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To determine the variability of blood flow measurements using 4D flow MRI in the portal and mesenteric circulations and to characterize the effects of meal ingestion, time of day, and between-day (diurnal) variations on portal and mesenteric hemodynamics.In this IRB-approved and HIPAA-compliant study, 7 healthy and 7 portal hypertension patients imaged. MRI exams were conducted at 3 T using a 32-channel body coil with large volumetric coverage and 1.25-mm isotropic true spatial resolution. Blood flow was quantified (L/min) in the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature. The first MR scan was performed after at least 8 h of fasting. Subsequently, subjects ingested 574 mL EnSure Plus® orally. A second acquisition was started 20 min after the meal ingestion. A third scan was performed before lunch and a fourth acquisition took place 20 min after lunch. A fifth scan was performed around 4 pm. Finally, subjects returned one week later for a repeat morning visit, with identical conditions as the first visit.In healthy controls significant increase in blood flow was seen in the PV, SMV, SMA, HA, and SCAo in response to breakfast but only the SCAo, SMA, SMV, and PV had a significant response to lunch. In general, patients with cirrhosis showed reduced response to meals compared to that in healthy controls. Additionally, PV flow in patients had the highest value in the afternoon.Effects of meal ingestion, time of day, and between-day variations were characterized using Radial 4D flow MRI in patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls.

El ser humano se construye a partir de las diferentes experiencias que vive en torno a su ámbito familiar, social, educativo y personal. La educación como constante movilización del pensamiento sobre el mundo de la vida -lebenswelt- se renueva y se transfigura. El objetivo del presente artículo es aportar a la reflexión sobre la conciencia, la incidencia, la contextualización de los cambios culturales como una realidad que afecta a la educación y, sin duda, a la pedagogía lasallista. Este texto profundiza, principalmente, la relación entre la pedagogía lasallista y la sociedad actual, en la cual, intervienen una serie cambios que se han expresado en diferentes fenómenos culturales como: las nuevas expresiones de la sexualidad, el diálogo ecuménico e interreligioso, el laicismo, las tecnologías, el cuidado por el medio ambiente, la interculturalidad. Se concluye que es indispensable que la educación, en especial la pedagogía lasallista, se renueve y se configure a partir de los nuevos fenómenos culturales que son indudablemente de carácter globalizado.

The objective of this Pictorial Review is to describe the use of colour-coded Dual-Energy CT (DECT) to aid in the interpretation of CT Venography (CTV) of the head for emergent indications. We describe a DE CTV acquisition and post-processing technique that can be readily incorporated into clinical workflow. Colour-coded DE CTV may aid the identification and characterization of dural venous sinus abnormalities and other cerebrovascular pathologies, which can improve diagnostic confidence in emergent imaging settings.

Durante dos anos el equipo de Ingenieros sin Fronteras Colombia trabajo en el co-diseno de un sistema de gestion comunitaria del recurso hidrico, de la mano de profesores, investigadores y estudian...

Background The off-label use of ferumoxytol (FE), an intravenous iron preparation for iron deficiency anemia, as a contrast agent for MRI is increasing; therefore, it is critical to understand its pharmacokinetics. Purpose To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of FE in the abdomen and pelvis, as assessed with quantitative 1.5- and 3.0-T MRI relaxometry. Materials and Methods R2*, an MRI technique used to estimate tissue iron content in the abdomen and pelvis, was performed at 1.5 and 3.0 T in 12 healthy volunteers between April 2015 and January 2016. Volunteers were randomly assigned to receive an FE dose of 2 mg per kilogram of body weight (FE2mg) or 4 mg/kg (FE4mg). MRI was repeated at 1.5 and 3.0 T for each volunteer at five time points: days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 30. A radiologist experienced in MRI relaxometry measured R2* in organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) (ie, liver, spleen, and bone marrow), non-MPS anatomy (kidney, pancreas, and muscle), inguinal lymph nodes (LNs), and blood pool. A paired Student t test was used to compare changes in tissue R2*. Results Volunteers (six female; mean age, 44.3 years ± 12.2 [standard deviation]) received either FE2 mg (n = 5) or FE4 mg (n = 6). Overall R2* trend analysis was temporally significant (P < .001). Time to peak R2* in the MPS occurred on day 1 for FE2mg and between days 1 and 4 for FE4mg (P < .001 to P < .002). Time to peak R2* in non-MPS anatomy, LNs, and blood pool occurred on day 1 for both doses (P < .001 to P < .09). Except for the spleen (at 1.5 T) and liver, MPS R2* remained elevated through day 30 for both doses (P = .02 to P = .03). Except for the kidney and pancreas, non-MPS, LN, and blood pool R2* returned to baseline levels between days 2 and 4 at FE2mg (P = .06 to P = .49) and between days 4 and 7 at FE4mg (P = .06 to P = .63). There was no difference in R2* change between non-MPS and LN R2* at any time (range, 1-71 sec-1 vs 0-50 sec-1; P = .06 to P = .97). Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of ferumoxytol in lymph nodes are distinct from those in mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) organs, parallel non-MPS anatomy, and the blood pool. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Sustainably managed wild fisheries support food and nutritional security, livelihoods, and cultures (1). Harmful fisheries subsidies—government payments that incentivize overcapacity and lead to overfishing—undermine these benefits yet are increasing globally (2). World Trade Organization (WTO) members have a unique opportunity at their ministerial meeting in November to reach an agreement that eliminates harmful subsidies (3). We—a group of scientists spanning 46 countries and 6 continents—urge the WTO to make this commitment...

