Search

The Dilworth Building was architecture firm Gummer and Ford’s first significant building. It was completed in 1927 and sits on one of the most prominent locations in Aotearoa New Zealand, the corner of Queen Street and Customs Street East in downtown Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland. The Dilworth Building has been referred to as one of this country’s finest examples of classical architecture by critics such as Miles Warren, Bruce Petry, Peter Shaw, John Stacpoole and Peter Beaven, among others. It holds a Category 1 rating from the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Paradoxically, this building remains under-researched in current architectural discourse – the most written about it has been in newspaper articles from the 1920s. This paper aims to bring the building’s design and construction methods to light, investigating the brief, the client’s motivations, the limitations of the site, budget and typology, and the application of William Gummer’s design principles to maximise sunlight and air circulation, and with efficient circulation and structure. The building’s materiality, design of the façades, and spatial sequences will also be analysed to discover their contribution to the building’s overall composition and character. It is hoped that today’s architecture students can benefit from formal and practical analysis and use a similar approach in their own architecture and writing.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a catheter-based procedure that allows for the internal assessment of a blood vessel. This includes evaluation of diameter, stenosis, calcification, and dissection. We present a case in which IVUS led to the discovery of a popliteal artery aneurysm in the setting of acute limb ischemia that was missed on computed tomography scan and angiogram.

Over the past decade, the emergence of mindfulness meditation as a self-regulation practice has led to a substantial body of evidence on the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for insomnia and sleep disturbances. This literature has matured with several randomized controlled trials now published and a number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses are recently available. Collectively, there is a general support for the effectiveness of MBIs on self-reported patient outcomes although the quality of studies varies and the findings on objective measures are equivocal. Building upon this literature, further research is needed to examine biological correlates associated with mindfulness practice, whether the timing of meditation practice is related to sleep outcomes, who is likely to succeed with MBI, and the use of technology in the delivery of MBIs.

In response to the third thematic sub-stream of the 38th Annual SAHANZ Conference, this paper will discuss the role of architectural research in the architecture of Gummer and Ford, the Auckland-based practice, often described as one of the most prolific bureaus in interwar New Zealand. The paper is a fraction of a three-staged project, “Gummer and Ford,” developed by a team of researchers from the Unitec Institute of Technology in response to an event recognised as a milestone in the New Zealand architectural calendar – the 2023 centenary of the firm’s establishment. This paper explores the design principles of William Gummer, the principal designer of the firm. From 1914 to 1935, Gummer consistently published his view that the goal of the architect was to cater to humanity’s highest instincts. He was unwavering but vague on how this is achieved; through composition, unity, contrast, proportion and scale, appropriate use of materials is all needed to produce buildings of good character. But what did he really mean by this? A close reading of three books Gummer considered invaluable to architectural students – The Essentials of Composition as Applied to Art by John Vredenburgh Van Pelt, Architectural Composition by Nathaniel Cortlandt Curtis, and The Mistress Art by Reginald Bloomfield – offers a direct insight into the influences behind his thinking about architecture and his architectural production. Directly traceable to Gummer, the three titles include clear, precise instructions on both the functional and artistic nature of architectural design. Interestingly, this paper employs a method not dissimilar to Gummer’s design method. These books taken together, along with Gummer’s own writing, a study of renderings and construction drawings, and close observation of the buildings, an architectural analysis of Gummer’s work becomes possible – it is what Gummer himself referred to as Architectural Research. This historically focused study will bring a new perspective to understanding the value and contribution of traditional architects, not only in New Zealand but other English-speaking countries.

