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The aim of this study was to compare the economic revenue related to the use of low- or high-efficacy anthelmintic drugs within suppressive or strategic schemes of treatment in growing heifers. Heifers raised in a semi-intensive grazing system in southern Brazil were used. Levamisole and ivermectin were selected as the high- and the low-efficacy drugs, respectively, based on a previous efficacy test. Subsequently, these drugs were used within strategic (Strat; four times per year) or suppressive (Supp; once a month) treatment regimens in the heifers, and their liveweight and eggs per gram of feces counts were monthly evaluated during a 13-month period. The total costs of the treatments and their cost-benefit ratio in regard to liveweight gain were calculated. Final mean liveweight gains (kg) observed were 126.7 (Strat-Low), 133.6 (Supp-Low), 141.3 (Strat-High), 142.9 (Supp-High), and 125.8 (Control). Treatments with a high-efficacy drug resulted in monetary gains of US$ 19.56 (Strat-High) and US$ 14.98 (Supp-High), but Supp-Low and Strat-Low treatments caused economic losses. Total cost of the efficacy test (US$ 374.79) could be paid by the additional liveweight gain of 20 heifers from the Strat-High group. These results showed that it would be preferable not to treat the heifers against GIN if compared with treating them with a low-efficacy drug. In addition, we showed that the use of four treatments per year with a high-efficacy drug-selected by efficacy test-resulted in a profitable management to control GIN in growing heifers raised in a semi-intensive gazing system in southern Brazil.

Gladiolus (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.), also called as Palma-de-Santa-Rita, is culturally known in Brazil as the All Soul's' Day flower. In recent years, it has also become popular in other special dates due to its robustness, liveliness, and magnificence. However, there are challenges regarding the cut flower production, since the largest producer investment is the corm acquisition. Due to the insufficiency of technical information, there are no fully established corm production protocols for gladiolus. Therefore, this technical article has the objective of bringing information related to the gladiolus corms production technique, in view of the sustainability of the production.

Flower crops are an alternative for diversification in small farms, being gladiolus an option of cut flower. The objective of this study was to disseminate the gladiolus crop as an alternative for diversification and profit for small farms through an extension project where crop management practices were demonstrated during its development cycle. An extension project was carried out in partnership with a rural extension agency, EMATER/RS-ASCAR, to identify the farmers interested in diversifying their production system for growing gladiolus. The extension project was developed in four counties in the Central region of the Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Together with the extensionists of EMATER/RS-ASCAR, farmers were assisted during the entire production cycle and learned the management practices from planting to harvesting. Altogether, approximately 2,400 gladiolus spikes were produced, which were marketed one week before and during Mother’s Day week at local fairs. In all the counties, the demand and consumption of the flower stems were high, demonstrating acceptance of the consumers of gladiolus stems on Mother’s Day. The gladiolus production has proven to be profitable for small family properties. This system encourages the production in short-chains, contributes to the growth of local flower production and may contribute for decreasing rural exodus and sustainability for future generations

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls’ Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mother’s Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mother’s Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.

Gladiola is an important cut flower worldwide and scheduling field gladiola production is largely dependent on planting at the correct time since its development is controlled by the air temperature. The aim of this study was to configure a planting window of gladiola in order to harvest spikes to be sold on All Souls' Day and Mother's Day holidays in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, taking into account the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. The PhenoGlad model, a dynamic process-based simulation model that simulates gladiola phenology on a daily time step was used in this study. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures over 55 years (1961-2015) from 18 weather stations across Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were used as input data in the PhenoGlad model. The optimum planting window was simulated for each maturity group, location and ENSO phase. For harvesting on All Souls' Day, the optimum planting window had greater variation among the different ENSO phases. For Mother's Day, only Very Strong El Niño events affected the development of gladiola, indicating the weak signal of the phenomenon at this time of the year. A case study in a commercial farm demonstrated the importance of these results for farmers. The planting window for production on Mother's Day in a Neutral year was successfully configured. Determining the optimum planting window by considering the ENSO effect led to a more precise scheduling of gladiola production in southern Brazil.

