophilum, 4 % for B. burgdorferi and 16 % for D. immitis antigen. Likewise, it was found a statistically significant relationship between anti-E. canis antibodies and the seropositivity in dogs older than one year of age and purebred. In addition, it was reported similar results in male dogs and older than a year with seropositivity to D. immitis. With the results obtained, it is concluded that there is higher seropositivity for infection by E. canis and D. immitis, and a significant association in dogs older than one year. It is great relevance to know the epidemiology of pathogens transmitted by ticks due to the zoonotic impact involved. Additional research is recommended, as well as preventive measures of animal health and public heath to reduce the risk of infection in dogs.

An African hedgehog patient with generalized erythema and periauricular scaling was presented for consultation; previously, it had been treated with ivermectin but no improvement was noted. Scrapes were performed from the skin and the mite morphologically corresponded to Demodex spp. Demodicosis in African hedgehogs is fairly rare; this is the reason why a molecular diagnosis was added to the microscopic diagnosis for this clinical case. The common treatments for mites in hedgehogs are ivermectin, selamectin, flipronil, and amitraz; the application of a single dose of afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime has not been previously reported. The molecular and phylogenetic analysis showed that the species causing the demodicosis in the patient was Demodex canis. The single oral dose of afoxolaner/milbemycin oxime reduced the number of mites to 0 in subsequent samples 7 days after the treatment and there were no lesions after 30 days.

Objectives The present study was carried out to evaluate the risk factors for and presence of intestinal parasites in cats at the feline hospital ‘CEME Gatos’, Mexico City. Methods In total, 528 fecal samples from domestic cats were collected and analyzed in order to diagnose enteroparasites. Results The parasite with the highest prevalence was Giardia species (21.97%), followed by Cryptosporidium species (7%), Toxocara cati (6.45%), Cystoisospora species (5.11%) and Dipylidium caninum (0.76%). One hundred and twenty-one cats (55.50%) were infected with a single parasite, 80 (36.69%) were infected with two and 17 (14.04%) were infected with three parasites. The results of the prevalence study showed that a liquid consistency of feces was associated with the presence of Giardia species, whereas age Conclusions and relevance Age

Enteropathies in rabbits are difficult to diagnose; their etiology involves pathogens that act synergistically, causing damage to the intestine. The aim of the present study was isolate enteric pathogens from rabbits in Mexico. Using parasitological, bacteriological and molecular analyses, we screened 58 samples of the intestinal content of rabbits having a clinical history of enteric disease from the southeastern part of the State of Mexico. Out of the 58 samples analyzed, a total of 86 identifications were made, Eimeria spp. were found in 77.5%, followed by Aeromonas spp. in 15.5% and Escherichia coli in 8.6%, which were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the presence of the following agents was also confirmed: Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Mannheimia spp. and Rotavirus. The concurrent presence of Eimeria spp. with Aeromonas was frequent (15.5%); there was statistical significance for the presence of an association between the clinical profiles and Eimeria spp. (p = 0.000), Mannheimia spp. (p = 0.001), Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. (p = 0.006).

Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) are very popular as pets. However, problems of otitits caused by Psoroptes cuniculi are one of the main reasons to visit the veterinarian. Isoxazolines are an alternative treatment to treat this mite, and therefore, an evaluation of the effectiveness of oral afoxalaner with milbemycin oxime in rabbits infected with P. cuniculi was carried out. Nineteen rabbits, of New Zealand breed, with otitis due to an infection with P. cuniculi, were treated, whereas six rabbits were left untreated and formed the control group. The ear canals of each individual were examined, through the collection of otic exudate samples with cotton swabs. These were visualized under the microscope to identify the ectoparasite. Each animal was treated with a single oral dose of 2.50 mg / kg of afoxolaner, and 0.50 mg / kg of milbemycin oxime. Clinical signs and lesions associated with the infection, such as the presence of detritus, cerumen and / or scabs, and erythema, were evaluated. After receiving the treatment, all the lesions were classified as: mild, moderate and intense, with a visual analog scale. A week after providing medication, there was a decrease in the lesions of the group treated with Nexgard Spectra®, without further topical or systemic treatment. The decrease was gradual in the treated group and no recurrence was detected of P. cuniculi infection in both ears. Thus, the administration of a single oral dose of afoxolaner with milbemycin oxime was effective for the treatment of P. cuniculi infection in rabbits.