La identidad es un proceso de configuración y reelaboración constante que vive un sujeto con el fin de caracterizar particularidades a partir de interacciones sociales, individuales e históricas (Berger y Luckmann, 1971); puede comprenderse como una «identidad social», según Charles Taylor, ya que el sujeto no decide o no elige las fuentes de su identidad, sino que la construye a partir de la relación social y política (Comte, 2006). Preguntarse por la configuración de la identidad de los estudiantes universitarios genera cuestionamientos, pues no todos los que transitan por un claustro universitario incor-poran a sus modos de ser aspectos de la filosofía o principios institucionales del lugar donde estudian. Este artículo presenta el estudio realizado con estudiantes de la Corporación Lasallista en el que algunos expresan no compartir o no conocer la propuesta de formación humana según la filosofía de san Juan Bautista de La Salle. El propósito es develar la noción de identidad profesional e identidad lasallista presente en los estudiantes de Educación del último semestre. Es un estudio cualitativohermenéutico. La muestra son estudiantes y docentes de último semestre de las licenciaturas. Entre los hallazgos, las estudiantes de Licenciatura en Preescolar tienen apropiación de la identidad profesional, pero no de la identidad lasallista; los estudiantes de Licenciatura en Educación Religiosa tienen apropiación de ambas. Las conclusiones contribuyen para recomendar a la Unilasalle generar estrategias para la apropiación de la identidad profesional y la identidad lasallista; también para que otras Universidades analicen asuntos que pueden fortalecer aspectos de identidad universitaria.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility (interreviewer agreement) and repeatability (intrareviewer agreement) of ROI sampling strategies to measure chemical shift-encoded (CSE) MRI-based liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and R2* (1 / T2*). A secondary purpose was to standardize ROI-based liver PDFF and R2* measurements by providing a compromise between measurement reproducibility and repeatability and time burden for image analysts.CSE data from two cohorts were retrospectively analyzed. Cohort A included 53 patients referred for abdominal MRI and healthy subjects recruited for a comparison study of CT and MRI. Cohort B included 37 patients with suspected liver iron overload. Three reviewers measured liver PDFF and R2* using previously reported ROI sampling strategies. Inter- and intrareviewer agreement of liver PDFF and R2* were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis.Averaging largest-fit ROIs over the nine Couinaud segments resulted in the narrowest limits of agreement (LOA) for liver PDFF and R2* measurements in both cohorts. For PDFF, interreviewer agreement had mean LOA of ± 0.8% for cohort A and ± 1.7% for cohort B. Intrareviewer agreement was ± 0.5% for cohort A and ± 0.9% for cohort B. For R2* interre-viewer agreement had mean LOA of ± 3.0 sFor improved reproducibility and repeatability of liver PDFF and R2* measurements, clinicians and researchers should sample as much area of the liver as possible using multiple large ROIs.