Bone marrow (BM) biopsy is the most common diagnostic procedure in hematology. Bleeding is an expected complication, and its risk is assumed to be increased in patients on anticoagulants. However, the effect of anticoagulation on BM biopsy safety is unclear and guidelines are lacking robust data in this regard. As such, physicians use their clinical judgement to guide periprocedural management of anticoagulation.To provide the best available evidence regarding management of anticoagulation in patients who need BM biopsy.We reviewed and summarized available guidelines directing management of periprocedural anticoagulation for BM biopsy, and share our experience and practices with BM biopsy at our institution.The incidence of significant hemorrhage after BM biopsy is very low (0.007-1.1%). BM biopsy is classified as having a low to moderate bleeding risk. Interrupting anticoagulation is not consistently recommended. Strategies exist to minimize bleeding risk for anticoagulated patients. Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms can develop an acquired von Willebrand syndrome which increases their risk for bleeding and therefore require extra vigilance to ensure appropriate hemostasis.Withholding anticoagulation prior to BM biopsy is not routinely recommended. Instead, assessment and optimization of bleeding risk factors should be done on a patient by patient basis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a novel cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia (CBT-H) in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence and co-occurring depressive symptoms using a telehealth model for delivery and assessment. METHODS: Thirty-five adults with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia received a 6-session CBT-H delivered individually or in small groups using videoconferencing. The clinical impact of CBT-H was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System measures, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and other patient-reported outcomes collected online at baseline and posttreatment. Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and telehealth model was also evaluated using qualitative data collected from exit interviews conducted through videoconferencing. RESULTS: Forty percent of the sample achieved a clinically significant baseline to posttreatment change in depressive symptoms (decrease in Patient Health Questionnaire ≥ 5), which is below the prespecified efficacy benchmark (50% of the sample). The prespecified benchmark for a minimal clinically important difference (Cohen’s d > 0.5) on other psychosocial measures was met only on the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System global self-efficacy (d = 0.62) in the total sample. Qualitative data revealed enthusiasm for the accessibility of telehealth delivery and the usefulness of several cognitive and behavioral modules but also revealed opportunities to refine the CBT-H program. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that this new CBT-H program can potentially reduce depressive symptoms and improve self-efficacy in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence. Furthermore, telehealth is a promising model for remote delivery and data collection to enhance participant accessibility and engagement. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Psychosocial Adjunctive Treatment for Hypersomnia (PATH); URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03904238; Identifier: NCT03904238. CITATION: Ong JC, Dawson SC, Mundt JM, Moore C. Developing a cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia using telehealth: a feasibility study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(12):2047–2062.

Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify patient-centered issues affecting Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in people with narcolepsy (PWN) and to evaluate patient-reported...

This article considers the implications of the Award for freedom of navigation and the use of force in the South China Sea, identifying the conclusions that can be drawn from the Award and the questions that remain. The Award also indirectly raised the question of the use of force to defend navigational rights. This article therefore revisits the Corfu Channel Case for the light it may shed on the use of force and freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. This leads to questions of the danger of miscalculation and the potential importance of the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea (cues) in reducing the potential for miscalculation to occur. This article argues that the de-escalatory approach of cues may be the way in which States can assert competing rights without such action leading to loss of life.

Aims To describe the association between cardiovascular risk factors and abnormal arterial stiffness, defined by a carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity ≥ 10 m/s, in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Ninety consenting adults with chronic SCI (C1-T10 ASIA Impairment Scale A-D) participated in this cross-sectional study. The cardiovascular risk factors considered included age, sex, duration of injury, neurological level of injury (C1-T1, tetraplegia; T2-T12, paraplegia), age at injury, impairment scale category, supine resting systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, leisure time physical activity, treated hypertension, treated hyperlipidemia, diabetes, lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and C reactive protein. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between abnormal arterial stiffness and dichotomized cardiovascular risk factors. Results Dichotomized variables significantly associated with increased arterial stiffness were: age ≥ 52 years (OR 22.1, CI 4.28-113.99); systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg (OR 11.76, CI 2.89-47.88); heart rate ≥ 62 bpm (OR 6.62, CI 1.33-33.03); and paraplegia (OR 4.26, CI 1.00-18.33). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for probability of arterial stiffness was 0.920 (95% CI 0.861-0.978, p