Resumen El ultrasonido es una técnica portátil y repetible, que permite evaluar de forma dinámica los movimientos del diafragma. Existen muchas causas que pueden generar disfunción diafragmática y parálisis diafragmática como anestésicos, injuria del nervio frénico, postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, torácica o abdominal, enfermedades neuromusculares, metabólicas e infecciosas y causas relacionadas al paciente crítico como sepsis y ventilación mecánica prolongada. Se tuvieron en cuenta cuarenta y ocho perros, entre internados y programados para cirugía electiva, sin signos clínicos cardiorrespiratorios a los cuales se les realizó ultrasonido Global FAST, se evaluó el movimiento del diafragma en modo M en tres posiciones y se registró la medida del índice de excursión diafragmática. Tres de los perros internados fueron excluidos, debido a hallazgos en el ultrasonido, los perros programados para cirugía electiva fueron sometidos al mismo protocolo preanestésico en los mismos tiempos. No se presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre las posiciones. Al comparar la medida del índice de excursión diafragmática entre los perros internados y anestesiados en la posición DLD (decúbito lateral derecho) y DD (decúbito dorsal), se observaron diferencias significativas (p

Sarcoptic mange is a pruritic, contagious, ectoparasitic skin disease that affects mammals, including the domestic dog. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra) and afoxolaner alone (NexGard) as treatments for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs. A total of 142 dogs naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei was evaluated. The dogs were diagnosed by microscopic examinations of skin scrapings. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: 96 dogs were treated with a combined dosage of 2.50 to 5.36 mg/kg body weight (BW) of afoxolaner and 0.50 to 1.07 mg/kg BW of milbemycin oxime and 46 dogs were treated with 2.50 mg/kg BW of afoxolaner alone. The presence or absence of pruritus and lesions were evaluated using an analogous scale on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 after receiving the treatment. Data obtained were analyzed by Student’s t-test (P ≤ 0.05). The single oral treatment of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime resulted in a significant reduction in pruritus of 87.4% at 28 d after treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Resolution of the lesions after treatment was variable, with a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) observed within the first 14 d, although this parameter continued to improve until the end of the study on day 28, when a decrease of 96% was observed. By the end of the study, a single dose of either the afoxolaner alone or the afoxolaner combined with milbemycin oxime was effective in significantly reducing the signs associated with sarcoptic mange during a 56-day evaluation period.

Trichophyton benhamiae was diagnosed in a 9-year-old female dog by histopathological evaluation, fungal culture and confirmation by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Successful therapy was achieved with itraconazole, bathing with miconazole and chlorhexidine shampoo, and topical application of sodium hypochlorite as a rinse.

Lice are ectoparasites capable of affecting birds, and can result in direct and indirect damage to their host. Afoxolaner is an isoxazoline that has been shown to be effective against these ectoparasites without known adverse effects. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of afoxolaner on lice in pheasants and plain chachalacas. A total of 29 pheasants of different genera and species (Chrysolophus pictus, C. amherstiae, Lophura swinghoii, L. nycthemera, Phasianus colchicus, and Syrmaticus reevesii) and 18 West Mexican Chachalacas (Ortalis poliocephala) naturally infested with Goniodes pavonis were used. The birds were allocated to one of two groups: group 1 treated with 2.50 mg/kg of afoxolaner, and group 2 given no treatment. Ectoparasites were collected using the adhesive tape technique and identified. Afoxolaner was administered later as a single dose to group 1, and the clinical assessment to detect ectoparasites was repeated 28 days post-treatment. On day 28 post-treatment, group 1 was found to be negative for the presence of lice. The body weights were compared at the beginning and end of the clinical assessment in both groups and a significant difference in weight of treated birds was found. The mean body weight decreased by 0.017 g in control group, whereas it increased by 0.016 g in treated group. Oral administration of afoxolaner is an effective option for the treatment of Goniodes pavonis infestations in zoo birds.

Toxocara canis is one of the most important zoonotic parasites of dogs. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of spinosad/milbemycin oxime and ivermectin/praziquantel in dogs naturally infected with Toxocara spp. We studied 200 dogs with a positive diagnosis of Toxocara spp. Through coproparasitoscopic analysis, two study groups of 100 dogs each were assigned: spinosad/milbemycin oxime at a dose of 30-60mg/kg and 0.75-1.0mg/kg, respectively, or ivermectin/praziquantel administered at a dose of 0.2mg/kg and 5mg/kg, respectively. Both groups received a single dose. Three stool samples, one at day 0 before treatment, and at 14 and 28days post-treatment were examined using concentration-flotation techniques. In both treatments, the number of Toxocara spp. eggs decreased; with spinosad/milbemycin oxime treatment, eggs decreased by 87% at 14days (P=0.008) and 94% at 28days after treatment, compared with 71% at day 14 and 88% at day 28 in dogs medicated with ivermectin/praziquantel. The spinosad/milbemycin oxime treated group showed a greater decrease in the number of Toxocara spp. positive dogs compared to the group receiving ivermectin/praziquantel.

