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Sprouts are increasingly present in the human diet, being tasty and healthy foods high in antioxidant compounds. Although there is a body of literature on the sprouting of many plant species, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz has not yet been studied for this purpose. This study aimed to characterize the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of seeds and sprouts of five different Camelina cultivars (ALBA, CO46, CCE43, JOELLE, and VERA). In particular, the contents of phenolic compounds (PCs), phenolic acids (PAs), and glucosinolates (GLSs) were investigated. PCs, PAs, GLSs, and the antioxidant activity of seeds differed among cultivars and were greatly increased by sprouting. A PCA analysis underlined both the effect of the cultivar (PC2) and the germination (PC1) on the nutritional properties of Camelina. The best nutritional properties of seeds were observed for ALBA and CCE43, while the best nutritional properties of sprouts were recorded for CCE43 and JOELLE, since the latter cultivar showed a greater enhancement in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity with sprouting. Finally, a UHPLC-UV procedure for the analysis of GLSs in Camelina was developed and validated. The performance criteria of the proposed method demonstrated that it is useful for the analysis of GLSs in Camelina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassicaceae plants can serve as a soy alternative to protein concentrates and isolates. Enzymatic extraction is a promising alternative to degreasing oilseeds as it requires no organic solvents and produces high-quality protein products. The research featured the effect of the enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes on Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz oil cake. The objective was to reduce the residual oil content and increase the protein yield. Protein concentrates were isolated from seed cake obtained by cold pressing. The method involved sequential hydrolysis with enzyme preparations BrewZyme BGX and Meito renin, followed by alkaline extraction and precipitation at an isoelectric point. The amount of protein in the concentrates was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and the amino acid composition – by capillary electrophoresis. The experiment revealed the optimal concentrations and time, at which the enzymatic hydrolysis effectively removed the residual oil and increased the protein yield. When BrewZyme BGX was applied at a concentration of 8 mg/L for 120 min, it reduced the residual oil content by 5.53%. A further treatment with the proteolytic enzyme Microbial Meito Rennet for 60–120 min increased the protein yield by 10.56–11.33% compared with the fat-free sample. The biological value of protein concentrates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis was 2% higher than for traditional approaches. The enzymatic extraction made it possible to avoid the de-greasing stage and raise the protein yield up to 68.86% of the total protein content without reducing the biological value of the finished product.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an indispensable oilseed crop, and its seeds contain many unsaturated fatty acids. FAD (fatty acid desaturase) regulates the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. In this research, we performed CsFAD gene family analysis and identified 24 CsFAD genes in Camelina, which were unevenly distributed on 14 of the 19 total chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsFAD includes four subfamilies, supported by the conserved structures and motifs of CsFAD genes. In addition, we investigated the expression patterns of the FAD family in the different tissues of Camelina. We found that CsFAD family genes were all expressed in the stem, and CsFAD2-2 was highly expressed in the early stage of seed development. Moreover, during low temperature (4 °C) stress, we identified that the expression level of CsFAD2-2 significantly changed. By observing the transient expression of CsFAD2-2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts, we found that CsFAD2-2 was located on the nucleus. Through the detection and analysis of fatty acids, we prove that CsFAD2-2 is involved in the synthesis of linolenic acid (C18:3). In conclusion, we identified CsFAD2-2 through the phylogenetic analysis of the CsFAD gene family and further determined the fatty acid content to find that CsFAD2-2 is involved in fatty acid synthesis in Camelina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation of agromorphological traits can be useful for breeders in the selection of plant genotypes. In this study, the rosette period (days), days of maturity, plant height (cm), 1000-seed weight (g), and seed yield (kg ha–1) characteristics of 42 different Camelina genotypes that grown in Ankara (middle Anatolia) and Şanlıurfa (southeastern Anatolia), and their correlations with each other, were investigated. The accessions showed different results depending on the location in terms of the studied characters in both locations under rainfed conditions. The results showed that the highest seed yield was obtained from the PI 311735 accession (3151.8 kg ha–1) in Ankara and the PI 650142 accession (3056.0 kg ha–1) in Şanlıurfa. While the rosette period (days), days of maturity, plant height (cm), and 1000-seed weight (g), in Ankara were between 152.3 and 132.3 days, 274 and 247 days, 103.8 and 59.5 cm, and 1.50 and 0.84 g, while there were between 108.8 and 88.8 days, 202.1 and 180.1 days, 115.4 and 59.2 cm, and 1.40 and 0.50 g, in Şanlıurfa, respectively. Results showed significant differences among the genotypes in all of the studied parameters. Correlation analysis of the genotypes in both locations on the mentioned parameters was also performed. Since climate and environment affect each agromorphological parameter differently, it was observed that a genotypic correlation independent of the climate and environment could not be explained in the Camelina sativa genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprouts are increasingly present in the human diet, being tasty and healthy foods high in antioxidant compounds. Although there is a body of literature on the sprouting of many plant species, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz has not yet been studied for this purpose. This study aimed to characterize the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of seeds and sprouts of five different Camelina cultivars (ALBA, CO46, CCE43, JOELLE, and VERA). In particular, the contents of phenolic compounds (PCs), phenolic acids (PAs), and glucosinolates (GLSs) were investigated. PCs, PAs, GLSs, and the antioxidant activity of seeds differed among cultivars and were greatly increased by sprouting. A PCA analysis underlined both the effect of the cultivar (PC2) and the germination (PC1) on the nutritional properties of Camelina. The best nutritional properties of seeds were observed for ALBA and CCE43, while the best nutritional properties of sprouts were recorded for CCE43 and JOELLE, since the latter cultivar showed a greater enhancement in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity with sprouting. Finally, a UHPLC-UV procedure for the analysis of GLSs in Camelina was developed and validated. The performance criteria of the proposed method demonstrated that it is useful for the analysis of GLSs in Camelina.

Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], a recently rediscovered oil crop is becoming of interest to both industry and farmers due to its relatively wide use. The amount of camelina seed production is / will be influenced both by the demand from the industry and by the suitable conditions that allow its profitable cultivation. A preliminary insight on optimal part of the used arable land in Slovakia suitable for growing this crop was based on available information on the environmental requirements of camelina and the system of land evaluation units of agricultural soils. These data have been acquired from database managed and continuously updated by National Agriculture and Food Centre – Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Bratislava. From this database information concerning the climatic region, slope, soil texture, soil depth, and skeleton content were used. The obtained results show that approximately 27% of the acreage of utilised arable land has optimal quality for spring camelina cultivation in Slovakia. If camelina will be used for the production of various biobased materials, on a smaller scale (several thousand hectares) it is possible to grow this crop without a significant restriction of the cultivation of other crops, especially those intended for food and feed production. In case of camelina utilisation as a feedstock for conventional biofuels production, it is necessary to take into account its competitiveness compared to oilseed rape, which is currently the main raw material for FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) production, both in terms of profitability of cultivation and CO2 emissions per tonne of oilseed yield.