Introduction The purpose of this study was to conduct a feasibility trial for a novel cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-H) aimed at improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people with hypersomnia. Methods Participants were 35 adults (32 female, mean age=32.0 years, SD=12.9) with an established diagnosis of Narcolepsy Type 1 (n=12), Type 2 (n=11), or Idiopathic Hypersomnia (n=12). Participants were assigned to individual (n=19) or group (n=16, 3-5 per group) format of a 6-session, manualized CBT-H, delivered using live videoconferencing. Key components of CBT-H included structuring daytime behaviors (e.g., planned naps), emotion regulation techniques, and energy management strategies. Outcome measures for HRQoL included PROMIS measures for depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and social isolation. Other clinical outcome measures included the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Exit interviews were used to collect qualitative data to inform acceptability of the intervention. Results Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted on the entire sample with the last observation carried forward for 3 participants who did not provide post-treatment data. Paired-samples t-test revealed a significant reduction on PROMIS depression (t[34]=2.05, p=0.0486, d=-0.35), and significant increases on PROMIS general self-efficacy (t[34]=3.64, p=0.0009, d=0.62) and self-efficacy managing social interactions (t[34]=2.14, p=0.0396, d=0.36). Significant reductions were also observed on the ESS (t[34]=2.07, p=0.0458, d=-0.35) and PHQ (t[34]=4.42, p Conclusion These findings support the acceptability of a novel CBT-H delivered using a telehealth model and the feasibility of reducing excessive sleepiness and improving HRQoL, particularly in the domains of self-efficacy and depression, in people with narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Support This study was supported by grant 185-SR-17 from the American Sleep Medicine Foundation.

Introduction:Focused or point of care ultrasound applications have been integrated into prehospital assessments, triage capacities, military applications, trauma, and emergency health care settings, and medical school curriculums. Often, the inclusion of focused ultrasound is to answer specific clinical questions. However, the value is ultimately determined by the experience, skills, and training of the operator performing and interpreting the examination. Ultrasound was reserved for traditional imaging providers as little as two decades ago. However, as the application of ultrasound expands within clinical medicine, there is an increasing necessity for associated education and training.Aim:To highlight the applications and uses of focused ultrasound in the current diverse health care landscape while identifying the associated educational considerations, including the undergraduate tertiary education sector.Methods:A search of peer-reviewed published literature was undertaken to determine the range of current usage of ultrasound imaging across professions, and to identify the education and training available.Results:The results discussed within this presentation will highlight identified trends, ultrasound applications, educational considerations, and potential future practices based on the content of the literature explored.Discussion:Technology is rapidly advancing in the field of medical ultrasound with handheld ultrasound scanners now smaller, less expensive, and more accessible than ever before. Paralleled with these advances and the more generous use of ultrasound come the expectation and pressures of competent skill diversity among healthcare staff and specialists. Significantly, sonography is still considered by many as the most technically demanding and operator dependent medical imaging modality available. Therefore, as the application of ultrasound expands within clinical medicine, educational considerations must also align with this expansion to maintain diagnostic accuracy. This means an increasing demand for associated education and training, including in the undergraduate tertiary education sector.

Understanding the related fates of muscle density and bone quality after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important initial step in determining endocrine-metabolic risk.To examine the associations between muscle density and indices of bone quality at the distal lower extremity of adults with chronic SCI.A secondary data analysis was conducted in 70 adults with chronic SCI (C2-T12; American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale [AIS] A-D; ≥2 years post injury). Muscle density and cross-sectional area (CSA) and bone quality indices (trabecular bone mineral density [TbBMD] at the distal tibia [4% site] and cortical thickness [CtTh], cortical area [CtAr], cortical BMD [CtBMD], and polar moment of inertia [PMI] at the tibial shaft [66% site]) were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Calf lower extremity motor score (cLEMS) was used as a clinical measure of muscle function. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to determine the strength of the muscle-bone associations after adjusting for confounding variables (sex, impairment severity [AIS A/B vs AIS C/D], duration of injury, and wheelchair use).Muscle density was positively associated with TbBMD (b = 0.85 [0.04, 1.66]), CtTh (b = 0.02 [0.001, 0.034]), and CtBMD (b = 1.70 [0.71, 2.69]) (P.05). Muscle CSA was most strongly associated with CtAr (b = 2.50 [0.12, 4.88]) and PMI (b = 731.8 [161.7, 1301.9]) (P.05), whereas cLEMS was most strongly associated with TbBMD (b = 7.69 [4.63, 10.76]) (P.001).Muscle density and function were most strongly associated with TbBMD at the distal tibia in adults with chronic SCI, whereas muscle size was most strongly associated with bone size and geometry at the tibial shaft.