Dentro de las producciones pecuarias, las enfermedades entéricas tienen un papel importante, ya que generan severas pérdidas económicas derivadas de la mortalidad, depresión del crecimiento y disminución del índice de conversión. Rotavirus es considerado una causa importante de gastroenteritis viral aguda en humanos y animales jóvenes en todo el mundo, estando asociado a diarreas deshidratantes en granjas de producción animal. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar rotavirus en granjas de producción cunícola ubicadas en la región sur-oriente del Estado de México a través de RT-PCR. Se recolectaron muestras de 39 pequeñas granjas de traspatio ubicadas dentro de los 13 municipios que conforman la región estudiada. Un total de 147 muestras se analizaron, 99 de conejos sanos y 48 de conejos con signología entérica, de las cuales se identificó Rotavirus en 9 de ellas (18.7 %), mientras que en conejos sanos no hubo identificación. Los resultados concuerdan con la suposición de que en conejos con signología entérica, los virus parecen tener un papel importante, pero no decisivo, y que la participación de rotavirus no es determinante para la presentación de la enfermedad. Se plantea la posibilidad de que Rotavirus no sea endémico en granjas cunícolas de la región sur-oriente del Estado de México, encontrándose ocasionalmente, sin inducir episodios entéricos graves de forma individual; no obstante, podría ser un factor importante en la presentación de brotes entéricos en asociación con otros agentes patógenos. Este es uno de los primeros reportes de la presencia de Rotavirus en conejos con signología entérica en México.