The vast majority of human energy needs are met by fossil fuels. In the short term, the use of non-renewable resources will not be able to contribute to the sustainable development of the world economy due to depletion of their reserves, rising oil prices and significant damage to the environment. These environmental and economic risks are the basis for the development of renewable bioenergy. Oilseeds are considered as a promising source for biofuel production. One of the areas of work in the range of outlined issues is the selection, selection and development of biotechnology of promising oilseeds, including red seed Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. The text of the article highlights the methodological issues of obtaining a sterile culture of ryegrass varieties of Ukrainian selection "Klondike" and the development of procedures for its further multiplication in vitro. Classical morphological and biotechnological methods of obtaining and maintaining sterile crops were used in the study tasks. Aseptic culture of ryegrass was obtained from zygotic seed germs. We optimized the sterilization procedure of plant material and for the first time showed a positive effect on the disinfection of sterile-type sterilants (0.01%, Merck, exposure 15-20 min) and chlorhexidine bigluconate (0.05%, exposure 30-35 min). It was established that Murashige-Skug (MS) is the optimal formulation of the basic medium for the experimental variety of red rice at the initial stages of introduction, and later, during clonal micropropagation. The best biomass growth rates were recorded on MS with sucrose content in the range of 20 g/l. Thus, we developed a decontamination procedure and obtained a sterile culture of red rice, selected media for introduction and subsequent multiplication in order to increase plant biomass in vitro. The results obtained during the work are part of a comprehensive study and will be used in the development of eco-innovative approaches to the efficient use of renewable plant resources through photocatalytic conversion of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) function importantly in numerous life processes in plants. However, bZIP members and their biological roles remain unknown in Camelina sativa , a worldwide promising oil crop. Here, 220 CsbZIP proteins were identified in camelina and classified into thirteen groups. Two and 347 pairs of tandem and segmental duplication genes were detected to be underwent purification selection, with segmental duplication as the main driven-force of CsbZIP gene family expansion. Most CsbZIP genes displayed a tissue-specific expression pattern. Particularly, CsbZIP-A12 significantly positively correlated with many FA/oil biosynthesis-related genes, indicating CsbZIP-A12 may regulate lipid biosynthesis. Notably, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), β-Glucuronidase (GUS), dual-luciferase (LUC) and EMSA assays evidenced that CsbZIP-A12 located in nucleus interacted with the promoters of CsSAD2–3 and CsFAD3–3 genes responsible for unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis, thus activating their transcriptions. Overexpression of CsbZIP-A12 led to an increase of total lipid by 3.275 % compared to the control, followed with oleic and α-linolenic acid levels enhanced by 3.4 % and 5.195 %, and up-regulated the expressions of CsSAD2–3 , CsFAD3–3 and CsPDAT2–3 in camelina seeds. Furthermore, heterogeneous expression of CsbZIP-A12 significantly up-regulated the expressions of NtSAD2 , NtFAD3 and NtPDAT genes in tobacco plants, thereby improving the levels of total lipids and UFAs in both leaves and seeds without negative effects on other agronomic traits. Together, our findings suggest that CsbZIP-A12 upregulates FA/oil biosynthesis by activating CsSAD2–3 and CsFAD3–3 as well as possible other related genes. These data lay a foundation for further functional analyses of CsbZIPs, providing new insights into the TF-based lipid metabolic engineering to increase vegetable oil yield and health-beneficial quality in oilseeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to study the monosaccharide composition of WSPS, PS and HC, isolated from the raw materials of Camelina sativa and Camelina microcarpa and to establish the quantitative content of these fractions. Materials and methods. The analysis of the composition of biologically active substances of carbohydrate nature was carried out in herb and seeds of Camelina sativa (variety "Slavutych") and Camelina microcarpa. Samples of seeds for growing plants were provided by the National Center for Genetic Resources of Plants of Ukraine (The Plant Production Institute ND. V.YA. YURIEVA, NAAS of Ukraine). For the studies, the carbohydrates were separated by the Bailey method into monosaccharide fractions, which were used for TLC and quantification using a modified Dreywood spectrophotometric method with anthrone reagent in concentrated sulfuric acid. Results. The presence of glucose, galactose and arabinose was determined in the hydrolysates of polysaccharide fractions of Camelina sativa of herb and seeds. Galactose, glucose, arabinose and xylose were found in the hydrolysates of polysaccharide fractions of Camelina microcarpa herb and seeds. The highest content of WSPS was determined in the herb of Camelina