Al promover espacios de reflexion teologica, la Red Colombiana de Facultades e Instituciones de Teologia y Areas afines (TeoRed) dedico su Coloquio Interinstitucional de 2018 a profundizar en los principales temas propuestos por el Documento Final de la II Conferencia General del Episcopado Latinoamericano (Medellin) y, al mismo tiempo, precisar los desafios teologico-pastorales que actualmente representa tanto para la Iglesia como para los programas academicos relacionados con la teologia. Para conseguirlo, se presentaron los modelos eclesiologicos que influyeron en la elaboracion del Documento de Medellin o que se potenciaron a partir de el. Tambien se identifico la presencia del metodo teologico latinoamericano en este documento y de las hermeneuticas contextuales como desarrollos posteriores de la teologia latinoamericana. Por ultimo, se reconocio la manera como las lineas de accion de opcion por los pobres, justicia y paz son abordadas por el documento, asi como su influencia en el quehacer teologico de America Latina.

Trainee Research Prizes from the 2019 RSNA Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting

Resumen Introducción: este artículo es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación basado en la descripción de las características de la espiritualidad de los jóvenes de la Corporación Universitaria Lasallista realizado entre 20162018. Objetivo: interpretar las características que conforman la espiritualidad de los jóvenes en la Corporación Universitaria Lasallista. Materiales y métodos: se realizó a partir de un enfoque cualitativo. El método empleado fue el hermenéutico y la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos como la encuesta a 346 jóvenes de la Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, a través de un cuestionario por correo conformado con preguntas abiertas, en donde los participantes describieron su espiritualidad. Además, se realizaron cinco grupos focales con un grupo de estudiantes y docentes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la técnica de triangulación. Resultados: entre los resultados más relevantes del estudio, se concluye que los jóvenes relacionan la espiritualidad con creencias en una fuerza divina en la cual, la mayoría le otorgan un sentido trascendente que le da sentido a su existencia. En cuanto a la manera como los jóvenes expresan y viven la espiritualidad se halla que gira en torno a apuestas plurales. Conclusiones: se evidencia que no hay la presencia de un tipo de espiritualidad, sino que cada joven tiene una manera diferente de constatar su búsqueda de lo sagrado en la vida y, la alimenta desde las creencias y la similitud con el sentido de vida. Abstract Introduction: This article is the result of a research project based on the description of the characteristics of the spirituality of young people of the Lasallian University Corporation. Objective: Interpret the characteristics that form the spirituality of young people in the Lasallian University Corporation. Materials and methods: The work was carried out based on a qualitative approach. The main method applied was hermeneutics and data collection techniques such as the survey were applied to 346 young people of the Lasallian University Corporation, through a mail questionnaire made up of open-ended questions where participants described their spirituality. In addition, there were five focus groups with a group of students and teachers. The triangulation technique was used to analyze the data. Results: Among the most relevant results of the study, it is concluded that young people relate spirituality to beliefs in a divine force to which the majority grant a transcendent meaning that gives meaning to their existence. As for the way young people express and live spirituality, it is found that it revolves around plural bets. Conclusions: It is evident that there is no presence of a type of spirituality, but that each young person has a different way of confirming their search for the sacred in life and feeds it from beliefs and similarity to the meaning of life. Resumo Introdução: esta reflexão de pesquisa emerge no marco da situação que vivia Colômbia a fim de consolidar o acordo da paz, é por isso que, se fiz necessário centrar o olhar na formação de educadores, pois estes são atores sociais, éticos e políticos que com seu trabalho pedagógico aportam à construção uma cultura de paz. Neste sentido, o objetivo esteve orientado para revelar as práticas discursivas em torno à educação para a paz e construção de cidadania que circulam e se apropriam na formação de educadores em oito faculdades de educação e dois normais superiores no departamento de Antioquia. Os materiais e métodos: a pesquisa é qualitativa com a abordagem fenomenológico e documental, as técnicas utilizadas: entrevista, grupo focal e análise documental; os instrumentos: guia de entrevista, guia de grupo focal e o ficho para a análise de documentos institucionais. A análise se realizou com a informação que emitia cada instrumento e posteriormente se triangulou em uma matriz de quatro quadrantes do sentido proposto pelos pesquisadores. Os resultados: os sentidos das práticas discursivas se plantearam desde quatro perspectivas, que são subjetiva, objetiva, intersubjetiva e interobjetiva. Se Conclui que os sentidos das práticas discursivas estão situados desde o subjetivo no próprio saber, sentir e vivência. O objetivo nas experiências, protocolos e estratégias. O intersubjetivo na inter-relação e cultura discursiva e a interobjetiva se refere à institucionalização e aplicação explícita das políticas educativas.