Ectoparasitism of ornamental birds, including captive species kept in zoos, represents a serious health problem. Up to 13 different species of lice have been reported to affect peacocks worldwide and heavy infestation may cause anaemia. Because of this, alternatives to the prevailing treatments have been sought including use of isoxazolines. This class of drugs has been used successfully in poultry without adverse effects on health or production.To evaluate the effect of afoxolaner on the peacock louse (Goniodes pavonis).Twenty-three peacocks (Pavo cristatus) with naturally occurring infestation with G. pavonis.The peacocks were divided in two groups; one was treated once orally with 2.5 mg/kg afoxolaner and the other group received no treatment. Samples were collected using the acetate tape technique, for identification of lice by microscopy. Concomitantly, blood samples were taken to evaluate the haematocrit before and after the intervention.Treatment with afoxolaner significantly decreased the number of peacocks positive for lice (P = 0.02) compared to the control group, in which the number of positive birds did not decrease. The haematocrit improved in the afoxolaner-treated group from a baseline of 46.4%-54.7% at 35 days post-treatment, whereas it decreased in untreated birds (44.6%-40.7%). No adverse effects attributed to afoxolaner treatment were observed.Oral administration of afoxolaner is an effective treatment for G. pavonis infestation of peacocks.Le parasitisme externe des oiseaux d'ornements, y compris les espèces captives en zoo, représente un sérieux problème de santé. Treize espèces de poux différentes ont été décrites chez le paon dans le monde et une infestation massive peut entrainer de l'anémie. Des alternatives aux traitements précédents ont été envisagées comme l'utilisation des isoxazolines. Cette classe de molécule a été utilisée avec succès chez la volaille sans effet secondaire sur la santé ou la production.Evaluer l'effet de l'afoxolaner sur les poux de paon (Goniodes pavonis).Vingt-trois paons (Pavo cristatus) avec une infestation naturelle de G. pavonis. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE: Les paons ont été divisés en deux groupes; un a été traité per os avec 2,5 mg/kg d'afoxolaner et l'autre groupe n'a pas reçu de traitement. Les échantillons sont été collectés à l'aide de cellophane adhésive, pour l'identification des poux par microscopie. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés pour évaluer l'hématocrite avant et après l'intervention. RÉSULTATS: Le traitement à l'afoxolaner a permis de diminuer significativement le nombre de paons positifs pour les poux (P = 0.02) comparé au groupe contrôle pour lequel le nombre d'oiseaux positifs n'a pas diminué. L'hématocrite s'est amélioré dans le groupe traité à l'afoxolaner de 46.4% à 54.7% à jour 35 post-traitement, tandis qu'il diminue chez les oiseaux non traités (44.6%-40.7%). Aucun effet secondaire n'a été attribué à l'afoxolaner.L'administration orale d'afoxolaner est un traitement efficace pou les infestations à G. pavonis chez le paon.INTRODUCCIÓN: el ectoparasitismo de las aves ornamentales, incluidas las especies cautivas mantenidas en zoológicos, representa un grave problema de salud. Se ha descrito hasta 13 especies diferentes de piojos que afectan a los pavos reales en todo el mundo y una infestación grave puede causar anemia. Debido a esto, se han buscado alternativas a los tratamientos más frecuentes, incluido el uso de isoxazolinas. Esta clase de medicamentos se ha utilizado con éxito en aves de corral sin efectos adversos sobre la salud o la producción. OBJETIVO: evaluar el efecto del afoxolaner frente al piojo del pavo real (Goniodes pavonis). ANIMALES: veintitrés pavos reales (Pavo cristatus) con infestación natural con G. pavonis. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: los pavos reales se dividieron en dos grupos; uno fue tratado una vez por vía oral con 2,5 mg/kg de afoxolaner y el otro grupo no recibió tratamiento. Las muestras fueron recolectadas utilizando la técnica de cinta adhesiva de acetato, para la identificación de piojos por microscopía. Al mismo tiempo, se tomaron muestras de sangre para evaluar el hematocrito antes y después de la intervención. RESULTADOS: el tratamiento con afoxolaner redujo significativamente el número de pavos reales infestados con piojos (P = 0,02) en comparación con el grupo control, en el que el número de aves infestadas no disminuyó. El hematocrito mejoró en el grupo tratado con afoxolaner desde un valor inicial de 46,4% a 54,7% a los 35 días posteriores al tratamiento, mientras que disminuyó en aves no tratadas (44,6% a 40,7%). No se observaron efectos adversos atribuidos al tratamiento con afoxolaner. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: la administración oral de afoxolaner es un tratamiento eficaz para la infestación de pavos reales con G. pavonis.Ektoparasiten bei Ziervögeln, auch bei denen, die als gefangene Spezies in Zoos gehalten werden, repräsentieren ein wesentliches Gesundheitsrisiko. Bis zu 13 verschiedene Arten von Läusen sind beschrieben, die Pfaue weltweit befallen, wobei durch einen heftigen Befall eine Anämie verursacht werden kann. Aus diesem Grund wird nach Alternativen zu bestehenden Behandlungen gesucht, so auch die Verwendung von Isoxazolinen. Diese Wirkstoffklasse wurde beim Geflügel ohne Nebenwirkungen für die Gesundheit oder Produktivität erfolgreich eingesetzt.Eine Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit von Afoxolaner auf die Pfauenlaus (Goniodes pavonis).Dreiundzwanzig Pfaue (Pavo cristatus) mit natürlich auftretendem Befall mit G. pavonis.Die Pfaue wurden in zwei Gruppen unterteilt; eine wurde einmal per os mit 2,5 mg/kg Afoxolaner behandelt und die andere Gruppe erhielt keine Behandlung. Es wurden mittels Klebestreifen Proben genommen, um die Läuse mikroskopisch zu identifizieren. Gleichzeitig wurden Blutproben zur Evaluierung des Hämatokrits vor und nach der Intervention genommen.Die Behandlung mit Afoxolaner verminderte die Anzahl der auf Läuse positiven Pfaue signifikant (P = 0,02) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe, in der die Anzahl der positiven Vögel nicht abnahm. Der Hämatokrit verbesserte sich in der mit Afoxolaner behandelten Gruppe von einem Basiswert von 44,6%-54,7% nach 35 Behandlungstagen, während dieser bei den unbehandelten Vögeln abnahm (44.5%-40,7%). Es wurden keine Nebenwirkungen, die dem Afoxolaner zugeschrieben werden könnten, beobachtet.Eine Afoxolaner Administration per os ist eine wirksame Behandlung für einen G. pavonis Befall bei Pfauen.背景: 動物園で飼われている捕獲種を含む観賞用鳥類の外部寄生虫症は、健康上の重大な問題である。最大13種のシラミが世界中の孔雀に影響を及ぼしていると報告されており、重寄生が貧血を引き起こす可能性がある。このため、イソキサゾリン系外部寄生虫駆除薬の使用を含む、有力な治療代替法が求められている。同系薬剤は、健康や生産に悪影響を及ぼすことなく、家禽類で首尾よく使用されている。 目的: 本研究の目的は、孔雀シラミ(Goniodes pavonis)に対するアフォキソラネルの効果を評価することである。 被験動物: G. pavonisに自然寄生した孔雀(Pavo cristatus)23羽。 方法および材料: 孔雀を2つのグループに分け、一方は2.5mg / kgのアフォキソラネルを経口投与し、もう一方の群は無治療であった。シラミを顕微鏡で同定するため、アセテートテープ法を用いてサンプルを収集した。同時に、介入前後の血液サンプルを採取してヘマトクリット値を評価した。 結果: アフォキソラネルによる治療は、陽性鳥の数が減少しなかった対照群と比較して、シラミ陽性孔雀数を有意に減少させた(P = 0.02)。ヘモクリット値は、治療後35日で46.4%〜54.7%のベースラインからアフォキソラネル治療群で改善したが、未処理群では減少した(44.6%-40.7%)。アフォキソラネルによる治療に起因した有害事象は観察されなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性アフォキソラネルの経口投与は、孔雀のG. pavonis感染症への効果的な治療である。.背景: 体外寄生造成了观赏鸟类,包括圈养在动物园的鸟类严重的健康问题。据报道,全世界多达13种不同种类的虱子可感染孔雀,严重的感染可能导致贫血。因此,人们一直在寻求包括异恶唑啉在内的替代方法,这类药物已成功用于家禽,对健康或生产无不良影响。 目的: 评估阿福拉纳对孔雀圆羽虱(Goniodes pavonis)的作用。 动物: 二十三只自然感染G. Pavonis的孔雀(冠孔雀)。 方法和材料: 将孔雀分为两组; 一组口服2.5mg/kg的阿福拉纳治疗,另一组不予治疗。使用醋酸胶带技术收集样品,通过显微镜进行虱子鉴定。同时,采集血液样本以评估干预前后的血细胞比容。 结果: 与对照组相比,使用阿福拉纳治疗显著减少了阳性的孔雀圆羽虱数量(P = 0.02),其中阳性孔雀的数量没有减少。处理后35天,阿福拉纳治疗组的血细胞比容有所改善,基础值为46.4%-54.7%,而未治疗组则下降了(44.6%-40.7%),而且没有观察到阿福拉纳治疗引起的副作用。 结论和临床价值: 口服阿福拉纳是治疗孔雀G. pavonis感染的有效方法。.O ectoparasitismo em aves ornamentais, incluindo espécies mantidas em cativeiro, em zoológicos, representa um sério problema de saúde. Há relatos de até 13 espécies de piolhos que afetam pavões ao redor do mundo e a infestação intensa pode causar anemia. Sendo assim, tratamentos alternativos têm sido pesquisados, incluindo o uso das isoxazolinas. Esta classe de fármacos tem sido utilizada com sucesso em aves de avicultura sem efeitos adversos para a saúde ou para a produção.Avaliar o efeito de afoxolaner nos piolhos de pavão (Goniodes pavonis).Vinte e três pavões (Pavo cristatus) com infestação natural por G. pavonis. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Os pavões foram divididos em dois grupos; um foi tratado por via oral com 2,5 mg/kg de afoxolaner em dose única e o outro grupo não recebeu nenhum tratamento. Para a identificação macroscópica dos piolhos, coletou-se amostras utilizando a técnica da fita de acetato. Concomitantemente, amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do hematócrito antes e depois da intervenção.O tratamento com afoxolaner reduziu significativamente o número de pavões positivos para piolho (P = 0.02) comparado ao grupo controle, no qual o número de aves positivas não sofreu redução. Houve também melhora de 46,4%-54,7% no hematócrito no grupo tratado com afoxolaner desde o tempo zero até 35 dias pós tratamento, enquanto que no grupo de aves não tratadas, observou-se piora neste parâmetro (44,6%-40,7%). Nenhum efeito adverso atribuído ao tratamento com afoxolaner foi observado. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O tratamento com afoxolaner por via oral foi considerado eficaz para infestação por G. pavoni em pavões.