sativa, and the lowest - in the seeds of Camelina microcarpa. PS in the largest number were also found in the herb, and in the smallest - in the seeds of Camelina sativa. The content of the amount of HC was the highest in the herb of Camelina sativa, and the smallest - in the seeds of Camelina sativa. Conclusions. The presence of 3 monosaccharides in the raw material of Camelina sativa and 4 monosaccharides in the raw material of Camelina microcarpa was established by TLC. The quantitative content of monosaccharide fractions was determined by the spectrophotometric method, which in total predominated in Camelina sativa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an oilseed plant common in Europe and Asia. This study used the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to examine the differences in the aroma on the basis of extraction method such as water distillation extraction (CSPW), Solid-phase microextraction (CSPM) and subcritical extraction (CSPS). Antibacterial test was evaluated by the microdilution method against Salmonella typhimurium , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Strepococcus pyogenens , Staphylococcus aureus , and antioxidant activity was determined through DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity activity. The result revealed that three extraction methods were distinct from each other based on their volatile compounds. Sixty-one volatiles of diverse chemical nature were identified and quantified. The volatile components contain thioether, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, acids, esters, alkene, alkanes, amide, and furan compounds. The volatile components of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz have good antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, this work provides reference methods for detecting novel volatile organic compounds in plants and products.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an important Brassicaceae oil crop with a number of excellent agronomic traits including low water and fertilizer input, strong adaptation and resistance. Furthermore, its short life cycle and easy genetic transformation, combined with available data of genome and other “-omics” have enabled camelina as a model oil plant to study lipid metabolism regulation and genetic improvement. Particularly, camelina is capable of rapid metabolic engineering to synthesize and accumulate high levels of unusual fatty acids and modified oils in seeds, which are more stable and environmentally friendly. Such engineered camelina oils have been increasingly used as the super resource for edible oil, health-promoting food and medicine, biofuel oil and high-valued chemical production. In this review, we mainly highlight the latest advance in metabolic engineering towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism for commercial production of desirable bio-based products using camelina as an ideal platform. Moreover, we deeply analysis camelina seed metabolic engineering strategy and its promising achievements by describing the metabolic assembly of biosynthesis pathways for acetyl glycerides, hydroxylated fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (ω-7) and other high-value oils. Future prospects are discussed, with a focus on the cutting-edge techniques in camelina such as genome editing application, fine directed manipulation of metabolism and future outlook for camelina industry development.

Abstract The aim of the research was to conduct a comparative study of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of macro- and microelements in the seeds of the Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Materials and methods. Seeds of the Slavutych Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Camelina microcarpa Andrz. were selected as the subject of the study. Samples of seeds were provided by the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine. The seeds were collected in summer 2017 on the territory of Zaporizhzhia and Poltava region. To determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of macro- and microelements, an atomic emission spectrograph method with photographic registration on the DFS-8 device was used. Results. The obtained experimental data on the macro- and microelement composition of the seeds of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Camelina microcarpa Andrz. indicate that there are at least 19 elements in the raw material. The seeds of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz accumulate in the largest quantities (mg/100 g): 1) macroelements: potassium – 1500, phosphorus – 470, magnesium – 235, calcium – 190; 2) microelements: ferrous – 16,4, zinc – 7,0, aluminum – 3,0, manganese – 2,8, nicole – 1,78, cuprum – 1,12. The accumulation of elements in the Camelina microcarpa Andrz. differs from their content in the seed of the Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and amounts to (mg/100 g): 1) macroelements: potassium – 840, magnesium – 105, calcium – 105, phosphorus – 85; 2) microelements: ferrum – 2.7, zinc – 2.5, aluminum – 2.3, manganese – 1.5. Conclusions. As a result of atomic emission spectrography with photographic registration, elemental composition has been established in the seeds of the C. sativa (L.) Crantz and C. microcarpa Andrz for the first time. 19 elements have been detected. In the seeds of the Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, the content of each of the elements prevails over the content of the elements in the Camelina microcarpa Andrz seeds. The obtained results testify the prospect of further phytochemical study of biologically active substances of vegetative raw materials of the Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Camelina microcarpa Andrz., in order to find new medicinal plants and to create new drugs based on them.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an important Brassicaceae oil crop with a number of excellent agronomic traits including low water and fertilizer input, strong adaptation and resistance. Furthermore, its short life cycle and easy genetic transformation, combined with available data of genome and other "-omics" have enabled camelina as a model oil plant to study lipid metabolism regulation and genetic improvement. Particularly, camelina is capable of rapid metabolic engineering to synthesize and accumulate high levels of unusual fatty acids and modified oils in seeds, which are more stable and environmentally friendly. Such engineered camelina oils have been increasingly used as the super resource for edible oil, health-promoting food and medicine, biofuel oil and high-valued chemical production. In this review, we mainly highlight the latest advance in metabolic engineering towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism for commercial production of desirable bio-based products using camelina as an ideal platform. Moreover, we deeply analysis camelina seed metabolic engineering strategy and its promising achievements by describing the metabolic assembly of biosynthesis pathways for acetyl glycerides, hydroxylated fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (ω-7) and other high-value oils. Future prospects are discussed, with a focus on the cutting-edge techniques in camelina such as genome editing application, fine directed manipulation of metabolism and future outlook for camelina industry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Se realizó un ensayo de campo con camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz para estudiar su comportamiento en rotación de cultivo con un ensayo de fitorremediación con cardo (Cynara cardunculus L.), en un suelo representativo de un agroecosistema semiárido. El diseño experimental constó de parcelas sembradas con Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, aprovechando la fertilización residual de enmiendas con dosis de lodo secado térmicamente (ST50) y (ST100) y de lodo compostado con resto de poda (CP50) y (CP100) comparados con un suelo control (T), en rotación de cultivo con un ensayo de fitorremediación con cardo. En términos generales, la fertilización residual con el lodo secado térmicamente (ST50) mejora la respuesta del cultivo, aumentando los valores de producción respecto del control y de la fertilización residual con lodo compostado con resto de poda. También con el efecto residual del lodo secado térmicamente (ST50) se consigue un aprovechamiento más eficaz del nitrógeno aplicado (proteína) y un mayor contenido en grasa. Respecto de las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo los resultados obtenidos muestran que los suelos fertilizados con lodos experimentaron un incremento de pH, materia orgánica, P, K, Ca, Mg y Na. La concentración de micronutrientes Cu, Zn y Ni y metales pesados Cr, Cd y Pb aumentó respecto del testigo, pero no hubo riesgos de contaminación.

Objective – to study the content of nutrients in the plants of different varieties and cultivars of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in the flowering stage. Material and methods. Investigations were carried out with cultivars and varieties of C. sativa own selection. We used to research the laboratory methods. Results. It was marked the accumulation of dry matter from 18.13 % (сv. Peremoha) to 23.38 % (сv. Kolondaik), ascorbic acid – from 207.23 mg% (сv. Kolondaik) to 410.23 mg% (сv. Pivnichna krasunya), carotene – from 0.43 mg% (сv. Yevro-12) to 2.23 mg% (сv. Peremoha), ash – from 5.08 % (сv. Kolondaik) to 8.75 % (f. ЕОRZHI AF-1), calcium – from 1.008 % (сv. Yevro-12) to 2.633 % (сv. Kolondaik), phosphorus – from 0.086 % (сv. Mirazh) to 0.157 % (f. ЕОRZHIAF-1), the total content of sugars – from 4.76 % (f. ЕОRZHIAFCH) to 8.12 % (сv. Peremoha). Power plant value of investigated plants was from 3925.71 to 4097.00 kkal/kg that depends on cultivar and variety. The content of pigments and their ration are determined. The ration of chlorophylls was from 2.51 (сv. Yevro-12) to 2.82 (сv. Pivnichna krasunya), chlorophylls to carotenoids – from 1.99 (сv. Pivnichna krasunya) to 3.22 (сv. Mirazh). Research of antioxidant activity by DPPH-method (reaction with 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) shown that the methanol extracts from above-ground part of plants inhibited the activity of radical on 25.67–55.88 % and water extracts – on 47.18–84.60 % that depends from cultivar or variety. Conclusions. The raw plant material of C. sativa is potent source of the vitamins, macroelements, ash and total content of sugars. These plants can compete with the other energetic cultures by energetic value.

A field trial with Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz was performed to study their behavior following a residual of previous crop fertilization in a representative soil of a semiarid agroecosystem. The experimental design consisted of plots sown with Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz in crop rotation with Cynara cardunculus L. and using their residual fertilizer amendments (ST50) and (ST100) thermally-dried sewage sludge and (CP50) and (CP100) composted sewage sludge with pruning waste, which were compared with a control soil (control). Overall, fertilization thermally-dried sewage sludge (ST50) improved crop response, increasing production values compared to control and fertilization with composted sewage sludge with pruning waste. Moreover, with the residual effect of the thermally-dried sewage sludge (ST50) a more efficient utilization of the applied nitrogen (protein) is achieved, as well as a higher fat content. Regarding the physicochemical properties of soil, the results show that the soil fertilized with sludge had an increase of pH, organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. The concentration of micronutrients Cu, Zn and Ni and heavy metals Cr, Cd and Pb increase over the control, but there was no risk of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study – determine production, energy, and introduction potentials of various forms of Camelina sativa as a perspective raw plant material for biofuel production. Material and methods. Research results on various forms and cultivars of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz created in M.M Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine in collaboration with Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of the NAS of Ukraine are presented. Lipid content was estimated using Soxtherm extraction system. Method of reverse phase liquid chromatography was applied to evaluate triglyceride content. The energy value of samples was calculated with C200 calorimeter system. Results. We established that the most productive yield of above-ground plant mass of Camelina sativa is reached when a planting of seeds is done from the third decade of april to the third decade of may. Camelina sativa plants can provide 13,92–25,20 t/ha yield of above ground plant mass. The highest value of plant biomass (above ground mass, seeds, roots) is produced by Peremoga and Euro-12 cultivars. Camelina sativa plants can produce 3237–4111 kg/ha of seed harvest. Various forms and cultivars of Camelina sativa are distinguished by high energy value of their seeds (5678–5965 Kcal/ha) and a reasonable energy yield per one square unit (18,72–23,95 Gcal/ha). Seeds of Camelina sativa have rich lipid value (36,04–43,89%), what can yield 1058–1330 kg/ha during harvest. High heat capacity of Camelina sativa oil results in substantial amounts of generated energy (9,80–12,35 Gcal/ha). The greatest yield on lipids and therefore on energy production from plants seeds are most common for Peremoga, Euro-12 cultivars and EORGHJAF-4 form. Increased quantities of linolenic, linoleic, oleic, gondoic (11-eicosenoic acid) palmitic, and erucic acids are found in all forms and cultivars of Camelina sativa. The highest quantities of polyunsaturated linolenic are prevalent for EORGHJAFD (38,271 %) and Euro-12 (35,564%). Increased quantity of linoleic acid is determined for Klondayk cultivar and EORGHJAF-4, EORGHJAFD, EORGHJAFCH forms. Among experimental plants suitable for food purposes the most attention is drawn to forms and cultivars with high oleic acid EORGHJAF-2 (18,467 %), Mirag (17,482 %) and Peremoga (17,319 %). Conclusions. Forms EORGHJAFCHP, EORGHJAF-5 and cultivar Euro-12 of Camelina sativa with increased erucic acid content are used for industrial and energy purposes. Fatty acid rich composition of Camelina sativa oil makes it valuable raw material for energy, food, medicine and industrial purposes.

Variety trial was conducted in year 2012 at four locations in two growing areas of Slovenia on different soils (Rakičan - heavy soil, Murska Sobota - light soil, Savinja Valley - medium heavy and heavy soil). Six varieties of Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz): Slovenian landrace variety, Vega and Hoga (Danish varieties), Ligena and Calena (German) and organically produced seed of variety Calena = Bio Calena were investigated. Fat content of the seed was from 27 % to 35 % (w/w). At all locations, the variety with the highest or second highest fat content was Hoga. The highest fat content at all varieties was at the location Savinja Valley - heavy soil, probably due to higher water capacity of such soil in rather dry year. Variety Ligena has the highest oil yield at all locations. Fats composition among varieties differed, but the majority of different fat acids contents was within the expected limits. Eruca acid content was lower than 3.5 % in all varieties. Bio Calena has achieved the highest omega-3 fatty acids content (34.4 %), the lowest content was in variety Vega (28.3 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina [ Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] is cultivated worldwide as a rotational oilseed crop under a range of agronomic and environmental conditions. In recent years, interest in camelina has increased due to its short vegetation season, modest agricultural and environmental requirements for cultivation, high seed and biomass (straw) yield, high seed oil content, high polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the oil, and multiple uses. This paper is an overview of the initial steps of any camelina-based production process, such as plant cultivation and harvesting, seed pretreatment, and oil recovery. The main features of the camelina plant and seed are shortly described. The prominent issues of harvesting, cleaning, drying, storing, and pretreating of camelina seed are discussed. The main part of the paper is focused on oil recovery from the pretreated seed. The traits of various camelina oil recovery methods are stressed. The physicochemical properties and composition of camelina oil, with an emphasis on fatty acid profile and bioactive substances (tocopherols, vitamins, polyphenols, sterols, glucosinolates, etc.) contents, are considered. The traditional, actual, and prospective uses of camelina seed, oil, meal, and straw are briefly overviewed. Based on the fatty acid profile of the oil, the bioactive constituents of the meal, and the lignocellulosic content of straw, the camelina plant can be utilized in the biofuels, food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Future valorization of camelina should be based on full exploitation of its whole biomass in a biorefinery as it will give the high-added-value to its oil, meal, and straw. • Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a promising industrial crop. • Camelina seed processing includes cleaning, pretreatment, and oil recovery. • Pressing and solvent extraction are two main methods of camelina seed oil recovery. • The pre-press/solvent extraction process is the most efficient oil recovery method. • Whole camelina biomass can be fully valorized employing the biorefinery concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted to determine the oil yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of different sowing dates in false flax (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) under Ankara dried condition in 2010-2011 vegetation season. Sowingdates were Octoberl,October 15, November 1 and November 15 in 2010, and March 15, April 1, April 15 and May 1 in 2011. In this study the experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. In research, the oil yield (kg/da), oil content (%) and fatty acid componenets were examined in different sowing dates. The values of oil content (%), oil yield (kg/da) among the different sowing dates ranged from 20,57 to 39,47 %and 0,32 to 129,78 kg/da, respectively. Accord ing to the result of this research, the first sowing date gave the highest value of the oil yield (129,78 kg/da). The highest oil content (39,47) was also recorded for the fourth sowing date. Fatty acids, linolenic add (24,86-32,26%), linoleicacid (18,45-23,36%), oleic acid (16,03-17,59 %) and palmitic acid (5,89-7,04 5%), were main oil components for all sowing dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beside marine fish some oilseeds also contain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eating habits of people are very difficult to change, so it makes sense changing the composition of fat through the diet of food animals for dairy and meat production. In a broader research we want to investigate a possibility of false flax inclusion in the diet of farm animals. But, first of all it is necessary to find suitable varieties for cultivation of this oilseed crop in our soil and climatic conditions also on a large scale, in terms of providing suitable yield. Variety trial was conducted in 2012 at four locations (Prekmurje and Savinja valley and on different soil). Included varieties were: Danish Vega and Hoga, German Calena, Bio Calena and Ligena and Slovenian autochthonous variety. Location had a significant impact on the yield of false flax. Positive impact in 2012, which was rather dry year with high temperatures, had higher soil water capacity. Variety Vega reached the lowest and variety Ligena the highest yield, followed by Bio Calena and Calena. The crop showed rapid, sudden maturation in the conditions of high temperatures and dry air; husks started popping suddenly, resulting in loss of seeds. Also, for false flax production there are no registered pesticides for the control of weeds, diseases and pests in Slovenia which presented noteworthy production problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina sativa has been grown by local farmers in the Koroška region since the middle of the 20th Century. C. sativa is characterized as a low-input crop and hence economical to produce. This allows the production to proceed under ecological conditions. The weight of 1000 seeds ranges from 0.8 to 1.8 g. The seeds contain up to 40% (wt.) of oil. Camelina oil contains around 35% (wt.) omega-3 essential fatty acid. Characterized as a functional food, Camelina oil is suitable for cold cooking or as a folk medicine. Due to its high protein content, oil cake is suitable for consumption by animals as fodder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha−1) and sulfur (0, 15, 30 kg ha−1) fertilization on the energy efficiency ratio of spring camelina produced in north-eastern Poland. The energy inputs in the production of camelina ranged from 5.1 (without nitrogen and sulfur fertilization) to 17.7 GJ ha−1 (160 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg S ha−1). The energy output of camelina produced without nitrogen or sulfur fertilizers was determined at 28.38 (seeds) and 61.53 GJ ha−1 (seeds and straw). High rates of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization increased the energy output of camelina seeds and biomass by up to 186% and 155%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer applied at 120 kg ha−1 decreased the energy efficiency ratio by 49% in seeds and by 55% in total biomass. The application of sulfur increased the energy efficiency ratio of seeds by 1–8%, and the energy efficiency ratio of total biomass by 1–5%. Sulfur enhanced the energy efficiency ratio of camelina in production technologies with high rates of nitrogen fertilization. • N and S fertilization increased energy inputs by 343% and 2–3%, respectively. • N and S fertilization increased the energy output of seeds by 71% and 5%, respectively. • N and S fertilization increased the energy output of biomass by 52% and 3%, respectively. • N fertilization decreased the energy efficiency ratio by 49% (seeds) and by 55% (biomass). • S fertilization increased the energy efficiency ratio by 1–8% (seeds) and by 1–5% (biomass). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three CsDGAT3 members with structural integrity are identified in camelina genome. • Three CsDGAT3s have different expression pattern with possible different functions. • CsDGAT3-3 has higher enzyme activity and substrate preference for eicosenoic acid. • CsDGAT3-3 can be used in gene engineering to increase oil & UFA yield in oilseeds. • The present findings advance our knowledge of TAG assembly & regulation in plants. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) catalyze the final committed step of de novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) in plant seeds. This study was to functionally characterize DGAT3 genes in Camelina sativa , an important oil crops accumulating high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in seeds. Three camelina DGAT3 genes (CsDGAT3-1 , CsDGAT3-2 and CsDGAT3-3) were identified, and the encoded proteins were predicted to be cytosolic-soluble proteins present as a homodimer containing the 2Fe-2S domain. They had divergent expression patterns in various tissues, suggesting that they may function in tissue-specific manner with CsDGAT3-1 in roots, CsDGAT3-2 in flowers and young seedlings, and CsDGAT3-3 in developing seeds. Functional complementation assay in yeast demonstrated that CsDGAT3-3 restored TAG synthesis. TAG content and UFAs, particularly eicosenoic acid (EA, 20:1n-9) were largely increased by adding exogenous UFAs in the yeast medium. Further heterogeneously transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves and seed-specific expression in tobacco seeds indicated that CsDGAT3-3 significantly enhanced oil and UFA accumulation with much higher level of EA. Overall, CsDGAT3-3 exhibited a strong abilty catalyzing TAG synthesis and high substrate preference for UFAs, especially for 20:1n-9. The present data provide new insights for further understanding oil biosynthesis mechanism in camelina seeds, indicating that CsDGAT3-3 may have practical applications for increasing both oil yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article discusses the results of the study of the pharmacological activity of plant extracts from Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz: total herb extract (ECS) and oil from seeds (OCS). ECS was obtained from non-fat raw materials by the method of fractional maceration with 70% ethanol. OCS was obtained by means of extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. Possible hypoglycemic activity of the extracts and dose selection were evaluated by primary pharmacological screening. Maximum hypoglycemic activity for ECS and OCS at a dose of 200 mg/kg was detected. A deeper study of the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of the extracts was performed on an experimental model of metabolic syndrome in rats that was induced by excessive doses of fructose (20% solution) for 8 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, the animals additionally received extracts and the reference preparation Metformin® (150 mg/kg). The characteristics of glucose homeo-stasis were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test and short insulin test. The study also examined the content of total cholesterol and triglycerides. It was found that ECS and OCS of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz at a dose of 200 mg/kg being administered for 14 days under conditions of high-fructose diet statistically significantly inhibited the formation of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. ECS was found to have a pronounced lipid-lowering effect on lipid metabolism. The obtained results require further study of this plant raw material.