The objective of this study was to determine the cycle duration in days and the quantitative parameters, i.e. stem length, spike length and stem diameter of gladiolus floral stems as a function of the planting date and locations in the Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Field experiments were established between 2014-2015 in three locations (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui and Santa Maria). The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six gladiolus cultivars in three distinct planting dates at each location as treatments. The shift from vegetative to reproductive stage, the stem length, spike length and stem diameter were evaluated. Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. When planted during late July and early August, cultivars of early cycle (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ and ‘White Friendship’) and intermediate cycle (‘Green Star’ and ‘Jester’), produced floral stems of gladiolus in the desired patterns besides as well as having a shorter growth cycle than late cultivars (‘Gold Field’), being recommended for commercial cultivation in Southern Brazil. RESUMO O objetivo neste estudo foi determinar a duração do ciclo em dias e os parâmetros quantitativos de hastes florais de gladíolo em função da data de plantio e do local de cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Experimentos de campo foram estabelecidos entre 2014-2015 em três locais (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui e Santa Maria). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completamente casualizados, com seis cultivares de gladíolo em três diferentes datas de plantio em cada local como tratamento. Foram avaliadas a mudança do estágio vegetativo para o reprodutivo, o comprimento da haste, comprimento da espiga e diâmetro da haste no ponto de colheita. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pela ANOVA e pelo teste de Tukey. Quando plantadas durante o final de julho e início de agosto, cultivares de ciclo precoce (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ e ‘White Friendship’) e intermediário (‘Green Star’ e ‘Jester’) produzem hastes florais de gladíolo dentro dos padrões desejados, além de possuir um menor ciclo de crescimento do que cultivares tardias (‘Gold Field’), sendo recomendadas para cultivo comercial no Sul do Brasil.

RESUMO O gladíolo é uma flor de corte de grande importância nos mercados nacional e mundial. A haste floral, do tipo espiga, é composta por floretes que apresentam abertura acropetal. O conhecimento da velocidade de abertura desses floretes, representada pelo antocrono, pode auxiliar no planejamento das atividades de colheita e comercialização. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estimar a temperatura base para abertura de floretes em gladíolo e determinar o antocrono, com a unidade de tempo representada pela soma térmica. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo, em Santa Maria, RS, durante dois anos (2011 a 2013), sendo cada experimento composto por 12 datas de plantio e três cultivares. A soma térmica diária (STd) foi calculada pela diferença entre a temperatura média e a temperatura base (Tb) e, a soma térmica acumulada, pelo somatório das STd. Para a estimativa Tb para abertura de floretes, utilizaram-se os dados do número de floretes abertos (NFA), coletados nos experimentos. Conclui-se que Tb para abertura de floretes em gladíolo é 6 ºC e que o antocrono é, em média, 14,7 ºC dia por florete, mas varia com a disponibilidade de radiação solar durante o florescimento da espiga. ABSTRACT Gladiolus is an important cut flower in national and international markets. The floral stem, a kind of spike, is composed of florets that have acropetal opening. Knowledge on the opening speed of florets, represented by the anthochron, can assist in planning harvesting and marketing activities. The objectives of this study were to estimate the base temperature for floret opening in gladiolus and to determine the anthochron, with the time unit represented by the thermal time. Two field experiments were conducted in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, for two years (2011-2013), each experiment composed of 12 planting dates and three cultivars. The daily thermal time (STd) was calculated as the difference between the daily mean temperature and the base temperature (Tb) and the accumulated thermal time was obtained by the sum of STd. To estimate the Tb for floret opening, we used the number of open florets (NFA) collected in the experiments. We concluded that the Tb for floret opening in gladiolus is 6 °C and for the anthochron is, on average, 14.7 ºC day per floret, but the anthochron Tb varies according to solar radiation during spike flowering period.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of transpiration and leaf growth of gladiolus cultivars to a drying soil represented by the FTSW. Three experiments (E1, E2 and E3) were individually carried out in 20 pots, with four gladiolus cultivars. Plants did not experienced water deficit until they had less than seven leaves in E1, four leaves in E2 and, four and seven leaves in E3. At these stages, water deficit was imposed in 10 pots of each experiment, while the other 10 pots remained without water deficit. The FTSW, transpiration and leaf growth were measured daily, during the period of water deficit. Results indicated that the threshold FTSW for transpiration is higher when water deficit occur during the reproductive phase. We concluded that the FTSW threshold for NTR in gladiolus varies depending on the developmental stage at which the water deficit is applied, being higher when it occurs during the reproductive phase and lower when it occurs during the vegetative phase. Water deficit reduces leaf appearance rate in gladiolus, delaying the harvesting point of the flower stems.