Background : Zoonotic parasitoses are a public health problem because they are distributed worldwide. Soil contamina- tion with dog faeces is an important worldwide problem because it facilitates the transmission of zoonotic parasites. It has been reported in different studies that soil contamination by parasites represents a risk factor for the population (mainly children) to acquire parasitic diseases caused by Dipylidium caninum , Ancylostoma spp., and Trichuris spp. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to analyse soil samples collected from fi ve public parks in the city of Nezahualcoyotl, Mexico for the presence of canine soil-transmitted parasites. Materials, Methods & Results : A total of 1726 soil samples were obtained from fi ve public parks in Nezahualcoyotl County, Mexico and analysed for Dipylidium caninum , Ancylostoma spp., and Trichuris spp. eggs. Sampling was carried out in summer 2009 with the permission of the Parks and Public Gardens Nezahualcoyotl Offi ce. Samples were evaluated using a fl otation method, using microscopic observation for egg identifi cation. The data were analysed with the Kruskal- Wallis test and average mean percentages of contamination between the parks means were compared using the Nemenyi test. There were differences in the degree of contamination among the parks, but the soil characteristics were not correlated with the presence of parasite eggs. Contamination with Dipylidium caninum and Trichuris spp. were positively correlated (r = 0.32, P < 0.0001). Overall, there was a substantial frequency of Ancylostoma spp. (23.7%) and Dipylidium caninum (21.7%), with minor presence of Trichuris spp. (15.3%) in the parks. Discussion : Several studies have shown that the close relationship between resulting from the human-animal bond provides benefi ts for socialisation, mental health, and even physical well-being. However, owning a pet also allows potential health risks for the human population. Incidence studies of parasites in the soil of public parks provide greater insight regarding their zoonotic potential, and revealed that the soil of public parks is a source of infection and transmission of parasitic diseases. The reports on soil parasites contamination vary depending on where in the in the world were conducted. Studies in Brazil and Argentina had twice the levels of contamination for Ancylostoma spp. eggs andlower levels of D. caninum . However, the degree of contamination for Trichuris spp. in this report was higher than that observed in public parks in other countries (Croatia, Nigeria, and Brazil). These studies indicate that the risk of acquiring a zoonotic parasitic infec- tion is extremely high, since the soil is highly contaminated with infectious eggs of parasites. The study of the prevalence of parasites in dogs and understanding of the life cycle, epidemiology, and risk factors involved require the establishment of prevention programs for public health reason. Therefore, it is important to implement measures for the collection of excreta in public parks and promote dog deworming programs and hygiene measures to prevent infection in paratenic hosts. The results of this research revealed that the soil of public parks were a source of parasitic zoonoses, because dogs play an important role in the contamination of soils by excreting intestinal parasites through their faeces, constituting a public health problem.