While home-based balance exercises are recommended to reduce the risk of falling and fractures in older adults, adherence to exercise remains suboptimal. The long-term objective of this research is to advance body-worn sensor techniques to measure at-home exercise performance and promote adherence. In this study, a method of distinguishing 5 types of walking using hip- and ankle-worn accelerometers was developed and evaluated in a target clinical population. A secondary objective was to evaluate the method's sensitivity to sensor placement. Eighteen community-dwelling, older females (≥50 years) with low bone mass wore triaxial accelerometers at the left hip and each ankle while performing 5 walking tasks at home: 4 walking balance exercises (figure 8, heel-toe, sidestep, backwards) and straight-line walking. Sensor data were separated into low (0.5-2 Hz) and high (2-10 Hz) frequency bands, and root-mean-square values (energy) were computed for each sensor, axis, and band. These 18 energy estimates were used as inputs to a neural network classifier with 5 outputs, corresponding to each task. Using a leave-one-out cross-validation protocol, the neural network correctly classified 82/90 test instances (91% accuracy). Compared to random selection accuracy of 20% (i.e., 1 in 5), the results indicated excellent separation between tasks. Reducing the sensor set to one hip and one ankle resulted in 6.7-8.9% reduction in accuracy. Our findings can be used in the development of tools used to deliver exercise performance metrics (e.g., % completed) or recognize walking and balance exercise activities using body-worn accelerometers.

Lancelot's reaction to prayer in the Sir Urry episode of the Morte Darthur differs from his other responses to efficacious prayer, revealing the disjunction between his inward spiritual state and his outward appearance as the greatest knight in the world. (JCM)The 'Healing of Sir Urry' comes at the end of the 'Lancelot and Guenevere' section of the Morte Darthur just before the final unraveling of Arthur's court. Sir Urry, a Hungarian knight, has slain Sir Alpheus, a Spanish knight, in a tournament; Alepheus' mother curses Urry's injuries such that they can never be healed until 'the beste knyght of the worlde has serched hys woundis' (1145.19-20). Sir Urry's mother and sister take him on a grand tour of Europe searching for this best knight, finally arriving at Arthur's court on Pentecost. Arthur assures Urry's mother that if he can be healed, he will be healed here. Arthur searches his wounds but fails; then all the other knights of the Round Table also attempt the healing. After everyone has tried and failed, Lancelot arrives at court, initially resists King Arthur's entreaties to attempt the healing, but ultimately agrees to try. Lancelot says a prayer and lays his hands on Urry's wounds. The wounds are miraculously made whole, and the court cheers for Lancelot while he says nothing but simply weeps as if 'he had bene a chylde that had bene beatyn' (1152.36).Many critics, both long established authorities on the Morte and more recent scholars, have been drawn to this episode, perhaps because it is so dramatic and perhaps also because it is generally agreed to be original to Malory.1 However, there has been no clear consensus about how to read Lancelot's character and actions in this scene. Interpretations range from positive evaluations of Lancelot's character to claims that the word 'beatyn' suggests God's punishment. C.S. Lewis and Larry Benson established the two poles of interpretation forty years ago. Lewis suggests that Lancelot's weeping despite his status as the best knight in the world demonstrates the degree to which the ideal of earthly knighthood has been surpassed by the spiritual virtues of the Grail Quest.2 Benson, on the other hand, claims the tears are really Malory's as he weeps over the pinnacle of Lancelot's career.3 Recent scholarship of this episode has tended to follow Benson's argument. Raluca Radulescu argues that Lancelot's success in healing Sir Urry represents the reassertion of the secular world of chivalry; the religious devotion of the Grail Quest is subordinated within a larger chivalric system.4 Similarly C. David Benson insists that while there is some sort of 'divine approval' signaled by the healing, the real emphasis of the episode is physical and secular. Lancelot is still the great warrior who heals bodies not souls.5 Other readings continue to recognize the spiritual significance of the passage but differ about what that significance means. Edmund Reiss argues that Lancelot, despite his sin, is rewarded by God.6 His tears are both tears of joy at what he has accomplished and tears of sorrow because he realizes what he could have been.7 Alfred Guy, Jr. says the tears are really Lancelot's; he weeps because, in contrast to his earlier Grail experiences, he has been accepted by God.8 Kenneth Hodges points out the allegorical significance of the distribution of Urry's wounds.9 Finally, some critics ignore the secular or spiritual debate and instead concern themselves with other kinds of interpretations. Robert Lumiansky focuses on Arthur's insistence that Lancelot attempt to heal Urry.10 He claims the king is testing Lancelot, and Lancelot weeps because he passes the test and his sin is not revealed.11 Likewise, Terrence McCarthy does not focus on the tears at all but instead identifies Lancelot's ability to heal Sir Urry with Lancelot's new approach to challenges, a sort of 'less is more' philosophy in which Lancelot merely follows the example of the other knights.12Like Larry Benson, I grant that all of these various readings of the scene contain at least some merit. …