Crop simulation models are important tools to help farmers in planning management practices and flowering time of cut flowers, like Gladiolus ( Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.). The objective of this study was to develop a robust Gladiolus phenology model, named PhenoGlad, for field applications. The model describes the timing of developmental stages, including harvest point, the vase life of Gladiolus spikes and the low (chilling) and high (heat) temperature effects on spike quality. The Gladiolus developmental model simulates on a daily basis the cumulative leaf number and the phenology using a non-linear temperature response function and genotype-specific coefficients considering three main phases: corms sprouting phase, vegetative phase, and reproductive phase. Data from nine field experiments conducted during five years (2011–2015) in three locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State and in one location in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, were used. These cultivar x planting dates x years x locations experiments provided a rich data set for parameterizing and evaluating the Gladiolus model. The PhenoGlad model accurately simulated the dynamics of leaf development, final leaf number and the timing of developmental stages among cultivars, planting dates, years and locations, with an overall RMSE of 0.5 leaves for leaf development and final leaf number, 6.5 days for the date of reproductive developmental stages, and 1.3 days for simulating the vase life of harvested spikes. PhenoGlad was also accurate in predicting the effects of chilling and high temperatures damage on florets.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos causados por um evento de granizo sobre uma lavoura comercial de soja. O evento de granizo ocorreu no município de Água Santa, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o ano agrícola de 2013/2014. Foram realizadas avaliações da matéria seca do limbo foliar, pecíolo, legume e do índice de área foliar. Tais medições foram obtidas em data anterior e posterior ao evento de granizo que ocorreu no dia 08/02/2014. Com o auxílio de imagens de satélites e de radar foi possível identificar a intensidade do evento e a presença de granizo nas nuvens. Os danos provocados pelo granizo na cultura da soja foram: a redução da matéria seca nos limbos foliares (0,13 Mg ha−1), nos pecíolos (0,01 Mg ha−1) e nos legumes (0,002 Mg ha−1) das plantas da lavoura; o decréscimo no índice de área foliar de 7 a 34%; e a quebra do ápice de crescimento em 32% das plantas do experimento. Possivelmente, devido a esta redução na massa seca, houve diminuição na produtividade de soja da lavoura. As imagens de satélite e de radar podem ser ferramentas para auxiliar os extensionistas na determinação dos danos de granizo nas lavouras de soja. Abstract The objective of this study was to quantify the damages caused by a hail event on a soybean farm. The hail event happened at Água Santa County, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 growing season. Were conducted dry matter evaluations of leaf, petiolate, pod and leaf area index. Such measurements were obtained before and also after of the hail event occurred on 08/02/2014. By using satellite and radar images it was possible to identify the hail event intensity. The hail event damage on the soybean crop were reduction dry matter on leaf blade (0.13 Mg ha−1), on petiolate (0.01 Mg ha−1) and on pods (0.002 Mg ha−1), also were observed a decrease in leaf area index that varying from 7 to 34% and breaking off the growth apex in 32% of plants on the experiment. Therewith, the satellite and radar images can be a tool to help the extension on determination of hail damage on soybean farms.