This paper studies the legacies of wartime institutions, measured as rebelocracy, on the ability of households to cope with negative income shocks. Rebelocracy is the social order established by non-state armed actors in the communities they control. By providing public goods and a predictable framework within which to operate, rebelocracy may generate incentives for households to expand production and accumulate wealth, placing them in a higher income trajectory than households living in war zones amid violence and chaos.

Objectives of this study were to compare radial time-resolved phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D Flow-MRI) with perivascular ultrasound (pvUS) and to explore a porcine model of acute pre-hepatic portal hypertension (PHTN). Abdominal 4D Flow-MRI and pvUS in portal and splenic vein, hepatic and both renal arteries were performed in 13 pigs of approximately 60 kg. In six pigs, measurements were repeated after partial portal vein (PV) ligature. Inter- and intra-reader comparisons and statistical analysis including Bland–Altman (BA) comparison, paired Student’s t tests and linear regression were performed. PvUS and 4D Flow-MRI measurements agreed well; flow before partial PV ligature was 322 ± 30 ml/min in pvUS and 297 ± 27 ml/min in MRI (p = 0.294), and average BA difference was 25 ml/min [−322; 372]. Inter- and intra-reader results differed very little, revealed excellent correlation (R 2 = 0.98 and 0.99, respectively) and resulted in BA differences of −5 ml/min [−161; 150] and −2 ml/min [−28; 25], respectively. After PV ligature, PV flow decreased from 356 ± 50 to 298 ± 61 ml/min (p = 0.02), and hepatic arterial flow increased from 277 ± 36 to 331 ± 65 ml/min (p = n.s.). The successful in vivo comparison of radial 4D Flow-MRI to perivascular ultrasound revealed good agreement of abdominal blood flow although with considerable spread of results. A model of pre-hepatic PHTN was successfully introduced and acute responses monitored. • Radial 4D Flow-MRI in the abdomen was successfully compared to perivascular ultrasound. • Inter- and intra-reader testing demonstrated excellent reproducibility of upper abdominal 4D Flow-MRI. • A porcine model of acute pre-hepatic portal hypertension was successfully introduced. • 4D Flow-MRI successfully monitored acute changes in a model of portal hypertension.

Os sistemas de recuperação de imagens baseada em conteúdo (CBIR - Content-Based Irnage Retneval) vêm sendo bastante estudados e pesquisados atualmente. Isso ocorre especialmente devido às áreas de aplicabilidade, entre as quais tem-se a área médica, onde há uma enorme quantidade de informação armazenada em forma de imagens. Muitas das consultas de interesse dos médicos visam procurar imagens de pacientes que tenham semelhança entre si. Desse modo, estudos de casos, diagnósticos e tratamentos podem ser verificados e comparados baseando-se apenas na imagem e não em descrições textuais sobre elas. Atualmente, os sistemas PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) nã,o são capazes de realizar consultas de imagens por similaridades. O trabalho aqui apresentado implementa um recurso adicional para um PACS com suporte a consultas por similaridade, ampliando o poder de recuperação de imagens através de histogramas. Este recurso permite que o sistema seja capaz de realizar buscas em imagens mesmo com algumas variações de intensidade de brilho, o que é um problema comum já que a aquisição de imagens é realizada por diversos equipamentos e mesmo com diferentes configurações. In the last few years there is a great effort on developing the Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems. This is due to their applicability in many fields that deal with images, including particularly the medicine, because the ever increasing volume of data generated by image cxams. Many times the physicians try to find images that are similar regarding some specific aspect. Therefore, case studies, diagnosis and treatment can be compared and checked based only on the pictoríal information of the images. The traditional Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) do not support similarity queries. Thus, this work presents a new technique to improve the execution of similarity queries based on the brightness histogram of images. This technique allows the system to compare, by histograms, images with brightness variations, bypassing a claimed drawback of histograms to characterize images. This brightness variation is a common problern in acquiring images, as different devices and settings can be used to generate them, producing different brightness distribution over the whole image.