Se realizó un estudio de contaminación y viabilidad de huevos de Toxocara spp, parásito zoonótico en la ciudad de Toluca, México, para lo cual se colectaron 2374 muestras de suelos de siete parques, 350 de suelo de jardines de casas, 199 heces de perros con propietario y 199 heces obtenidas de la vía pública en las áreas cercanas a los parques. En los parques, la conta- minación con Toxocara fue de 24,7% y la viabilidad de 73,3%, siendo menor en los jardines de casa (13,9 y 40,3%, respectiva- mente). Las heces de la vía pública mostraron una contamina- ción media (31,7%) con alta viabilidad (86,0%). La proporción de perros parasitados fue de 32,4% con huevos altamente via- bles (94,1%). El número de huevos en perros estuvo correlacio- nado con la presencia de Toxocara en los jardines de las casas (r=0,86; P

The contamination levels of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil samples from a university campus in Mexico City were evaluated and analysed according to garden size, and were related with the percentage of Toxocara spp. eggs and its viability according to the soil characteristics. A total of 1458 soil samples collected in 15 gardens (six large and nine small) were analysed by sedimentation-flotation with zinc sulphate solution on at 33%. Contamination was low (12.9%), and egg viability was high (65.5%). The size of the garden had no influence on the presence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs. Contamination was negatively correlated with the percentage of vegetation (r = -0. 61, P < 0.01) and the viability was negatively associated with the percentage of clay in the soil samples (r = -0.51, P < 0.04). The size of the garden did not influence the presence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs.

