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1. CUBES: a UV spectrograph for the future

Author

Covino, S., Cristiani, S., Alcala', J. M., Alencar, S. H. P., Balashev, S. A., Barbuy, B., Bastian, N., Battino, U., Bissell, L., Bristow, P., Calcines, A., Calderone, G., Cambianica, P., Carini, R., Carter, B., Cassisi, S., Castilho, B. V., Cescutti, G., Christlieb, N., Cirami, R., Conzelmann, R., Coretti, I., Cooke, R., Cremonese, G., Cunha, K., Cupani, G., da Silva, A. R., D'Auria, D., De Caprio, V., De Cia, A., Dekker, H., D'Elia, V., De Silva, G., Diaz, M., Di Marcantonio, P., D'Odorico, V., Ernandes, H., Evans, C., Fitzsimmons, A., Franchini, M., Gaensicke, B., Genoni, M., Giribaldi, R. E., Gneiding, C., Grazian, A., Hansen, C. J., Hopgood, J., Kosmalski, J., La Forgia, F., La Penna, P., Landoni, M., Lazzarin, M., Lunney, D., Maciel, W., Marcolino, W., Marconi, M., Migliorini, A., Miller, C., Modigliani, A., Noterdaeme, P., Oggioni, L., Opitom, C., Pariani, G., Pilecki, B., Piranomonte, S., Quirrenbach, A., Redaelli, E. M. A., Pereira, C. B., Randich, S., Rossi, S., Sanchez-Janssen, R., Schoeller, M., Seifert, W., Smiljanic, R., Snodgrass, C., Squalli, O., Stilz, I., Stuermer, J., Trost, A., Vanzella, E., Ventura, P., Verducci, O., Waring, C., Watson, S., Wells, M., Wright, D., Zafar, T., Zanutta, A., and Zins, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

In spite of the advent of extremely large telescopes in the UV/optical/NIR range, the current generation of 8-10m facilities is likely to remain competitive at ground-UV wavelengths for the foreseeable future. The Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph (CUBES) has been designed to provide high-efficiency (>40%) observations in the near UV (305-400 nm requirement, 300-420 nm goal) at a spectral resolving power of R>20,000, although a lower-resolution, sky-limited mode of R ~ 7,000 is also planned. CUBES will offer new possibilities in many fields of astrophysics, providing access to key lines of stellar spectra: a tremendous diversity of iron-peak and heavy elements, lighter elements (in particular Beryllium) and light-element molecules (CO, CN, OH), as well as Balmer lines and the Balmer jump (particularly important for young stellar objects). The UV range is also critical in extragalactic studies: the circumgalactic medium of distant galaxies, the contribution of different types of sources to the cosmic UV background, the measurement of H2 and primordial Deuterium in a regime of relatively transparent intergalactic medium, and follow-up of explosive transients. The CUBES project completed a Phase A conceptual design in June 2021 and has now entered the Phase B dedicated to detailed design and construction. First science operations are planned for 2028. In this paper, we briefly describe the CUBES project development and goals, the main science cases, the instrument design and the project organization and management., Comment: Proceedings for the HACK100 conference, Trieste, June 2022. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2208.01672

Published
2022

2. The CUBES Science Case

Author

Evans, Chris, Cristiani, Stefano, Opitom, Cyrielle, Cescutti, Gabriele, D'Odorico, Valentina, Alcalá, Juan Manuel, Alencar, Silvia H. P., Balashev, Sergei, Barbuy, Beatriz, Bastian, Nate, Battino, Umberto, Cambianica, Pamela, Carini, Roberta, Carter, Brad, Cassisi, Santi, Castilho, Bruno Vaz, Christlieb, Norbert, Cooke, Ryan, Covino, Stefano, Cremonese, Gabriele, Cunha, Katia, da Silva, André R., D'Elia, Valerio, De Cia, Annalisa, De Silva, Gayandhi, Diaz, Marcos, Di Marcantonio, Paolo, Ernandes, Heitor, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Franchini, Mariagrazia, Gänsicke, Boris T., Genoni, Matteo, Giribaldi, Riano E., Grazian, Andrea, Hansen, Camilla Juul, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Lazzarin, Monica, Marcolino, Wagner, Marconi, Marcella, Migliorini, Alessandra, Noterdaeme, Pasquier, Pereira, Claudio, Pilecki, Bogumil, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Randich, Sofia, Rossi, Silvia, Smiljanic, Rodolfo, Snodgrass, Colin, Stürmer, Julian, Trost, Andrea, Vanzella, Eros, Ventura, Paolo, Wright, Duncan, and Zafar, Tayyaba

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We introduce the scientific motivations for the development of the Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph (CUBES) that is now in construction for the Very Large Telescope. The assembled cases span a broad range of contemporary topics across Solar System, Galactic and extragalactic astronomy, where observations are limited by the performance of current ground-based spectrographs shortwards of 400nm. A brief background to each case is presented and specific technical requirements on the instrument design that flow-down from each case are identified. These were used as inputs to the CUBES design, that will provide a factor of ten gain in efficiency for astronomical spectroscopy over 300-405nm, at resolving powers of R~24,000 and ~7,000. We include performance estimates that demonstrate the ability of CUBES to observe sources that are up to three magnitudes fainter than currently possible at ground-ultraviolet wavelengths, and we place its predicted performance in the context of existing facillities., Comment: Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy

Published
2022
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3. CUBES, the Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph

Author

Cristiani, S., Alcalá, J. M., Alencar, S. H. P., Balashev, S. A., Bastian, N., Barbuy, B., Battino, U., Calcines, A., Calderone, G., Cambianica, P., Carini, R., Carter, B., Cassisi, S., Castilho, B. V., Cescutti, G., Christlieb, N., Cirami, R., Coretti, I., Cooke, R., Covino, S., Cremonese, G., Cunha, K., Cupani, G., da Silva, A. R., De Caprio, V., De Cia, A., Dekker, H., D'Elia, V., De Silva, G., Diaz, M., Di Marcantonio, P., D'Auria, D., D'Odorico, V., Fitzsimmons, A., Ernandes, H., Evans, C., Franchini, M., Genoni, M., Gänsicke, B., Giribaldi, R. E., Gneiding, C., Grazian, A., Hansen, C. J., La Forgia, F., Landoni, M., Lazzarin, M., Lunney, D., Maciel, W., Marcolino, W., Marconi, M., Migliorini, A., Miller, C., Noterdaeme, P., Opitom, C., Pariani, G., Pilecki, B., Piranomonte, S., Quirrenbach, A., Redaelli, E. M. A., Pereira, C. B., Randich, S., Rossi, S., Sanchez-Janssen, R., Seifert, W., Smiljanic, R., Snodgrass, C., Stilz, I., Stürmer, J., Vanzella, E., Ventura, P., Verducci, O., Waring, C., Watson, S., Wells, M., Wright, D., Zafar, T., and Zanutta, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

In the era of Extremely Large Telescopes, the current generation of 8-10m facilities are likely to remain competitive at ground-UV wavelengths for the foreseeable future. The Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph (CUBES) has been designed to provide high-efficiency (>40%) observations in the near UV (305-400 nm requirement, 300-420 nm goal) at a spectral resolving power of R>20,000 (with a lower-resolution, sky-limited mode of R ~ 7,000). With the design focusing on maximizing the instrument throughput (ensuring a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ~20 per high-resolution element at 313 nm for U ~18.5 mag objects in 1h of observations), it will offer new possibilities in many fields of astrophysics, providing access to key lines of stellar spectra: a tremendous diversity of iron-peak and heavy elements, lighter elements (in particular Beryllium) and light-element molecules (CO, CN, OH), as well as Balmer lines and the Balmer jump (particularly important for young stellar objects). The UV range is also critical in extragalactic studies: the circumgalactic medium of distant galaxies, the contribution of different types of sources to the cosmic UV background, the measurement of H2 and primordial Deuterium in a regime of relatively transparent intergalactic medium, and follow-up of explosive transients. The CUBES project completed a Phase A conceptual design in June 2021 and has now entered the detailed design and construction phase. First science operations are planned for 2028., Comment: SPIE proceedings, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2022, Montr\'eal, Canada; 20 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

Published
2022

4. Cometary science with CUBES

Author

Opitom, Cyrielle, Snodgrass, Colin, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Evans, Chris, Cambianica, Pamela, Cremonese, Gabriele, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Lazzarin, Monica, and Migliorini, Alessandra

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The proposed CUBES spectrograph for ESO's Very Large Telescope will be an exceptionally powerful instrument for the study of comets. The gas coma of a comet contains a large number of emission features in the near-UV range covered by CUBES (305-400 nm), which are diagnostic of the composition of the ices in its nucleus and the chemistry in the coma. Production rates and relative ratios between different species reveal how much ice is present and inform models of the conditions in the early solar system. In particular, CUBES will lead to advances in detection of water from very faint comets, revealing how much ice may be hidden in the main asteroid belt, and in measuring isotopic and molecular composition ratios in a much wider range of comets than currently possible, provide constraints on their formation temperatures. CUBES will also be sensitive to emissions from gaseous metals (e.g., FeI and NiI), which have recently been identified in comets and offer an entirely new area of investigation to understand these enigmatic objects., Comment: Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy

Published
2022
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5. Observational constraints to the dynamics of dust particles in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Frattin, Elisa, Bertini, I., Ivanovski, S. L., Marzari, F., Fulle, M., Zakharov, V. V., Moreno, F., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Cambianica, P., Cremonese, G., Ferrari, S., Ferri, F., Guettler, C., La Forgia, F., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Penasa, L., Rotundi, A., Sierks, H., and Tubiana, C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

In this work we aim to characterise the dust motion in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko to provide constraints for theoretical 3D coma models. The OSIRIS camera onboard the Rosetta mission was able for the first time to acquire images of single dust particles from inside the cometary coma, very close to the nucleus. We analyse a large number of particles, performing a significant statistic of their behaviour during the post perihelion period, when the spacecraft covered distances from the nucleus ranging between 80 and 400 km. We describe the particle trajectories, investigating their orientation and finding highly radial motion with respect to the nucleus. Then, from the particle brightness profiles, we derive a particle rotational frequency of v < 3.6 Hz, revealing that they are slow rotators and do not undergo fragmentation. We use scattering models to compare the observed spectral radiance of the particles with the simulated ones in order to estimate their size, finding values that range from millimetres up to centimetres. The statistics performed in this paper provide useful parameters to constrain the cometary coma dynamical models.

Published
2021
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6. High Quality Software for Planetary Science from Space

Author

Lazzarotto, Francesco, Cremonese, Gabriele, Lucchetti, Alice, Re, Cristina, Simioni, Emanuele, Pajola, Maurizio, Cambianica, Pamela, and Munaretto, Giovanni

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Computer Science - Software Engineering, 85-04 (Primary), 85-05, 85-06 (Secondary), D.2.2, B.8.2
Abstract

Planetary science space missions need high quality software ed efficient algorithms in order to extract innovative scientific results from flight data. Reliable and efficient software technologies are increasingly vital to improve and prolong the exploiting of the results of a mission, to allow the application of established algorithms and technologies also to future space missions and for the scientific analysis of archived data. Here after will be given an in-depth analysis study accompanied by implementation examples on ESA and ASI missions and some remarkable results fruit of decades of important experience reached by space agencies and research institutes in the field. Space applications software quality analysis is not different from other application contexts, among the hi-tech and hi-reliability fields. We describe here a Software Quality study in general, then we will focus on the quality of space mission software (s/w) with details on some notable cases., Comment: presentation at XVI Congresso Nazionale di Scienze Planetarie (National Conference on Planetary Sciences) held at Centro Culturale San Gaetano, via Altinate, 71, Padova, Italy on 3-7 February, 2020 Affiliation: University of Padova, 6 pages, 4 figures

Published
2020
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9. CO2 as the main parent source of atomic oxygen in comet C/2017 K2 (Pan-STARRS).

Author

Cambianica, P., Munaretto, G., Cremonese, G., Podio, L., Codella, C., and Boschin, W.

Subjects
*COMETS, *SPECTROGRAPHS, *OXYGEN
Abstract

C/2017 K2 (Pan-STARRS) is an Oort cloud comet discovered in May 2017. Ground observations have revealed that this long-period comet was active at heliocentric distance of 35 au. At such a distance, activity cannot be driven by the sublimation or the exothermic crystallization of water ice. We assume that the activity of comet C/2017 K2 may be driven by the sublimation of super-volatile ices such as CO and CO2. The nature of parent molecules driving the unprecedented activity of comet C/2017 K2 can be investigated by analyzing its spectrum. In particular, the analysis of atomic oxygen emission lines and the calculation of the green (5577.339 Å) to red (6300.304 and 6363.776 Å) line intensity ratio (hereafter G/R) can reveal the nature of molecules driving cometary activity. We report on the detection of atomic oxygen lines in the spectra of comet C/2017 K2 (Pan-STARRS) from high-resolution spectra obtained at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) on 24 June and 2 July 2022 using the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher North (HARPS-N) echelle spectrograph. We found G/R ratios equal to 0.29±0.02 (24 July 2022) and 0.27±0.01 (2 July 2022), which are consistent with a cometary activity driven by CO2, even if located at 2.8 au from the Sun. To better define the nature of the driving molecule, we measured the width of the three oxygen lines and found that the green line in the spectrum of 24 July 2022 is wider than either of the two red lines. This allows us to argue that CO2 is dissociated by highly energetic solar photons that produce O(1S) with a large excess velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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11. Observational constraints to the dynamics of dust particles in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Frattin, E, primary, Bertini, I, additional, Ivanovski, S L, additional, Marzari, F, additional, Fulle, M, additional, Zakharov, V V, additional, Moreno, F, additional, Naletto, G, additional, Lazzarin, M, additional, Cambianica, P, additional, Cremonese, G, additional, Ferrari, S, additional, Ferri, F, additional, Güttler, C, additional, La Forgia, F, additional, Lucchetti, A, additional, Pajola, M, additional, Penasa, L, additional, Rotundi, A, additional, Sierks, H, additional, and Tubiana, C, additional

Published
2021
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12. Long-term measurements of the erosion and accretion of dust deposits on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko with the OSIRIS instrument

Author

Cambianica, P, primary, Cremonese, G, additional, Fulle, M, additional, Simioni, E, additional, Naletto, G, additional, Pajola, M, additional, Lucchetti, A, additional, Penasa, L, additional, Massironi, M, additional, Frattin, E, additional, Güttler, C, additional, Sierks, H, additional, and Tubiana, C, additional

Published
2021
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13. Dust Environment Model of the Interstellar Comet 2I/Borisov

Author

Cremonese, G., primary, Fulle, M., additional, Cambianica, P., additional, Munaretto, G., additional, Capria, M. T., additional, Forgia, F. La, additional, Lazzarin, M., additional, Migliorini, A., additional, Boschin, W., additional, Milani, G., additional, Aletti, A., additional, Arlic, G., additional, Bacci, P., additional, Bacci, R., additional, Bryssinck, E., additional, Carosati, D., additional, Castellano, D., additional, Buzzi, L., additional, Rubbo, S. Di, additional, Facchini, M., additional, Guido, E., additional, Kugel, F., additional, Ligustri, R., additional, Maestripieri, M., additional, Mantero, A., additional, Nicolas, J., additional, Ochner, P., additional, Perrella, C., additional, Trabatti, R., additional, and Valvasori, A., additional

Published
2020
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14. Time evolution of dust deposits in the Hapi region of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Cambianica, P., primary, Fulle, M., additional, Cremonese, G., additional, Simioni, E., additional, Naletto, G., additional, Massironi, M., additional, Penasa, L., additional, Lucchetti, A., additional, Pajola, M., additional, Bertini, I., additional, Bodewits, D., additional, Ceccarelli, C., additional, Ferri, F., additional, Fornasier, S., additional, Frattin, E., additional, Güttler, C., additional, Gutiérrez, P. J., additional, Keller, H. U., additional, Kührt, E., additional, Küppers, M., additional, La Forgia, F., additional, Lazzarin, M., additional, Marzari, F., additional, Mottola, S., additional, Sierks, H., additional, Toth, I., additional, Tubiana, C., additional, and Vincent, J.-B., additional

Published
2020
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15. Bouncing boulders on comet 67P

Author

Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Birch, S., Hayes, A., Zacny, K., Oklay, N., and Cambianica, P.

Subjects
Asteroiden und Kometen, boulders, 67P, comets
Published
2019

16. Time evolution of dust deposits in the Hapi region of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Government of Sweden, Cambianica, P., Fulle, M., Cremonese, G., Simioni, E., Naletto, G., Massironi, M., Penasa, L., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Ceccarelli, C., Ferri, F., Fornasier, S., Frattin, E., Güttler, C., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Keller, H.U., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., La Forgia, F., Lazzarin, M., Marzari, F., Mottola, S., Sierks, H., Toth, I., Tubiana, C., Vincent, J.B., German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Government of Sweden, Cambianica, P., Fulle, M., Cremonese, G., Simioni, E., Naletto, G., Massironi, M., Penasa, L., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Ceccarelli, C., Ferri, F., Fornasier, S., Frattin, E., Güttler, C., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Keller, H.U., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., La Forgia, F., Lazzarin, M., Marzari, F., Mottola, S., Sierks, H., Toth, I., Tubiana, C., and Vincent, J.B.

Abstract

Aims. We provide a measurement of the seasonal evolution of the dust deposit erosion and accretion in the Hapi region of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with a vertical accuracy of 0.2-0.9 m. Methods. We used OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera images with a spatial scale of lower than 1.30 m px-1 and developed a tool to monitor the time evolution of 22 boulder heights with respect to the surrounding dust deposit. The tool is based on the measurement of the shadow length projected by the boulder on the surrounding pebble deposit. Assuming the position of the boulders does not change during the observational period, boulder height variations provide an indication of how the thickness of the surrounding dust layer varies over time through erosion and accretion phenomena. Results. We measured an erosion of the dust deposit of 1.7 ± 0.2 m during the inbound orbit until 12 December, 2014. This value nearly balances the fallout from the southern hemisphere during perihelion cometary activity. During the perihelion phase, the dust deposit then increased by 1.4 ± 0.8 m. This is interpreted as a direct measurement of the fallout thickness. By comparing the erosion rate and dust volume loss rate at the Hapi region measured in the coma, the fallout represents ~96% in volume of the ejecta. The amount of the eroded pristine material from the southern hemisphere, together with its subsequent transport and fallout on the nucleus, led us to discuss the pristine water ice abundance in comet 67P. We determine that the refractory-to-ice mass ratio ranges from 6 to 110 in the perihelion-eroded pristine nucleus, providing a pristine ice mass fraction of (8 ± 7)% in mass. © 2020 ESO.

Published
2020

17. CUBES: the Cassegrain U-band Efficient Spectrograph

Author

Evans, Christopher J., Bryant, Julia J., Motohara, Kentaro, Cristiani, S., Alcalá, J. M., Alencar, S. H. P., Balashev, S., Bastian, N., Barbuy, B., Battino, U., Calcines, A., Calderone, G., Cambianica, P., Carini, R., Carter, B., Cassisi, S., Castilho, B., Cescutti, G., Christlieb, N., Cirami, R., Coretti, I., Cooke, R. J., Covino, S., Cremonese, G., Cunha, K., Cupani, G., da Silva, A., De Caprio, V., De Cia, A., Dekker, H., D'Elia, V., de Silva, G., Diaz, M. P., Di Marcantonio, P., D'Auria, D., D'Odorico, V., Fitzsimmons, A., Ernandes, H., Evans, C., Franchini, M., Genoni, M., Gänsicke, B., Giribaldi, R. E., Gneiding, C., Grazian, A., Hansen, C. J., La Forgia, F., Landoni, M., Lazzarin, M., Lunney, D., Maciel, W. J., Marcolino, W., Marconi, M., Migliorini, A., Miller, C., Noterdaeme, P., Opitom, C., Pariani, G., Pilecki, B., Piranomonte, S., Quirrenbach, A., Redaelli, E. M. A., Pereira, C., Randich, S., Rossi, S., Sanchez-Janssen, R., Seifert, W., Smiljanic, R., Snodgrass, C., Stilz, I., Stürmer, J., Vanzella, E., Ventura, P., Verducci, O., Waring, C., Watson, S., Wells, M., Wright, D., Zafar, T., and Zanutta, A.

Published
2022
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18. Quantitative analysis of isolated boulder fields on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Cambianica, P., primary, Cremonese, G., additional, Naletto, G., additional, Lucchetti, A., additional, Pajola, M., additional, Penasa, L., additional, Simioni, E., additional, Massironi, M., additional, Ferrari, S., additional, Bodewits, D., additional, La Forgia, F., additional, Sierks, H., additional, Lamy, P. L., additional, Rodrigo, R., additional, Koschny, D., additional, Davidsson, B., additional, Barucci, M. A., additional, Bertaux, J.-L., additional, Bertini, I., additional, Da Deppo, V., additional, Debei, S., additional, De Cecco, M., additional, Deller, J., additional, Fornasier, S., additional, Fulle, M., additional, Gutiérrez, P. J., additional, Güttler, C., additional, Ip, W.-H., additional, Keller, H. U., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Lazzarin, M., additional, Lin, Z.-Y., additional, López-Moreno, J. J., additional, Marzari, F., additional, Mottola, S., additional, Shi, X., additional, Scholten, F., additional, Toth, I., additional, Tubiana, C., additional, and Vincent, J.-B., additional

Published
2019
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19. Spectrophotometric variegation of the layering in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by OSIRIS

Author

Tognon, G., primary, Ferrari, S., additional, Penasa, L., additional, La Forgia, F., additional, Massironi, M., additional, Naletto, G., additional, Lazzarin, M., additional, Cambianica, P., additional, Lucchetti, A., additional, Pajola, M., additional, Ferri, F., additional, Güttler, C., additional, Davidsson, B., additional, Deshapriya, P., additional, Fornasier, S., additional, Mottola, S., additional, Tóth, I., additional, Sierks, H., additional, Lamy, P. L., additional, Rodrigo, R., additional, Koschny, D., additional, Barbieri, C., additional, Barucci, M. A., additional, Bertaux, J.-L., additional, Bertini, I., additional, Bodewits, D., additional, Cremonese, G., additional, Da Deppo, V., additional, Debei, S., additional, De Cecco, M., additional, Deller, J., additional, Franceschi, M., additional, Frattin, E., additional, Fulle, M., additional, Gutiérrez, P. J., additional, Ip, W.-H., additional, Keller, H. U., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, López-Moreno, J. J., additional, Marzari, F., additional, Petropoulou, V., additional, Shi, X., additional, and Tubiana, C., additional

Published
2019
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20. Multidisciplinary analysis of the Hapi region located on Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Pajola, M, primary, Lee, J-C, additional, Oklay, N, additional, Hviid, S F, additional, Penasa, L, additional, Mottola, S, additional, Shi, X, additional, Fornasier, S, additional, Davidsson, B, additional, Giacomini, L, additional, Lucchetti, A, additional, Massironi, M, additional, Vincent, J B, additional, Bertini, I, additional, Naletto, G, additional, Ip, W H, additional, Sierks, H, additional, Lamy, P L, additional, Rodrigo, R, additional, Koschny, D, additional, Keller, H U, additional, Agarwal, J, additional, Barucci, M A, additional, Bertaux, J L, additional, Bodewits, D, additional, Cambianica, P, additional, Cremonese, G, additional, Da Deppo, V, additional, Debei, S, additional, De Cecco, M, additional, Deller, J, additional, El Maarry, M R, additional, Feller, C, additional, Ferrari, S, additional, Fulle, M, additional, Gutierrez, P J, additional, Güttler, C, additional, Lara, L M, additional, La Forgia, F, additional, Lazzarin, M, additional, Lin, Z-Y, additional, Lopez Moreno, J J, additional, Marzari, F, additional, Preusker, F, additional, Scholten, F, additional, Toth, I, additional, and Tubiana, C, additional

Published
2019
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21. Spectrophotometric variegation of the layering in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by OSIRIS

Author

German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Tognon, G, Ferrari, S., Penasa, L., La Forgia, F., Massironi, M., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Cambianica, P., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Ferri, F., Güttler, C., Davidsson, B., Deshapriya, P, Fornasier, S., Mottola, S., Toth, I., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Barbieri, C, Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Franceschi, M., Frattin, E., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Ip, W. H., Keller, H.U., Lara, Luisa María, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Petropoulou, V., Shi, X., Tubiana, C., German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Tognon, G, Ferrari, S., Penasa, L., La Forgia, F., Massironi, M., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Cambianica, P., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Ferri, F., Güttler, C., Davidsson, B., Deshapriya, P, Fornasier, S., Mottola, S., Toth, I., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Barbieri, C, Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Franceschi, M., Frattin, E., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Ip, W. H., Keller, H.U., Lara, Luisa María, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Petropoulou, V., Shi, X., and Tubiana, C.

Abstract

Between August 2014 and September 2016, the ESA space mission Rosetta escorted comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) during its perihelion passage. The onboard OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) acquired high-resolution multispectral images of the cometary surface. These datasets allowed a characterization of the spectrophotometric variegation of the layering of the large lobe, correlated with the layer structural elevation. Aims. We perform a spectrophotometric characterization of the outcropping stratification of the small lobe of 67P as a function of its structural elevation, and consequently, a spectrophotometric comparison of the layered outcrops of the two lobes. Methods. We selected two sequences of post-perihelion OSIRIS NAC images (similar to 2.4 au outbound to the Sun), from which we built up two multispectral images, framing an extended geological section of the onion-like stratification of the small lobe. Then we classified the consolidated areas of the outcropping and the relative coarse deposits that were identified in the multispectral data with a two-class maximum likelihood method. For this, we defined the classes as a function of the structural elevation of the surface. Results. As a result, we identified a brightness variegation of the surface reflectance that is correlated with the structural elevation. The outer class, which is located at higher elevations, appears darker than the inner class. This fits previously obtained results for the large lobe. The reflectance values of the nucleus of 67P tend to decrease with increasing structural elevation. Conclusions. The observed spectrophotometric variegation can be due to a different texture as well as to a different content of volatiles and refractories. We suggest that the outer outcrops appear darker because they have been exposed longer, and the inner outcrops appear brighter because the surface has been more effectively rejuvenated. We interpret this variegation as the result of an evolutionary p

Published
2019

22. Quantitative analysis of isolated boulder fields on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Cambianica, P., Cremonese, G., Naletto, G., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Penasa, L., Simioni, E., Massironi, M., Ferrari, S., Bodewits, D., La Forgia, F., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Dayidsson, B, Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Fornasier, S., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Ip, W. H., Keller, H.U., Lara, Luisa María, Lazzarin, M., Lin, Zhong-Yi, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Mottola, S., Shi, X., Scholten, F., Toth, I., Tubiana, C., Vincent, J.B., German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Cambianica, P., Cremonese, G., Naletto, G., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Penasa, L., Simioni, E., Massironi, M., Ferrari, S., Bodewits, D., La Forgia, F., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Dayidsson, B, Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Fornasier, S., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Ip, W. H., Keller, H.U., Lara, Luisa María, Lazzarin, M., Lin, Zhong-Yi, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Mottola, S., Shi, X., Scholten, F., Toth, I., Tubiana, C., and Vincent, J.B.

Abstract

We provide a detailed quantitative analysis of isolated boulder fields situated in three different regions of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Imhotep, Hapi, and Hatmehit. This is done to supply a useful method for analyzing the morphology of the boulders and to characterize the regions themselves. Methods. We used OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera images with a spatial scale smaller than 2 mpx(-1) and analyzed the size-frequency distribution and the cumulative fractional area per boulder population. In addition, we correlated shape parameters, such as circularity and solidity, with both the spatial and the size-frequency distribution of the three populations. Results. We identified 11 811 boulders in the Imhotep, Hapi, and Hatmehit regions. We found that the Hatmehit and Imhotep areas show power indices in the range of -2.3/-2.7. These values could represent a transition between gravitational events caused by thermal weathering and sublimation, and material formed during collapses that has undergone sublimation. The Hapi area is characterized by a lower power index (-1.2/-1.7), suggesting that those boulders have a different origin. They can be the result of material formed during gravitational events and collapses that has undergone continuous fragmentation. We calculated the cumulative fractional area (CFA) in order to investigate how the area is covered by boulders as a function of their sizes. The Hatmehit and Imhotep regions show a CFA that is well fit by a power law. In contrast, the Hapi area does not show the same trend. We analyzed the fractal distributions, finding that the populations seem to be fractal at all dimensions, except for the Hapi distribution, which shows a possible fractal behavior for small dimensions only. Finally, the average values of the shape parameters reveal solid and roundish boulders in all populations we studied.© ESO 2019

Published
2019

23. The Rocky-Like Behavior of Cometary Landslides on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Lucchetti, A., Penasa, L., Pajola, M., Massironi, M., Brunetti, M.T., Cremonese, G., Oklay, N., Vincent, J.B., Mottola, S., Fornasier, S., Sierks, H., Naletto, G., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Davidsson, B., Barbieri, C., Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cambianica, P., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Ferrari, S., Ferri, F., Franceschi, M., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Ip, W. H., Keller, U., Lara, Luisa María, Lazzarin, M., López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Tubiana, C., Lucchetti, A., Penasa, L., Pajola, M., Massironi, M., Brunetti, M.T., Cremonese, G., Oklay, N., Vincent, J.B., Mottola, S., Fornasier, S., Sierks, H., Naletto, G., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Davidsson, B., Barbieri, C., Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cambianica, P., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Ferrari, S., Ferri, F., Franceschi, M., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Ip, W. H., Keller, U., Lara, Luisa María, Lazzarin, M., López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., and Tubiana, C.

Abstract

Landslides have been identified on several solar system bodies, and different mechanisms have been proposed to explain their runout length. We analyze images from the Rosetta mission and report the global characterization of such features on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's surface. By assuming the height to runout length as an approximation for the friction coefficient of landslide material, we find that on comet 67P, this ratio falls between 0.50 and 0.97. Such unexpected high values reveal a rocky-type mechanical behavior that is much more akin to Earth dry landslides than to icy satellites' mass movements. This behavior indicates that 67P and likely comets in general are characterized by consolidated materials possibly rejecting the idea that they are fluffy aggregates. The variability of the runout length among 67P landslides can be attributed to the different volatile content located in the top few meters of the cometary crust, which can drive the mass movement.©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Published
2019

24. Multidisciplinary analysis of the Hapi region located on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Board, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Pajola, M., Lee, J.C., Oklay, N., Hviid, S.F., Penasa, L., Mottola, S., Shi, X., Fornasier, S., Davidsson, B., Giacomini, L., Lucchetti, A., Massironi, M., Vincent, J.B., Bertini, I., Naletto, G., Ip, W. H., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Keller, H.U., Agarwal, J., Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bodewits, D., Cambianica, P., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., El Maarry, M. R., Feller, C., Ferrari, S., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Lara, Luisa María, La Forgia, F., Lazzarin, M., Lin, Zhong-Yi, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Preusker, F., Scholten, F., Toth, I., Tubiana, C., European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Board, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Pajola, M., Lee, J.C., Oklay, N., Hviid, S.F., Penasa, L., Mottola, S., Shi, X., Fornasier, S., Davidsson, B., Giacomini, L., Lucchetti, A., Massironi, M., Vincent, J.B., Bertini, I., Naletto, G., Ip, W. H., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Keller, H.U., Agarwal, J., Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bodewits, D., Cambianica, P., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., El Maarry, M. R., Feller, C., Ferrari, S., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Lara, Luisa María, La Forgia, F., Lazzarin, M., Lin, Zhong-Yi, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Preusker, F., Scholten, F., Toth, I., and Tubiana, C.

Abstract

By using the Rosetta/OSIRIS-NAC data set taken in 2014 August, we focus on the neck region, called Hapi, located on 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko's Northern hemisphere. The gravitational potential and slopes of Hapi, coupled with the geological unit identification and the boulder size-frequency distributions, support the interpretation that both taluses and gravitational accumulation deposits observable on Hapi are the result of multiple cliff collapses that occurred at different times. By contrast, the fine-particle deposits observable in the central part of the study area are made of aggregates coming from the Southern hemisphere and deposited during each perihelion passage. Both the consolidated terrains on the western part of Hapi, as well as the centrally aligned ridge made of boulder-like features, suggest that Hapi is in structural continuity with the onion-like structure of the main lobe of 67P. Despite the dusty blanket observable on Hapi, its terrains are characterized by water-ice-rich components that, once repeatedly and rapidly illuminated, sublimate, hence resulting in the strong jet activity observed in 2014 August.© 2019 The Author(s).

Published
2019

25. The backscattering ratio of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko dust coma as seen by OSIRIS onboard Rosetta

Author

Bertini, I, primary, Forgia, F La, additional, Fulle, M, additional, Tubiana, C, additional, Güttler, C, additional, Moreno, F, additional, Agarwal, J, additional, Munoz, O, additional, Mottola, S, additional, Ivanovsky, S, additional, Pajola, M, additional, Lucchetti, A, additional, Petropoulou, V, additional, Lazzarin, M, additional, Rotundi, A, additional, Bodewits, D, additional, Frattin, E, additional, Toth, I, additional, Masoumzadeh, N, additional, Kovacs, G, additional, Rinaldi, G, additional, Guirado, D, additional, Sierks, H, additional, Naletto, G, additional, Lamy, P, additional, Rodrigo, R, additional, Koschny, D, additional, Davidsson, B, additional, Barbieri, C, additional, Barucci, M A, additional, Bertaux, J-L, additional, Cambianica, P, additional, Cremonese, G, additional, Da Deppo, V, additional, Debei, S, additional, De Cecco, M, additional, Deller, J, additional, Ferrari, S, additional, Ferri, F, additional, Fornasier, S, additional, Gutierrez, P J, additional, Hasselmann, P H, additional, Ip, W-H, additional, Keller, H U, additional, Lara, L M, additional, Moreno, J J Lopez, additional, Marzari, F, additional, Massironi, M, additional, Penasa, L, additional, and Shi, X, additional

Published
2018
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26. The big lobe of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet: morphological and spectrophotometric evidences of layering as from OSIRIS data

Author

Ferrari, Sabrina, primary, Penasa, L, additional, La Forgia, F, additional, Massironi, M, additional, Naletto, G, additional, Lazzarin, M, additional, Fornasier, S, additional, Hasselmann, P H, additional, Lucchetti, A, additional, Pajola, M, additional, Ferri, F, additional, Cambianica, P, additional, Oklay, N, additional, Tubiana, C, additional, Sierks, H, additional, Lamy, P L, additional, Rodrigo, R, additional, Koschny, D, additional, Davidsson, B, additional, Barucci, M A, additional, Bertaux, J-L, additional, Bertini, I, additional, Bodewits, D, additional, Cremonese, G, additional, Da Deppo, V, additional, Debei, S, additional, De Cecco, M, additional, Deller, J, additional, Franceschi, M, additional, Frattin, E, additional, Fulle, M, additional, Groussin, O, additional, Gutiérrez, P J, additional, Güttler, C, additional, Hviid, S F, additional, Ip, W-H, additional, Jorda, L, additional, Keller, H U, additional, Knollenberg, J, additional, Kührt, E, additional, Küppers, M, additional, Lara, L M, additional, López-Moreno, J J, additional, Marzari, F, additional, Shi, X, additional, Simioni, E, additional, Thomas, N, additional, and Vincent, J-B, additional

Published
2018
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27. The big lobe of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet: Morphological and spectrophotometric evidences of layering as from OSIRIS data

Author

German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Ferrari, S., Penasa, L., La Forgia, F., Massironi, M., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Fornasier, S., Hasselmann, P.H., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Ferri, F., Cambianica, P., Oklay, N., Tubiana, C., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Davidsson, B., Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Franceschi, M., Frattin, E., Fulle, M., Groussin, O., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Hviid, S.F., Ip, W. H., Jorda, L., Keller, H.U., Knollenberg, J., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., Lara, Luisa María, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Shi, X., Simioni, E., Thomas, N., Vincent, J.B., German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Ferrari, S., Penasa, L., La Forgia, F., Massironi, M., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Fornasier, S., Hasselmann, P.H., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Ferri, F., Cambianica, P., Oklay, N., Tubiana, C., Sierks, H., Lamy, P.L., Rodrigo Montero, Rafael, Koschny, D., Davidsson, B., Barucci, M.A., Bertaux, J.L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Franceschi, M., Frattin, E., Fulle, M., Groussin, O., Gutiérrez, Pedro J., Güttler, C., Hviid, S.F., Ip, W. H., Jorda, L., Keller, H.U., Knollenberg, J., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., Lara, Luisa María, López-Moreno, José Juan, Marzari, F., Shi, X., Simioni, E., Thomas, N., and Vincent, J.B.

Abstract

Between 2014 and 2016, ESA's Rosetta OSIRIS cameras acquired multiple-filters images of the layered nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths. No correlation between layers disposition and surface spectral variegation has been observed so far. This paper investigates possible spectral differences among decametre-thickness outcropping layers of the biggest lobe of the comet by means of OSIRIS image dataset. A two-classes maximum likelihood classification was applied on consolidated outcrops and relative deposits identified on post-perihelion multispectral images of the big lobe. We distinguished multispectral data on the basis of the structural elevation of the onion-shell Ellipsoidal Model of 67P. The spatial distribution of the two classes displays a clear dependence on the structural elevation, with the innermost class resulting over 50 per cent brighter than the outermost one. Consolidated cometarymaterials located at different structural levels are characterized by different brightness and revealed due to the selective removal of large volumes. This variegation can be attributed to a different texture of the outcrop surface and/or to a different content of refractory materials.© 2018 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Published
2018

28. The Rocky‐Like Behavior of Cometary Landslides on 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko

Author

Lucchetti, Alice, Penasa, Luca, Pajola, Maurizio, Massironi, Matteo, Brunetti, Maria Teresa, Cremonese, Gabriele, Oklay, Nilda, Vincent, Jean‐Baptiste, Mottola, Stefano, Fornasier, Sonia, Sierks, Holger, Naletto, Giampiero, Lamy, Philippe L., Rodrigo, Rafael, Koschny, Detlef, Davidsson, Bjorn, Barbieri, Cesare, Barucci, Maria Antonietta, Bertaux, Jean‐Loup, Bertini, Ivano, Bodewits, Dennis, Cambianica, Pamela, Da Deppo, Vania, Debei, Stefano, De Cecco, Mariolino, Deller, Jacob, Ferrari, Sabrina, Ferri, Francesca, Franceschi, Marco, Fulle, Marco, Gutiérrez, Pedro, Güttler, Carsten, Ip, Wing‐H., Keller, Uwe, Lara, Luisa, Lazzarin, Monica, Moreno, Jose Lopez, Marzari, Francesco, and Tubiana, Cecilia

Abstract

Landslides have been identified on several solar system bodies, and different mechanisms have been proposed to explain their runout length. We analyze images from the Rosetta mission and report the global characterization of such features on comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko's surface. By assuming the height to runout length as an approximation for the friction coefficient of landslide material, we find that on comet 67P, this ratio falls between 0.50 and 0.97. Such unexpected high values reveal a rocky‐type mechanical behavior that is much more akin to Earth dry landslides than to icy satellites' mass movements. This behavior indicates that 67P and likely comets in general are characterized by consolidated materials possibly rejecting the idea that they are fluffy aggregates. The variability of the runout length among 67P landslides can be attributed to the different volatile content located in the top few meters of the cometary crust, which can drive the mass movement. Comet 67P Churyumov‐Gerasimenko has been imaged with unprecedented spatial detail thanks to the high‐resolution OSIRIS camera (Optical, Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System) on board the Rosetta spacecraft. 67P is characterized by an extremely diverse morphology comprising different surface features such as rough consolidated terrains, smooth plains, unconsolidated mantles, pits, fractures, cliffs, cuestas, ubiquitous boulders, and layers. The peculiarity of 67P is also reflected by the widespread presence of landslides. By using high‐resolution images, we analyze the shape and aspect ratio of the landslides located on comet 67P finding a mechanical behavior of the cometary material that is more akin to Earth dry landslides than to icy satellites' mass movements. These results make 67P a very peculiar object, mainly composed by ices and refractory materials but characterized by rocky‐type properties rather than icy‐type characteristics. In addition, the considerable variability among the different landslides of 67P suggests that different volatile contents located in the top few meters of the cometary crust play a fundamental role on mass movement, hence being a general indicator for the subsurface cometary heterogeneities. The height to runout length (H/L) of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko landslides ranges between 0.50 and 0.9767P landslide reveal a rocky‐type mechanical behavior indicating that comets are made by consolidated materialsThe H/L variability is an indicator of the different volatile content located in the top few meters of the cometary crust