Atrophy and fatty infiltration of lower extremity muscle after spinal cord injury (SCI) predisposes individuals to metabolic syndrome and related diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to prospectively measure changes in muscle atrophy and fat content of distal lower extremity muscles and explore related factors in a cohort of adults with chronic SCI and diverse impairments. Muscle cross-sectional area and density were calculated from peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of the 66% site of the calf from 70 participants with chronic SCI (50 male, mean age 49 years, C2-T12, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A-D) at study enrollment and annually for 2 years. Mixed-model repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) examined longitudinal changes in muscle area and density, and regression analyses explored factors related to muscle changes using 16 potential correlates selected a priori . A high degree of individual variation in muscle area and density change was observed over 2 years (range: 8.5 to −22.6 cm 2 ; 6.4 to −8.6 mg/cm 3 ). Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant reductions in muscle area (estimated mean difference [95% confidence intervals] −1.76 [−3.29 to −0.23]) cm 2 , p = 0.025) and density (−1.04 [−1.94 to −0.14] mg/cm 3 , p post hoc sensitivity analyses. Lower extremity muscle size and fat content may not reach a "steady-state" after chronic SCI. Progressive atrophy and fatty infiltration of lower extremity muscle may have adverse implications for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk and related mortality after chronic SCI.

Introduction Undergraduate students in medical imaging at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) practise imaging in a dedicated simulation environment using clinical equipment. Students work in small teams to complete specific imaging procedures using anthropomorphic phantoms as patients. The use of these facilities to undertake learning activities is invaluable in the development of technical skills and also the clinically relevant skills of teamwork, communication and efficiency. Students undertake objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) assessments each semester using these facilities as a prerequisite to clinical experience. Audiovisual recording devices were initially sought to document student performance in these OSCE assessments. Once these recording devices became available, the teaching team decided to explore whether students perceived any benefit from the opportunity to self-review and reflect on their performance. As noted by Coffey (2014 p. 87), ‘through an examination of performance, one gains an insight into practices that should be retained, those practices that need change as well as the implications of one's practice.’1 Methods A pilot study was undertaken with a cohort of second year undergraduate students. This study investigated the student perception of the use of the recorded performance for self-review of their radiographic ability in performing set tasks in the simulation laboratory. The practice of reviewing one's recorded work is not a new phenomenon and was reported by...

Introduction, Ottavio Quirico and Mouloud Boumghar Part I: General Framework 1. States, Climate Change and Tripartite Human Rights: the Missing Link, Ottavio Quirico, Jurgen Brohmer and Marcel Szabo 2. Balancing Human Rights in Climate Policies, Bridget Lewis 3. Human Rights Responsibility of Private Corporations for Climate Change? The State as a Catalyst for Compliance, Anna Riddell Part II: Specific Rights 4. Climate Change and Right to Life: Limits and Potentialities of the Human Rights Protection System, Christine Bakker 5. Climate Change and Interdependent Human Rights to Food, Water and Health: the Contest between Harmony and Invention, Alessandra Franca 6. Waterworld: Climate Change, Statehood and the Right to Self-Determination, Cameron Moore 7. Two-Pronged Right to Development and Climate Change: Reciprocal Implications, Same Varyaudej . 8. Untying the Gordian Knot: towards the Human Right to a Climatically Sustainable Environment?, Francesco Francioni and Ottavio Quirico Part III: Specific Regimes 9. A Double-Edged Sword: Climate Change, Biodiversity and Human Rights, Federico Lenzerini and Erika Piergentili 10. Climate Change, Migration and Human Rights: towards Group-Specific Protection?, Benoit Mayer and Christel Cournil 11. Balancing Human Rights, Climate Change and Foreign Investment Protection, Valentina Vadi 12. Linking Trade and Climate Change: What Room for Human Rights?, Olivier De Schutter Part IV - Institutional Responses 13. Systemic Integration between Climate Change and Human Rights at the United Nations?. Spyridon Aktypis, Emmanuel Decaux and Bronwen Leroy 14. Climate Change and Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific: a Fragmented Approach, Ben Boer 15. A Wider Human Rights Spectrum to Fight Climate Change in Africa?, Faustin Ntoubandi and Roland Adjovi 16. Missing Opportunities to Shed Light on Climate Change in the Inter-American Human Rights Protection System, Mouloud Boumghar 17. European Legal Systems, Climate Change and Human Rights: Paradoxical Inconsistencies in the Jigsaw Puzzle?, Ottavio Quirico 18. Challenging the Human Rights Responsibility of States and Private Corporations for Climate Change in Domestic Jurisdictions, Tineke Lambooy and Hanneke Palm Conclusion, Ottavio Quirico and Mouloud Boumghar

Part A: International Law Considerations in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement 1. A Zonal Approach to Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Stuart Kaye 2. The High Seas Regime. A Model of Self Regulation?, Robin Warner 3. The Use of Force, Cameron Moore Part B: Role of States and other International Actors in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement 4. The Role of Flag States in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Sam Bateman 5. The Role of Coastal States in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Lowell Bautista 6. The Role of Port States in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Rosemary Rayfuse 7. The Role of Global Organizations in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Ashley Roach 8. The Role of Regional Organizations in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Kerry Tetzlaf 9. The Role of Courts and Tribunals in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Dale Stephens Part C: Regulation and Enforcement in Different Maritime Sectors 10. Fisheries Enforcement and the Concepts of Compliance and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance, Mary Ann Palma-Robles 11. Shipping - Safety of Life at Sea, Anthony Morrison 12. Shipping - Vessel Source Pollution, Erik J. Molenaar 13. Regulation of Offshore Hydrocarbon Exploration and Exploitation under International Law, Youna Lyons 14. The Regulation of Marine Scientific Research: Addressing challenges, advancing knowledge, Harriet Harden Davies 15. Deep Seabed Mining: Key Obligations in the Emerging Regulation of Exploration and Development in the Pacific, Robert Makgill and Ana P. Linhares 16. Transnational Crime, Douglas Guilfoyle 17. Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: From Somalia to the Gulf of Guinea, Clive Schofield and Kamal Deen Ali Part D: Current Issues and Future Challenges 18. Regulation of Marine Renewable Energy, Anne Marie O'Hagan 19. The Potential to Regulate Bioprospecting for Marine Genetic Resources: Two Case Studies, Julia Jabour 20. Ocean Acidification: Scientific Surges, Lagging Law and Policy Responses, David Vanderzwaag and Katja Fennel 21. Use of Technology in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement, Chris Rahman 22. Cooperative Maritime Surveillance and Enforcement, Warwick Gullett and Yubing Shi 23. Developing New Regulatory Paradigms for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, Robin Warner

We report a robust method for engineering the optoelectronic properties of many-layer MoS 2 using low energy oxygen plasma treatment. Gas phase treatment of MoS 2 with oxygen radicals generated in an upstream N 2 -O 2 plasma is shown to enhance the photoluminescence (PL) of many-layer, mechanically exfoliated MoS 2 flakes by up to 20 times, without reducing the layer thickness of the material. A blue shift in the photoluminescence spectra and narrowing of linewidth is consistent with a transition of MoS 2 from indirect to direct band gap material. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectra reveal that the flake thickness actually increases as a result of the plasma treatment, indicating an increase in the interlayer separation in MoS 2 . Ab-initio calculations reveal that the increased interlayer separation is sufficient to decouple the electronic states in individual layers, leading to a transition from an indirect to direct gap semiconductor. With optimized plasma treatment parameters, we observed enhanced PL signals for 32 out of 35 many-layer MoS 2 flakes (2–15 layers) tested, indicating this method is robust and scalable. Monolayer MoS 2 , while direct band gap, has a small optical density, which limits its potential use in practical devices. The results presented here provide a material with the direct band gap of monolayer MoS 2 , without reducing sample thickness, and hence optical density.

To investigate the effects of intermittent passive standing (PS) and whole body vibration (WBV) on the electromyography (EMG) activity, cross-sectional area, and density of lower extremity muscles in individuals with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI).Case series.Seven adult men with chronic (≥2 years), thoracic motor complete (AIS A-B) SCI completed a 40-week course of thrice-weekly intermittent PS-WBV therapy, in a flexed knee posture (160°), for 45 minutes per session at a frequency of 45 Hz and 0.6-0.7 mm displacement using the WAVE(®) Pro Plate, with an integrated EasyStand™ standing frame. EMG was measured in major lower extremity muscles to represent muscle activity during PS-WBV. The cross-sectional area and density of the calf muscles were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the widest calf cross-section (66% of the tibia length) at pre- and post-intervention. All measured variables were compared between the pre- and post-intervention measurements to assess change after the PS-WBV intervention.PS-WBV acutely induced EMG activity in lower extremity muscles of SCI subjects. No significant changes in lower extremity EMG activity, muscle cross-sectional area, or density were observed following the 40-week intervention.Although acute exposure to PS-WBV can induce electrophysiological activity of lower extremity muscles during PS in men with motor complete SCI, the PS-WBV intervention for 40 weeks was not sufficient to result in enhanced muscle activity, or to increase calf muscle cross-sectional area or density.

In peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of the calf muscles, segmentation of muscles from subcutaneous fat is challenged by muscle fat infiltration. Threshold-based edge detection segmentation by manufacturer software fails when muscle boundaries are not smooth. This study compared the test-retest precision error for muscle-fat segmentation using the threshold-based edge detection method vs manual segmentation guided by the watershed algorithm. Three clinical populations were investigated: younger adults, older adults, and adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). The watershed segmentation method yielded lower precision error (1.18%–2.01%) and higher (p < 0.001) muscle density values (70.2 ± 9.2 mg/cm3) compared with threshold-based edge detection segmentation (1.77%–4.06% error, 67.4 ± 10.3 mg/cm3). This was particularly true for adults with SCI (precision error improved by 1.56% and 2.64% for muscle area and density, respectively). However, both methods still provided acceptable precision with error well under 5%. Bland-Altman analyses showed that the major discrepancies between the segmentation methods were found mostly among participants with SCI where more muscle fat infiltration was present. When examining a population where fatty infiltration into muscle is expected, the watershed algorithm is recommended for muscle density and area measurement to enable the detection of smaller change effect sizes.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV), which reflects arterial stiffness, is an important predictor of future coronary artery disease. The test-retest reliability of PWV has not been investigated in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).To report the test-retest (day-to-day) reliability of PWV measurements among people with SCI, and to determine the smallest real difference (SRD) of PWV values.Twenty men (n = 19) and a woman (n = 1) with SCI (C4-T10; AIS A-D; ≥ 1-year post-injury; 10 with paraplegia and 10 with tetraplegia; time post-injury: 11.8 ± 8.7 years; age: 43.0 ± 12.6 years).On two occasions within a 2-week period, aortic PWV (between the common carotid and femoral artery), arm PWV (between the brachial and radial artery), and leg PWV (between femoral and posterior tibial artery) were assessed at the same time of day using Doppler flowmeters.No statistically significant differences were found between days 1 and 2 in aortic PWV (day 1: 941 ± 185 cm/seconds, day 2: 917 ± 160 cm/seconds, P = 0.257), leg PWV (day 1: 1088 ± 141 cm/seconds, day 2: 1122 ± 165 cm/seconds, P = 0.099) and arm PWV (day 1: 1283 ± 185 cm/seconds, day 2: 1358 ± 256 cm/seconds, P = 0.180). The aortic and leg PWVs had high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: ICC = 0.920 and 0.913, respectively; P0.001 for both) and arm PWV had moderate test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.598, P = 0.03). SRDs for each PWV were 104 cm/seconds (aortic PWV), 97 cm/seconds (leg PWV) and 143 cm/seconds (arm PWV).The test-retest reliability of PWV assessment is high among patients with chronic SCI. Changes in aortic PWV values above 104 cm/seconds with repeated testing like represent true changes in health status.

The previous Commonwealth Minister for the Environment, Mr Garrett, recently rejected a request to allow the importation of live bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.) to mainland Australia. New South Wales and Victoria had already listed the introduction of bumblebees as, respectively, a key threatening process and a potentially threatening process. The Commonwealth, however, had previously declined an application to list the introduction of bumblebees as a key threatening process, although its Threatened Species Scientific Committee urged ‘that extreme caution be shown in considering any proposal to introduce this species to the mainland.’ The potential threat from bumblebees would appear to beg the questions posed by the precautionary principle. Would the presence of bumblebees to mainland Australia pose a threat of serious or irreversible environmental damage? Should a lack of full scientific certainty be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation? This paper considers the role of the precautionary principle in regulatory approaches to the bumblebee. It seeks to establish the application of the precautionary principle to this particular potential environmental threat, including its relationship to the principle of conservation of biological diversity. It concludes that, despite widespread adoption of the precautionary principle in policy, legislation and case law in Australia, its impact on regulating bumblebees has not been consistent.

1. Australia, New Zealand and Maritime Security, Natalie Klein, Joanna Mossop, Donald R. Rothwell 2. Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea, Donald R. Rothwell, Natalie Klein 3. Australia's Traditional Maritime Security Concerns and Post 9/11 Perspectives, Donald R. Rothwell, Cameron Moore 4. Maritime Security in New Zealand, Joanna Mossop 5. Whose Security is it and How Much of it do We Want? The US Influence on the International Law against Maritime Terrorism, Shirley V. Scott 6. New Zealand and Australia's Role in Improving Maritime Security in the Pacific Region, Sam Bateman and Joanna Mossop 7. Maritime Security and Shipping Safety in the Southern Ocean, Karen N. Scott 8. Counter-Terrorism and the Security of Shipping in Southeast Asia, Caroline Foster 9. Maritime Security and Oceans Policy, Peter Cozens 10. Act of State Doctrine in the Antipodes: The Intersection of National and International Law in Naval Constabulary Operations, Cameron Moore 11. The Protection of Platforms, Pipelines and Submarine Cables under Australian and New Zealand Law, Stuart Kaye 12. Maritime Domain Awareness in Australia and New Zealand, Chris Rahman 13. Intelligence Gathering and Information Sharing for Maritime Security Purposes under International Law, Natalie Klein 14. Maritime Security in the Twenty-First Century: Contemporary and Anticipated Challenges for Australia and New Zealand, Donald R. Rothwell