Background Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health worldwide. This disease primarily affects children and is caused by the presence in the digestive tract of a common roundworm of dogs, Toxocara canis, or cats, Toxocara cati. Toxocara is responsible for the presentation of various syndromes in humans depending on the affected organs. Methods In this study, the prevalence of anti-T. canis antibodies was investigated in children aged 3–16 years from semirural populations in the municipalities of Amecameca and Chalco in México. An ELISA was used to determine the presence of anti-T. canis antibodies in blood samples. Results Of the 183 sera obtained for this study, 22 were positive for anti-T. canis antibodies (12.02 %). Of these, 6.50 % were from males and 5.4 % were from females. Risk factors were investigated and it was found that living near a cattle operation had a statistically significant association with (Chi2 = 5.51 and p = 0.01) and was a risk factor for (OR = 4.25, p = 0.02) seropositivity to T. canis. Keeping dogs with short hair (Chi2 = 3.24 and p = 0.07) showed a tendency toward seropositivity for T. canis, as did the habit of sleeping with pets (Chi2 = 3.46 and p = 0.06). Conclusions Seropositivity to T. canis was confirmed in children in the Amecameca and Chalco regions of México and the risk factors were identified. These findings provide important insight into the prevalence and spread of this zoonotic parasite.

The objective of this study was to determine seroprevalence and identify risk factors associated withToxocara canisinfection. A clinical and epidemiological questionnaire and body mass index were used to assess the risk factors associated with human toxocariasis in 108 children with an age range of 2–16 years. Antibodies againstToxocara caniswere detected using an ELISA test kit. Chi-square analysis and odds ratio (OR) were used to identify risk factors associated withToxocara canisseropositivity. The prevalence of antibodies againstToxocara caniswas greater (P=0.02) in males than females (28.84% and 16.07%, resp.). Chi-square analysis and odds ratio revealed just one variable withP<0.05,andOR>1.0was associated with seropositivity: the possession of dogs under one year old (OR=1.78). Although not significant, the OR values suggest that other factors may be epidemiologically important forToxocarapresence such as not washing hands before meals, malnutrition, obesity, and use of public parks. Children in the age group >12 and Toxocara canis(17.59%) than the >2 and

Se realizó un estudio de contaminación y viabilidad de huevos de Toxocara spp, parásito zoonótico en la ciudad de Toluca, México, para lo cual se colectaron 2374 muestras de suelos de siete parques, 350 de suelo de jardines de casas, 199 heces de perros con propietario y 199 heces obtenidas de la vía pública en las áreas cercanas a los parques. En los parques, la contaminación con Toxocara fue de 24,7% y la viabilidad de 73,3%, siendo menor en los jardines de casa (13,9 y 40,3%, respectivamente). Las heces de la vía pública mostraron una contaminación media (31,7%) con alta viabilidad (86,0%). La proporción de perros parasitados fue de 32,4% con huevos altamente viables (94,1%). El número de huevos en perros estuvo correlacionado con la presencia de Toxocara en los jardines de las casas (r=0,86; P

Background: Toxocara spp. is a gastrointestinal nematode with cosmopolitan distribution and is the most common parasite in domestic cats, which can deposit fertilized eggs in the environment with feces. Egg maturation starts in the soil, concluding two to three weeks after cat defecation, but eggs can remain viable in the soil for years and spread onto vegetables and into water. Infection of cats and paratenic hosts (among them humans) occurs through ingestion of infected eggs from the environment, through ingestion of paratenic hosts and, in puppies, through milk from infected mothers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats.Materials Methods & Results: In this study, 229 fecal samples from domestic cats were collected in the state of Mexico, Mexico. All of cats had an owner, and fresh feline feces were collected in previously labeled sterile bottles. Coproparasitological examinations were performed on these samples using a flotation technique with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Toxocara spp. eggs were identified under the microscope, in accordance with the morphological descriptions. The data were analyzed by means of Fisher’s exact test in order to compare the presence of Toxocara eggs according to cat age and sex. The chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the risk factors. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was identified in 42% (96/229) of the cats, of which 23% were males and 19% females. We did find an association between cats under the age of six months (P = 0.01) and the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, and therefore age was determined to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces, cats over one year old showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.02) with the presence of parasite eggs in feces. The presence of Toxocara spp. was found to be a risk factor (OR = 1.57) among male cats aged less than 6 months, while among female cats a statistically significant association was found (P = 0.03) for the presence of Toxocara spp. Meanwhile, comparing positive cats of both sexes with age, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was found regarding cats over one year old.Discussion: It were identified Toxocara spp. eggs in 42% of the feces of domestic cats from the state of Mexico. These results are similar to those reported by other studies in Mexico City, they also reported that there was a larger number of infected cats under one year of age and that males had higher infection rates. Comparison of both sexes with age showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.01) between cats under six months old and the presence of Toxocara eggs in feces. This age was also considered to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for parasite eggs in feces, during the first months of life, the larvae migrate and finish their cycle, but when the cat has reached its mature stage, the larvae may become entrenched and avoid finishing their life cycle. Male sex was identified as a risk factor for the presence of Toxocara spp. The prevalence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats in the state of Mexico is high, and represents a potential risk of human toxocariasis. From the results found, it can be considered that cats are a major source of dissemination of environmental pollution and Toxocara spp.