A staging system for development of gladiola (Gladiolus × grandiflorus) that relies on simple, visual, non-destructive criteria is proposed. Four field trials were conducted during the spring 2010, autumn/winter 2011 and winter 2011 at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, with different gladiola cultivars, in order to observe the developmental stages of the above-ground parts and their dry matter. The developmental cycle, which starts at dormant corm and ends with plant senescence, is divided into four developmental phases: dormancy phase, sprouting phase (from filiform roots appearance to sheaths appearance), vegetative phase (from emergence of the first leaf tip to emergence of the final leaf tip on the stem) and reproductive phase (from heading to plant senescence). The developmental stages that were identified during the dormancy phase and during the sprouting phases are coded as S stages: S0 = dormant corm, S1 = appearance of roots, S2.1 = first sheath, S2.2 = second sheath and S2.3 = third sheath. Vegetative phase is coded as V stages: VE = emergence of the sheaths above ground, V1 = first leaf, V2 = second leaf, Vn = nth leaf and VF = flag leaf. Leaf tip is the marker for V1–VF. The developmental stages during the reproductive phases are coded as R stages: R1 = heading, R2 = blooming, R3 = onset of flowering, R4 = end of anthesis, R5 = end of florets senescence and R6 = plant senescence (leaves and floret axis are brown). Sub-stages have also been assigned between R1 and R2 and between R3 and R4. Illustrations (photographs) of each developmental stage taken from field pot-grown plants are provided and the proposed scale was tested with field observations. These criteria are straight forward and allow for quick determination of development stage. This system can be used by both farmers and for experimental trials.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um termo para representar o intervalo de tempo de abertura entre flores sucessivas em inflorescências, e verificar a aplicabilidade deste termo a gladíolo de corte. O termo foi construído pela junção dos radicais gregos anto- (antos = flor) e crono- (cronos = tempo), para corresponder ao tempo necessário para a abertura de flores sucessivas em ramos florais (inflorescências), tendo-se como unidade o tempo por flor. Para testar o conceito e a aplicabilidade do termo, dados do número acumulado de floretes abertos em espigas de gladíolo foram coletados em dois experimentos de campo, em Santa Maria, RS, de agosto de 2011 a novembro de 2013. Para cada parcela de seis plantas, realizou-se uma regressão linear simples entre o número acumulado de floretes abertos na haste floral e os dias após a emergência das plantas. O termo foi denominado "antocrono" e, em gladíolo, foi estimado como sendo o inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear, com a unidade dias por florete. O antocrono em gladíolo depende da cultivar e decresce com o aumento da temperatura do ar, durante o período de florescimento da espiga. The objective of this work was to propose a term for representing the time interval between the opening of successive flowers on inflorescences and to verify the applicability of this term to gladiola. The term was built by joining the Greek combining forms antho- (anthos = flower) and chron- (chronos = time), to correspond to the time needed for successive flowers to open on floral stems (inflorescences), having time per flower as unit. In order to test the concept and applicability of the term, data on the accumulated number of opened florets on gladiola spikes were collected from two field experiments, in Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from August 2011 to November 2013. For each plot with six plants, a simple linear regression was performed between the accumulated number of opened florets on the stem and the days after plant emergence. The term was called "anthochron", and in gladiola, it was estimated as the inverse of slope of the linear regression, with the unit days per floret. Anthochron in gladiola depends on the cultivar and decreases with the increase of air temperature during the spike flowering period.

O gladíolo, importante flor de corte, é uma planta herbácea e suas folhas apresentam formato de lança. Os objetivos do trabalho foram determinar um modelo matemático empírico que melhor estima a área da folha do gladíolo a partir de dimensões lineares e aplicar o modelo matemático para determinar o perfil vertical da área das folhas de diferentes posições na planta. Para isso foi realizado um experimento de campo em Santa Maria com quatro cultivares de gladíolo (Peter Pears, Rose Friendship, Jester e Amsterdã), sendo coletadas 50 folhas de cada cultivar, das quais mensuraram-se o comprimento (C) e a maior largura (L). Em seguida, fotocopiou-se cada folha em um scanner, calculando-se a área individual (AF) com auxílio de um software. A relação entre área e as dimensões das folhas foi ajustada no modelo potência e a capacidade preditiva das equações foi avaliada por várias estatísticas. Resultados indicam que o modelo AF = a (C.L) é o mais indicado para a estimativa da área foliar em gladíolo, podendo-se utilizar a = 0,644 para as quatro cultivares testadas. As menores folhas estão nas posições basais e apicais e as maiores, na posição intermediária da planta. Gladiolus, an important cut flower, is a herbaceous plant that has sword-shaped leaves. The objectives of this study are to determinate an empirical model to estimate the area of gladiolus leaves from its linear dimensions and to apply this model to estimate the vertical profile of leaf area in different position on the plant. A field experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, with four gladiolus cultivars (Peter Pears, Rose Friendship, Jester and Amsterdam). A total of fifty leaves from each cultivar were collected and their width (C) and length (L) measured. Each leaves have then their area (AF) measured digitally. The relationship between area and dimensions of each leaf was fitted to a power model and the performance of the equations was evaluated by several statistics. Results indicates that the model AF = a. (C. L) is the best model to estimate leaf area in gladiolus, with a=0.664 for the four cultivars. Smaller leaves are ate the bottom and at the upper position and larger leaves are ate intermediate position on the plant.

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as épocas de cultivo, em ambiente subtropical, em que é possível produzir hastes de gladíolo (Gladiolusx grandiflorus) que atendam aos padrões comerciais quantitativos do mercado nacional de flores de corte. Dois experimentos de campo foram realizados, um de agosto de 2011 a julho de 2012 e outro de agosto de 2012 a julho de 2013, com três cultivares do gladíolo e 12 datas de plantio para cada experimento. O comprimento total da haste, o comprimento do pendão e o diâmetro da haste foram avaliados quando as hastes estavam em ponto de colheita, ou seja, quando a cor das pétalas apareceu nos três primeiros floretes na base da haste. Os melhores meses para a produção de hastes de gladíolo são julho, agosto, setembro, fevereiro, março e abril, embora em nenhuma das datas de plantio tenham sido produzidas hastes com parâmetros quantitativos abaixo do padrão mínimo (exceto em períodos com geada, durante o espigamento). Abstract:The objective of this work was to determine the growing seasons, in a subtropical environment, when it is possible to produce gladiolus (Gladiolus x grandiflorus) stems that meet commercial, quantitative standards for cut flowers of the national market. Two field experiments were carried out - one from August 2011 to July 2012, and the other from August 2012 to July 2013 - with three gladiolus cultivars and 12 planting dates for each experiment. Stem total length, rachis length, and stem diameter were evaluated at the harvesting point, when the petal color appears in the first three florets at the stem base. The best months for production of gladiolus stems are July, August, September, February, March, and April, although in the other planting dates the stem quality was never below the minimum standard (except for the periods of frost during heading).

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram quantificar a contribuição das ramificações e a evolução do índice de área foliar em cultivares modernas de soja com diferentes grupos de maturação, tipos de crescimento, semeadas em diferentes épocas e regiões produtoras de soja no Rio Grande do Sul. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante o ano agrícola 2013/2014 em Santa Maria, Júlio de Castilhos e em três lavouras comerciais de soja nos municípios de Restinga Sêca, Tupanciretã e Água Santa. Avaliaram-se (data de ocorrência) os estágios reprodutivos e a determinação do índice de área foliar total, máximo, da haste principal e das ramificações em treze cultivares de soja. O índice de área foliar das ramificações contribui com cerca de 31%, 12,3% e 11% do índice de área foliar total nas cultivares determinadas, e com 20,2%, 11,8% e 9% do índice de área foliar total nas cultivares indeterminadas nas semeaduras de setembro, novembro e fevereiro, respectivamente, em Santa Maria. A maioria das cultivares apresentou uma redução no índice de área foliar total, máximo, da haste principal e das ramificações com o atraso da época de semeadura, independentemente do grupo de maturação e tipo de crescimento.

A caracterização das etapas ou fases do ciclo de desenvolvimento das culturas agrícolas é importante para realização de práticas de manejo e, para o gladíolo, essas etapas ainda não foram bem caracterizadas em cultivos a campo no Rio Grande do Sul. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a duração das fases vegetativa e reprodutiva do ciclo de desenvolvimento e as relações entre estas com a emissão de folhas em cultivares de gladíolo. Dois experimentos foram realizados a campo, em Santa Maria, RS, um na primavera/verão 2010/11, com as cultivares: 'Priscila', 'Peter Pears', 'Sunset', 'T704', 'Traderhorn', 'Rose Supreme' e 'Jester' e outro no outono/inverno 2011 com as cultivares 'T704', 'Traderhorn' e 'Jester'. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com duas repetições de cinco plantas de cada cultivar. Foram determinadas as datas do espigamento e final de florescimento e o ciclo de desenvolvimento foi dividido em duas fases: vegetativa (do plantio ao espigamento) e reprodutiva (do espigamento ao final do florescimento). Os resultados indicaram que a duração da fase vegetativa é a que determina a duração do ciclo total da parte aérea e que a duração da fase vegetativa é influenciada pela velocidade de emissão das folhas e pelo número final de folhas. Assim, cultivares precoces têm maior velocidade de emissão de folhas e menor número final de folhas do que cultivares tardias. The characterization of the developmental phases of agricultural crops is important for management practices and for gladiolus in the field this characterization has not been made in Rio Grande do Sul State. The goal of this study was to determine the duration of vegetative and reproductive phases of the developmental cycle, and the relationships between them and with leaf appearance in gladiolus cultivars. Two field experiments were conducted in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, one during the Spring/Summer 2010/11 with the cultivars 'Priscila', 'Peter Pears', 'Sunset', 'T704', 'Traderhorn', 'Rose Supreme' and 'Jester', and another during the Fall/Winter 2011 with the cultivars 'T704', 'Traderhorn' and 'Jester'. The experimental design was a completely randomized with two replications of five plants per cultivar. The date of heading and end of flowering was determined and the developmental cycle was divided into vegetative (from planting to heading) and reproductive (from planting to and of flowering). Results showed that the duration of the vegetative phase determines the duration of the developmental cycle and the duration of the vegetative phase is affected by leaf appearance rate and by final leaf number. Thus, early cultivars have greater leaf appearance rate and lower final leaf number than late cultivars.