Published
2019
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29. Vascular graft infections caused by Mycobacterium bovisBCG after BCG immunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Case report and review of literature

Author

Arsuffi, Stefania, Cambianica, Anna, Di Filippo, Elisa, Ripamonti, Diego, Tebaldi, Alessandra, Arosio, Marco Enrico Giovanni, Farina, Claudio Francesco, and Rizzi, Marco

Abstract

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy (i.e., intravesical instillation of live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis) is a standard of care for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The risk of infective adverse events is generally low as studies have reported an incidence of systemic BCG infections between 3% and 7%. In the majority of cases, BCG infections are disseminated (34.4%), genitourinary (23.4%), osteomuscular (19.9%), or vascular (6.7%). Regarding vascular involvement, mycotic aortic aneurysm, aorto-enteric fistula and vascular bypass graft infections have been described.

Published
2023
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30. Functionalization of liposomes with ApoE-derived peptides at different density affects cellular uptake and drug transport across a blood-brain barrier model.

Author

Re, Francesca, Cambianica, Ilaria, Zona, Cristiano, Sesana, Silvia, Gregori, Maria, Rigolio, Roberta, La Ferla, Barbara, Nicotra, Francesco, Forloni, Gianluigi, Cagnotto, Alfredo, Salmona, Mario, Masserini, Massimo, and Sancini, Giulio

Subjects
LIPOSOMES, APOLIPOPROTEIN E, BLOOD-brain barrier, ENDOTHELIUM, BIOLOGICAL transport, MONOMERS, CONFOCAL microscopy, CENTRAL nervous system diseases, DRUG delivery systems, FLUORESCENCE
Abstract

Abstract: A promising strategy to enhance blood-brain barrier penetration by drugs is the functionalization of nanocarriers with uptake-facilitating ligands. We studied the cellular uptake, by cultured RBE4 brain capillary endothelial cells, of nanoliposomes (NLs) covalently coupled with monomer or tandem dimer of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-derived peptides (residues 141-150), at various densities. NLs without functionalization did not show either relevant membrane accumulation or cellular uptake, as monitored by confocal microscopy and quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Functionalization with peptides mediated an efficient NLs uptake that increased with peptide density; NLs carrying monomeric peptide performed the best. Moreover, we studied the ability of ApoE-NLs to enhance the transport of a drug payload through a RBE4 cell monolayer. The permeability of a tritiated curcumin derivative was enhanced after its entrapment into ApoE-NLs, in particular those functionalized with the dimer (+83% with respect to free drug, P < 0.01). Thus, these NLs appear particularly suitable for implementing further strategies for drug brain targeting. From the Clinical Editor: Re and her collaborators present a method for delivering nanoliposomes via the blood brain barrier by utilizing peptide fragments including monomers or tandem dimers ApoE. This method may enable enhanced nanoliposome associated drug delivery via the blood-brain barrier, which would have enormous significance in neurodegenerative and other CNS disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2011
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32. Glutamatergic Reinnervation and Assembly of Glutamatergic Synapses in Adult Rat Skeletal Muscle Occurs at Cholinergic Endplates

Author

Francolini, Maura, Brunelli, Giorgio, Cambianica, Ilaria, Barlati, Sergio, Barbon, Alessandro, La Via, Luca, Guarneri, Bruno, Boroni, Flora, Lanzillotta, Annamaria, Baiguera, Cristina, Ettorre, Michele, Buffelli, Mario, Spano, PierFranco, Clementi, Francesco, and Pizzi, Marina

Abstract

After denervation of adult rat abdominal muscles, the postsynaptic apparatus of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) retains its original architecture and clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). When descending fibers of the spinal cord are surgically diverted to this muscle by a nerve grafting procedure, supraspinal glutamatergic neurons can innervate muscle fibers and restore motor function; the newly formed NMJs switch from a cholinergic to a glutamatergic-type synapse. We show here that regenerating nerve endings contact the fibers in an area occupied by cholinergic endplates. These NMJs are morphologically indistinguishable from those in controls, but they differ in the subunit composition of AChRs. Moreover, by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, new NMJs express glutamatergic synapse markers. The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluR1 partially colocalizes with AChRs, and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 is localized in the presynaptic compartment. Immunoprecipitation analysis of membranes from reinnervated muscle showed that AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 coimmunoprecipitate with rapsyn, the AChR-anchoring protein at the NMJ. Taken together, these results indicate that cholinergic endplates can be targeted by new glutamatergic projections and that the clustering of AMPA receptors occurs there.

Published
2009
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33. Spectrophotometric variegation of the layering in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by OSIRIS

Author

Cesare Barbieri, W-H. Ip, Pedro J. Gutiérrez, Jakob Deller, Björn Davidsson, D. Bodewits, Gloria Tognon, R. Rodrigo, F. La Forgia, V. Petropoulou, Philippe Lamy, Prasanna Deshapriya, H. U. Keller, Cecilia Tubiana, M. A. Barucci, Holger Sierks, V. Da Deppo, Carsten Güttler, Matteo Massironi, Marco Fulle, Imre Toth, Michel Franceschi, Sabrina Ferrari, Giampiero Naletto, Alice Lucchetti, Detlef Koschny, M. De Cecco, E. Frattin, Sonia Fornasier, J. J. Lopez-Moreno, Monica Lazzarin, Maurizio Pajola, Ivano Bertini, Luca Penasa, Luisa Lara, Francesca Ferri, Francesco Marzari, Pamela Cambianica, Jean-Loup Bertaux, Gabriele Cremonese, Stefano Debei, Xian Shi, Stefano Mottola, Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Dipartimento di Geoscienze [Padova], CNR Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie [Padova] (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), International Space Science Institute [Bern] (ISSI), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Department of Physics [Auburn], Auburn University (AU), CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Department of Industrial Engineering [Padova], University of Trento [Trento], INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Space Science Institute [Macau] (SSI), Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Institute of Astronomy [Taiwan] (IANCU), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), IMPEC - LATMOS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Tognon, Gloria, Ferrari, S., Penasa, L., La Forgia, F., Massironi, M., Naletto, G., Lazzarin, M., Cambianica, P., Lucchetti, A., Pajola, M., Ferri, F., Güttler, C., Davidsson, B., Deshapriya, P., Fornasier, S., Mottola, S., Tóth, I., Sierks, H., Lamy, P. L., Rodrigo, R., Koschny, D., Barbieri, C., Barucci, M. A., Bertaux, J. -L., Bertini, I., Bodewits, D., Cremonese, G., Da Deppo, V., Debei, S., De Cecco, M., Deller, J., Franceschi, M., Frattin, E., Fulle, M., Gutiérrez, P. J., Ip, W. -H., Keller, H. U., Lara, L. M., López-Moreno, J. J., Marzari, F., Petropoulou, V., Shi, X., and Tubiana, C.

Subjects
Brightness, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Outcrop, Multispectral image, Narrow angle, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, WATER ICE, NUCLEUS, individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko [Comets], Methods: data analysis, 0103 physical sciences, data analysis [methods], medicine, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Physics, Multispectral data, biology, general [Comets], Astronomy and Astrophysics, biology.organism_classification, Lobe, Comets: general, medicine.anatomical_structure, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], comets: general – comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – methods: data analysis, Osiris, Layering, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

Between August 2014 and September 2016, the ESA space mission Rosetta escorted comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) during its perihelion passage. The onboard OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) acquired high-resolution multispectral images of the cometary surface. These datasets allowed a characterization of the spectrophotometric variegation of the layering of the large lobe, correlated with the layer structural elevation. Aims. We perform a spectrophotometric characterization of the outcropping stratification of the small lobe of 67P as a function of its structural elevation, and consequently, a spectrophotometric comparison of the layered outcrops of the two lobes. Methods. We selected two sequences of post-perihelion OSIRIS NAC images (similar to 2.4 au outbound to the Sun), from which we built up two multispectral images, framing an extended geological section of the onion-like stratification of the small lobe. Then we classified the consolidated areas of the outcropping and the relative coarse deposits that were identified in the multispectral data with a two-class maximum likelihood method. For this, we defined the classes as a function of the structural elevation of the surface. Results. As a result, we identified a brightness variegation of the surface reflectance that is correlated with the structural elevation. The outer class, which is located at higher elevations, appears darker than the inner class. This fits previously obtained results for the large lobe. The reflectance values of the nucleus of 67P tend to decrease with increasing structural elevation. Conclusions. The observed spectrophotometric variegation can be due to a different texture as well as to a different content of volatiles and refractories. We suggest that the outer outcrops appear darker because they have been exposed longer, and the inner outcrops appear brighter because the surface has been more effectively rejuvenated. We interpret this variegation as the result of an evolutionary process.© ESO 2019, We are grateful to Andrea Longobardo for suggestions and corrections that improved our paper. OSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Sonnensystemforschung, Gottingen, Germany, CISAS - University of Padova, Italy, the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain, the Research and Scientific Support Department of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain, the Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain, the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden, and the Institut fur Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universitat Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), France (CNES), Italy (ASI), Spain (MEC), Sweden (SNSB), and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged.

Published
2019
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34. Quantitative analysis of isolated boulder fields on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Philippe Lamy, G. Cremonese, W.-H. Ip, Pamela Cambianica, Marco Fulle, Sabrina Ferrari, Dennis Bodewits, Matteo Massironi, Alice Lucchetti, Frank Scholten, Jean-Loup Bertaux, P. J. Gutierrez, F. La Forgia, Björn Davidsson, Francesco Marzari, Carsten Güttler, Z. Y. Lin, Jakob Deller, Cecilia Tubiana, Ivano Bertini, Detlef Koschny, M. De Cecco, Monica Lazzarin, M. A. Barucci, Holger Sierks, Emanuele Simioni, H. U. Keller, S. Fornasier, R. Rodrigo, Stefano Debei, L. M. Lara, V. Da Deppo, Xian Shi, Stefano Mottola, J.-B. Vincent, Giampiero Naletto, Luca Penasa, Maurizio Pajola, Imre Tóth, J. J. Lopez-Moreno, Cambianica, P. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8091-4915], European Space Agency (ESA), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Space Agency, Swedish National Space Agency, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', CNR Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie [Padova] (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Dipartimento di Geoscienze [Padova], Department of Physics [Auburn], Auburn University (AU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), International Space Science Institute [Bern] (ISSI), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Industrial Engineering [Padova], University of Trento [Trento], INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institute of Astronomy [Taiwan] (IANCU), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Space Science Institute [Macau] (SSI), Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), and Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig]

Subjects
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comets, Data analysis, General, Individual, Methods, Population, Comet, Narrow angle, Geometry, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Fractal, individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko [Comets], Power index, 0103 physical sciences, education, data analysis [Methods], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], general [Comets], Astronomy and Astrophysics, methods: data analysis, Comets: general, Space and Planetary Science, Spatial ecology, comets: general – comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – methods: data analysis, Sublimation (phase transition), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

We provide a detailed quantitative analysis of isolated boulder fields situated in three different regions of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Imhotep, Hapi, and Hatmehit. This is done to supply a useful method for analyzing the morphology of the boulders and to characterize the regions themselves. Methods. We used OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera images with a spatial scale smaller than 2 mpx(-1) and analyzed the size-frequency distribution and the cumulative fractional area per boulder population. In addition, we correlated shape parameters, such as circularity and solidity, with both the spatial and the size-frequency distribution of the three populations. Results. We identified 11 811 boulders in the Imhotep, Hapi, and Hatmehit regions. We found that the Hatmehit and Imhotep areas show power indices in the range of -2.3/-2.7. These values could represent a transition between gravitational events caused by thermal weathering and sublimation, and material formed during collapses that has undergone sublimation. The Hapi area is characterized by a lower power index (-1.2/-1.7), suggesting that those boulders have a different origin. They can be the result of material formed during gravitational events and collapses that has undergone continuous fragmentation. We calculated the cumulative fractional area (CFA) in order to investigate how the area is covered by boulders as a function of their sizes. The Hatmehit and Imhotep regions show a CFA that is well fit by a power law. In contrast, the Hapi area does not show the same trend. We analyzed the fractal distributions, finding that the populations seem to be fractal at all dimensions, except for the Hapi distribution, which shows a possible fractal behavior for small dimensions only. Finally, the average values of the shape parameters reveal solid and roundish boulders in all populations we studied.© ESO 2019, OSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck Institut fur Sonnensystemforschung, in Guttingen, Germany, CISAS University of Padova, Italy, the Laboratoire de Astrophysique de Marseille, France, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain, the Research and Scientific Support Department of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain, the Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain, the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden, and the Institut fur Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universitat Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), France (CNES), Italy (ASI), Spain (MEC), Sweden (SNSB), and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the ESA teams at ESAC, ESOC and ESTEC for their work in support of the Rosetta mission. We made use of Arcgis 10.3.1 software together with the Matlab, Java, and ImageJ software to perform our analysis. I thank Frederic Moisy for sharing the box-count work.

Published
2019
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