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BackgroundObese adults who are free from metabolic risk factors may develop risk factors over time. Our objective was to characterize development of obesity and duration of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) over 30 years.MethodsParticipants in CARDIA who developed obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) at follow-up exams during years 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 were analyzed. MHO was defined as obese and having 0 or 1 risk factor: ≥SBP/DBP 130/85 mmHg; fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL/5.55 mmol/L; fasting triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL/1.69 mmol/L); and HDL-C (men

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and enjoyment of five shared PAs in parent-child dyads. Method: Thirty-one parent-child dyads (mean±SD; age, parents: 38.0 ± 6.6 years, children: 5.9 ± 1.7 years) completed separate PA sessions, which included five standardized PAs (brisk walking, jumping games, dancing, body-weight exercises, and tag games) in random order for each dyad. Parent and child moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and accelerometer counts per minute (CPM) were measured using Actigraph GT9X activity monitors. The Visual Analog Scale was used to assess enjoyment of children and parents. Repeated measures ANOVAs and paired t-tests determined differences in PA within and between children and parents for the activities, respectively. Friedman Tests with post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests determined significant differences in enjoyment across the activities for children and parents and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared enjoyment between children and parents for each PA. Results: Jumping games resulted in the highest proportion of time spent in MVPA and highest overall CPM for children and parents (p < 0.05). Compared to parents, children spent proportionally more time in MVPA during jumping games, body-weight exercises, and tag games (all, p < 0.05). Tag games were the most enjoyable PA for children and parents (p < 0.05). Children enjoyed body-weight exercises more than parents (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Future indoor PA programs and research interventions that include parent-child dyads should consider implementing jumping games, body-weight exercises, and tag games during shared PA, which resulted in higher MVPA and enjoyment by both children and parents when compared to walking and dancing.

Background: Physical education (PE) can improve physical fitness; however, little research has evaluated PE's long-term influence. The purpose is to determine PE's longitudinal effects on fitness in a group of adolescent girls and to determine whether body mass index (BMI) status influenced any potential effects. Methods: Participants were enrolled in daily PE throughout their ninth grade. Data were collected at baseline and at the end of 9th, 10th, and 11th grades. BMI (kg/m[superscript 2]) was classified into Centers for Disease Control and Prevention percentiles. Fitness was estimated from a 3-stage step test (change in exercise heart rate (HR) indicated improved fitness) and analyzed using repeated measures general linear modeling with adjustments for baseline BMI, baseline age, ethnicity, intervention status, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity outside PE. Results: Complete data were available for 131 girls (61% of sample) who were predominantly African American, 13.8 plus or minus 0.4 years, mean BMI 24.7 plus or minus 6.1 kg/m[superscript 2] at the ninth-grade baseline. Overall, stage 1 HR (bpm) decreased from baseline to 9th grade (-5.5 plus or minus 1.3, p less than 0.0001), baseline to 10th grade (-7.2 plus or minus 1.4, p less than 0.0001), and baseline to 11th grade (-7.0 plus or minus 1.5, p less than 0.0001). Change differed by BMI status; fitness improvement was significant for normal and overweight, but not obese girls. After 2 years, change in stage 1 HR (bpm) was significantly different between BMI categories: normal-weight girls versus obese girls (-10.0 plus or minus 3.2, p = 0.002) and overweight girls versus obese girls (-9.3 plus or minus 3.9, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Fitness differences by BMI exist after a PE program in adolescent girls: fitness improved and was maintained in normal-weight and overweight girls, whereby obese girls had no improvement in fitness. (Contains 4 figures and 1 table.)