Con el objetivo de identificar la presencia y viabilidad de huevos de Toxocara spp. en parques de Nezahualcóyotl, México, muestras de suelos de parques públicos y jardines de casa, heces de perros con propietario y colectadas en vía pública cercanas a los parques fueron analizadas mediante técnicas de flotación sedimentación para identificar la presencia de huevos, las muestras positivas fueron incubadas para conocer el potencial de infestación. La contaminación por Toxocara en los suelos de parques fue baja (30,3%), pero la viabilidad de los huevos fue alta (72,6%), mientras que los perros tuvieron una mayor infestación (39,8%) siendo viables el 97,0% de los huevos. La contaminación en calles (28,1%) y jardines (19,6%) fue baja, pero la viabilidad alta (79,9 y 83,6%, respectivamente). El análisis de regresión indicó que el principal factor que influye para la contaminación en parques (Y=1,56+3,70X; R2 =0,75; P

Background: Toxocara spp. is a gastrointestinal nematode with cosmopolitan distribution and is the most common parasite in domestic cats, which can deposit fertilized eggs in the environment with feces. Egg maturation starts in the soil, concluding two to three weeks after cat defecation, but eggs can remain viable in the soil for years and spread onto vegetables and into water. Infection of cats and paratenic hosts (among them humans) occurs through ingestion of infected eggs from the environment, through ingestion of paratenic hosts and, in puppies, through milk from infected mothers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats. Materials Methods & Results: In this study, 229 fecal samples from domestic cats were collected in the state of Mexico, Mexico. All of cats had an owner, and fresh feline feces were collected in previously labeled sterile bottles. Coproparasitological examinations were performed on these samples using a flotation technique with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Toxocara spp. eggs were identified under the microscope, in accordance with the morphological descriptions. The data were analyzed by means of Fishers exact test in order to compare the presence of Toxocara eggs according to cat age and sex. The chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables and odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine the risk factors. Presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was identified in 42% (96/229) of the cats, of which 23% were males and 19% females. We did find an association between cats under the age of six months (P = 0.01) and the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, and therefore age was determined to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in feces, cats over one year old showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.02) with the presence of parasite eggs in feces. The presence of Toxocara spp. was found to be a risk factor (OR = 1.57) among male cats aged less than 6 months, while among female cats a statistically significant association was found (P = 0.03) for the presence of Toxocara spp. Meanwhile, comparing positive cats of both sexes with age, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was found regarding cats over one year old. Discussion: It were identified Toxocara spp. eggs in 42% of the feces of domestic cats from the state of Mexico. These results are similar to those reported by other studies in Mexico City, they also reported that there was a larger number of infected cats under one year of age and that males had higher infection rates. Comparison of both sexes with age showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.01) between cats under six months old and the presence of Toxocara eggs in feces. This age was also considered to be a risk factor (OR = 1.69) for parasite eggs in feces, during the first months of life, the larvae migrate and finish their cycle, but when the cat has reached its mature stage, the larvae may become entrenched and avoid finishing their life cycle. Male sex was identified as a risk factor for the presence of Toxocara spp. The prevalence of Toxocara spp. in domestic cats in the state of Mexico is high, and represents a potential risk of human toxocariasis. From the results found, it can be considered that cats are a major source of dissemination of environmental pollution and Toxocara spp.

The contamination levels of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil samples from a university campus in Mexico City were evaluated and analysed according to garden size, and were related with the percentage of Toxocara spp. eggs and its viability according to the soil characteristics. A total of 1458 soil samples collected in 15 gardens (six large and nine small) were analysed by sedimentation-flotation with zinc sulphate solution on at 33%. Contamination was low (12.9%), and egg viability was high (65.5%). The size of the garden had no influence on the presence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs. Contamination was negatively correlated with the percentage of vegetation (r = 0. 61, P < 0.01) and the viability was negatively associated with the percentage of clay in the soil samples (r = 0.51, P < 0.04). The size of the garden did not influence the presence and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs.