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Se evaluó el aporte calórico, el contenido de grasa saturada y la aceptación sensorial de helados de vainilla formulados con inulina, como sustituto parcial de grasa saturada. Se formularon por triplicado cuatro mezclas para helados, en las cuales, se reemplazó parte de la grasa de palma (2, 3 y 4%) por inulina comercial. La grasa del tratamiento control, se formuló con 7% de grasa vegetal saturada. Para el reemplazo, se utilizó una relación 1:0,25 (grasa saturada:inulina). El aporte calórico, se calculó mediante la medición de energía bruta. El análisis sensorial, se realizó con 23 jueces consumidores habituales de helado. Se concluyó que en la formulación de helados de vainilla es posible reemplazar el 57,14% de grasa vegetal saturada por inulina sin que se afecten las propiedades sensoriales en el producto, logrando reducir en un 16%, el contenido calórico y, en 48,6%, el contenido de grasa saturada. Por lo tanto, la sustitución de grasa vegetal por inulina es una alternativa, que permite ofrecer en el mercado helados funcionales, con bajo contenido calórico, sin perder la palatabilidad, que hace a los helados un producto placentero para la gran mayoría de la población mundial. The caloric intake, saturated fat content and sensory acceptance of vanilla ice cream formulated with inulin as a partial substitute for saturated fat was evaluated. Ice cream mixtures by triplicate were formulated, and part of the palm fat (2, 3 and 4%) was replaced by commercial inulin. The fat of the control treatment was formulated with 7% vegetable fat. For the replacement of fat, a ratio of 1: 0.25 (fat: inulin) was used. The caloric intake was calculated by measuring gross energy. The sensory analysis was carried out with 23 habitual consumers judges of ice cream. It was concluded that in the formulation of vanilla ice cream is possible to replace 57.14% vegetable fat for inulin without affecting the sensory properties in funcionalthe product, with this is possible to obtain 16% reduction in the caloric content and 48.6% in the content of saturated fat. Therefore, the replacement of vegetable fat by inulin is an alternative that allows offering functional ice cream with low caloric content, without losing the palatability that makes ice cream pleasant for most of the world population. Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Scientific experimentation is a practical activity that can be widely used in the classroom to boost the motivation of students for learning Physics concepts. It can also be promising to improve the relationship between teacher and students. Experimentation can be used as a complementary methodology for the theoretical classes of Physics in order to facilitate the understanding of physical concepts usually treated in an abstract and mathematical way. Experimentation can be applied as a demonstration activity, in which the teacher is the mediator of the activity, or an activity performed by the students themselves, aiming the description of a investigated phenomenon. In this work we perform an experiment for the determination of the mechanical equivalent of the calorie through a different approach to the celebrated experiment carried out by James Prescott Joule. Our goal was to introduce new technologies and devices used to monitor the physical properties of the system for obtaining the equivalent between joules and calories through measurements of parameters such as electric voltage and current. Using a solar photovoltaic cell, as a power source, connected to a resistor inserted in an adiabatic calorimeter, we explore concepts such as heat and temperature and the difference between both, energy, analysis and processes of thermodynamic systems, the laws of thermodynamics and the Joule and photovoltaic effects. Our proposal was successfully received by the students, having a motivating and integrative character. It is also promising for the mathematical treatment of the phenomena described through propagation of errors, by plotting and fitting the curve obtained experimentally and the modeling of the system. Our educational product consists of a guide for assembling the experiment and several suggestions of physical concepts that can be approached during the execution of the experiment in a simple and adequate language for high school Physics teachers. A experimentação científica é uma atividade prática que pode ser utilizada em sala de aula para aumentar a motivação de alunos para aprendizagem de conceitos de física, podendo ser promissora também para a melhoria da relação entre professor e alunos. Esta pode ser utilizada como uma metodologia complementar das aulas teóricas de física no intuito de ser uma atividade facilitadora para o entendimento de conceitos físicos usualmente tratados de forma abstrata e matemática. A experimentação pode ser aplicada como uma atividade de demonstração, em que o professor é o mediador da atividade, ou uma atividade realizada pelos próprios alunos partindo da descrição de um determinado fenômeno que se deseja investigar. Neste trabalho construímos um experimento para a determinação do equivalente mecânico da caloria através de uma abordagem um pouco diferente do célebre experimento realizado por James Prescott Joule. Nosso objetivo foi, através do experimento, inserir novas tecnologias e equipamentos de monitoramento de propriedades físicas do sistema para obtenção do equivalente entre joules e calorias através de medidas de parâmetros elétricos, como tensão e corrente elétricas. Utilizando uma placa solar fotovoltaica como fonte de alimentação conectada a um resistor inserido em um calorímetro adiabático foi possível explorar conceitos como calor e temperatura e a diferença entre ambos, energia, análise e processos de sistemas termodinâmicos, as leis da Termodinâmica e os efeitos Joule e fotovoltaico. Nossa proposta foi muito bem recebida em sala de aula, tendo um caráter motivador, integrador e promissor para o tratamento matemático dos fenômenos envolvidos através da propagação de erros, plotagem e ajuste da curva obtida experimentalmente e a modelagem do sistema. Nosso produto educacional consiste de um guia para a montagem do experimento e várias sugestões de conceitos que podem ser abordados durante a execução do experimento em uma linguagem simples e adequada para o professor de Física do nível médio de ensino.

Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896) (Figure 34 D–E) Material examined. Ten specimens. MB28-004534, ZSC, 14 May 2012, 22m, 10mm; MB28-004581, ZRP, 19 Jun. 2012, 1m, 20mm, collected by A. Roseblum; MB28-004583, ZRP, 20 Jun. 2012, 1m, 14mm; MB28-004585, ZRP, 20 Jun. 2012, 1m, 29mm; MB28-0 0 4690, ZGWS, 25 Jun. 2013, 20m, 12mm. MHN-YT1175, POA, 0 7 May 2014, 15m, 7mm; MB28-004832, POB, 0 8 May 2014, 18m, 17mm; MB28-0 0 4976 & MB28-004978, 23 Feb. 2015, ZRP, 0.5m, both 7mm; MB28-004994, ZRP, 0 5 May 2015, 0.3m, 12mm. Habitats. Subtropical tidal reefs and rocky reefs. Occurrences. Ponta do Ouro and Zavora. Geographic distribution. Indo-west, central Pacific. Hawaii, Japan, Australia, Indonesia (Gosliner 1987), Fiji, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Christmas Island, Oman, Seychelles (Gosliner et al. 2008), Tanzania, South Africa (Gosliner 1987) and Mozambique. Remarks. The colour is variable. The dorsum ranged from translucent white to dark orange. The rhinophores in one morphotype have an orange base, yellow middle and orange top and in another, orange base bluish middle and yellow top., Published as part of Tibiriçá, Yara, Pola, Marta & Cervera, Juan Lucas, 2017, Astonishing diversity revealed: an annotated and illustrated inventory of Nudipleura (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from Mozambique, pp. 1-133 in Zootaxa 4359 (1) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4359.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1069168, {"references":["Bergh, L. S. R. (1896) Eolidiens d'Amboine. In: Voyage de M. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie et Annales de Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 4, pp. 385 - 394, pl. 16.","Mayes, B (2012) Cerberilla sp., Nudipixel, Pergentian, Malasya. Available from: http: // www. nudipixel. net / photo / 00041707 / (accessed 26 July 2017)","Gosliner, T. M. (1987) Nudibranchs of southern Africa: a guide to opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa. Sea Challengers, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 136 pp."]}

El Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador (LATAM), por decreto ministerial implementó en noviembre de 2013 una medida innovadora en un esfuerzo por mejorar los hábitos alimenticios de la población ecuatoriana y así reducir la incidencia de enfermedades causadas por una nutrición deficiente. Los productores de alimentos procesados se vieron obligados a poner en sus etiquetas de producto un sistema gráfico que indique a los consumidores la cantidad de grasa, azúcar y sal en sus productos mediante el uso de colores rojo, amarillo y verde como advertencia. Esta investigación busca analizar el impacto de la implementación de este sistema de alerta en el consumo de alimentos procesados para considerar si la medida realmente ha tenido el impacto deseado y ha reducido el consumo de productos con altos niveles de azúcar, sal y grasa. A través de entrevistas en profundidad con jefes de hogar de clase media y media alta de la ciudad de Guayaquil, se encontró que en general los ciudadanos están de acuerdo con la medida y consideran negativamente productos con alerta roja (alto contenido de azúcar, sal y grasa). A pesar de que han reducido la cantidad de consumo de este tipo de productos, son pesimistas sobre la posibilidad de dejar de comprarlos. // The Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador (LATAM), by ministerial decree implemented in November 2013 an innovative measure in an effort to improve the eating habits of the Ecuadorian population and thus reduce the incidence of diseases caused by poor nutrition. The producers of processed foods were obliged to put on their product labels a graphic system that indicates consumers the amount of fat, sugar and salt in their products by using colors red, yellow and green as a warning. This research seeks to analyze the impact of the implementation of this warning system in the consumption of processed foods to consider whether the measure has actually had the desired impact and has reduced the consumption of products with high levels of sugar, salt and fat. Through in depth interviews with middle and upper middle class heads of household in the city of Guayaquil, it was found that in general the citizens agree with the measure and regard negatively products with red alert (high sugar, salt and fat). Even though they have reduced the amount of consumption of this type of products, they are pessimistic about the possibility of completely stop buying them.

Los objetivos principales de la prevención de la obesidad son disminuir el desarrollo de sobrepeso en personas en riesgo con peso normal, evitar que quien presenta sobrepeso llegue a ser obeso e impedir la ganancia de peso en las personas con sobrepeso u obesidad que han conseguido adelgazar. Los objetivos terapéuticos de la pérdida de peso están dirigidos a mejorar o eliminar las comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad y disminuir el impacto de las futuras complicaciones médicas relacionadas con el exceso de peso. No deben centrarse en alcanzar el peso ideal, sino en conseguir pequeñas pérdidas de peso. The main objectives of prevention of obesity are slowing the development of overweight people at risk with normal weight, prevent who are overweight will become obese and prevent weight gain in overweight or obese who have managed to lose weight. The therapeutic goals of weight loss are aimed at improving or eliminating the comorbidities associated with obesity and lessen the impact of future medical complications related to excess weight. They should focus on achieving the ideal weight but getting small weight losses.

Aquatic ecosystems hold valuable sources of food, energy and bioproducts. Studies related to these environments become important for economic development of communities, dependent on them, and can benefit from their sustainable exploitation. Fishing is a considerable part of the socio-economic importance of these sectors in aquatic ecosystems, and should be considered in the development of public policies for food security, social inclusion, poverty eradication and employment generation and income. However, the fisheries sector needs to be planned, focusing the planning, on generation of processed products (with aggregate value added), the conservation of exploited species and improving the quality of life of the people involved in their supply chains. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of the following species of native fish populations and targets of fishing activity in the Itapecuru River, Rosario-MA: Plagioscion squamosissimus, Geophagus surinamensis, Curimata sp, Prochilodus lacustris, dissimilis Schizodon, ucayalensis Ageneiosus and Hypostomus plecostomus by concentrating mineral components: calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, nickel and chemical composition of muscle tissue of the sampled specimens caught of the total catch, without size distinction nor sex, and selected only copies with good organoleptic conditions. Such species have significant abundance and considerable commercial value for the region. The average results of proximate analysis revealed the following variations between species: moisture 73.7% to 79.2%; total lipids, 0.2% to 6.8%, protein 18.6% to 23.0%; ashes, 0.8% to 1.8%; energy, 77-136 kcal / 100g. The species G. surinamensis showed a higher moisture content and ash, and lower energy value, indicating that the species with the highest mineral content between fished species. Copies of A. ucayalensis showed, on average, higher levels of total fat and higher energy value, while the species P. lacustris showed a higher percentage of protein. The comparison of the concentrations of minerals, determined for the seven species of fish investigated showed no statistically significant differences, suggesting that the eating habits of these fish do not exert influence on absorption. In parallel, the water quality of the Itapecuru River was investigated in the same passages and fishing periods, using protocols standard in the AQI-Cetesb. The results revealed that the river falls into the "good" and "regular" classes, revealing spatial differences between the sampling stations. The results of the work as a whole, allowed to increase knowledge about the protein and lipid value of native species, and provide subsidies for biotech and economic development of fisheries resources of the Itapecuru River and their respective areas of influence. Os ecossistemas aquáticos detêm valiosas fontes de alimento, de energia e de bioprodutos. Estudos relacionados a estes ambientes assumem importância para o desenvolvimento econômico de comunidades que dependem e podem se beneficiar de sua exploração sustentável. A pesca figura entre os setores de relevância socioeconômica destes ecossistemas aquáticos e deve ser considerada na elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas para segurança alimentar, inclusão social, erradicação da pobreza e geração de emprego e renda. Entretanto, o setor pesqueiro necessita ser planejado, objetivando o ordenamento, a geração de produtos beneficiados (agregação de valor), a conservação das espécies exploradas e a melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas envolvidas em suas cadeias produtivas. O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade nutricional das seguintes espécies da ictiofauna nativa e alvos da atividade pesqueira do Rio Itapecuru, Rosário-MA: Plagioscion squamosissimus, Geophagus surinamensis, Curimata sp, Prochilodus lacustris, Schizodon dissimilis, Ageneiosus ucayalensis e Hypostomus plecostomus, através da concentração dos constituintes minerais Cálcio, Ferro, Potássio, Magnésio, Fósforo, Zinco, Cobre, Iodo, Selênio e Níquel e da composição centesimal do tecido muscular dos exemplares amostrados, apanhados da captura total,sem distinção de tamanho e sexo e selecionados somente exemplares com boas condições organolépticas. Tais espécies apresentam expressiva abundância e valor comercial considerável para a região. Os resultados médios da análise centesimal revelaram as seguintes variações entre as espécies: umidade de 73,7% a 79,2%; lipídeos totais, de 0,2 % a 6,8%, proteínas de 18,6 % a 23,0 %; cinzas, de 0,8% a 1,8%; valor energético, de 77 a 136 kcal/100g. A espécie G. surinamensis demonstrou maior teor de umidade e de cinzas e menor valor energético, indicando ser a espécie com maior conteúdo em minerais entre as espécies pescadas. Os exemplares de A. ucayalensis apresentaram, em termos médios, teores mais elevados de lipídios totais e maior valor energético, enquanto a espécie P. lacustris revelou maior percentual de proteínas. A comparação das concentrações dos minerais, determinadas para as sete espécies de peixes investigadas, não revelou diferenças estatísticas significantes, sugerindo que os hábitos alimentares desses pescados não exercem influências na sua absorção. Paralelamente, foi investigada a qualidade da água do rio Itapecuru, nos mesmos trechos e períodos de pesca, por meio de protocolos padrões do IQA-CETESB. Os resultados revelaram que o rio se enquadra nas classes ”Boa” e “Regular”, revelando diferenças espaciais entre as estações de amostragem. Os resultados do trabalho, como um todo, permitiram ampliar o conhecimento sobre o valor proteico e lipídico das espécies nativas pescadas, além de fornecer subsídios para o desenvolvimento biotecnológico e econômico dos recursos pesqueiros do Rio Itapecuru e de suas respectivas áreas de influência.

Faced with the search for healthy products that provide additional benefits to consumers’ health, the main objectives of this work were to develop a low-calorie preserve containing prebiotics (lactulose and polydextrose) and to evaluate the effects of these prebiotics on oxidative stress and colon carcinogenesis in male rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). A total of 62.5% w/w of the sucrose in conventional preserves was replaced by polydextrose, and lactulose was added at 0%, 16%, 19.5% or 23% w/w concentrations. The acceptance of these four low-calorie guava preserve samples and the conventional sample was equal ( P > 0.05), with a score of 6.49. The level of degradation of lactulose was low (18.45 g 100 g −1 lactulose), ensuring that even at a lower concentration of this prebiotic (16% w/w), the concentration remained above the minimum level considered functional. We found that consumption of the low-calorie preserves with prebiotics does not have an effect on the development of mucin-negative ACF and classical ACF in the initiation phase of the mutagenic process. However, the consumption of 1.5 g of the preserve/rat/day potentiated lipid peroxidation and proteic oxidation in the liver.

The treatment of Diabetes should not only be sought through drug administration; diet is also a part of its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a diet with six meals having equal calories on the body weight and blood glucose on diabetes type 2 patients. This research is an Experimental study conducted in 2009 on 181 patients with diabetes. The patients visited the IDSF (Iranian Diabetes Society of Fars) weekly and the patients to be studied were randomly divided into two groups of 85 and 96 patients, respectively. The participants were repeatedly requested to consume their calculated calorie in six equal parts. The average age in the Experimental and Control groups were 51.2 ± 13.3 and 53.1 ± 9.4, respectively. The mean body weight and fasting blood glucose at the beginning of the study in Experimental and Control groups were 66.3 ± 9.4 and 69.1 ± 11.1 kg, 198.9 ± 35.1, and 199.8 ± 39.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. At the end of the study, however, the values were 63.5 ± 7.5 and 66.98 ± 9 kg, 139.5 ± 34.6 and 164.2 ± 22.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. Only the mean fasting blood glucose at the end of the study revealed a significant difference (p-value = 0.001). The results show that educating those afflicted with Diabetes Type 2 aiming at changing their diet can greatly help them manage their blood glucose.O tratamento do diabetes não deve ser buscado apenas através do uso de medicação; a dieta também é uma parte do tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o efeito de uma dieta de 6 refeições de igual valor calórico sobre o peso corporal e glicose no sangue de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2. Esta pesquisa foi feita em 2009 com 181 pacientes com diabetes. Os pacientes frequentavam o IDSF (Sociedade Iraniana de Diabete de Fars) uma vez por semana e os pacientes a serem estudados foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos de 85 e 96 pacientes, respectivamente. Aos participantes era solicitado que consumissem em 6 partes iguais suas calorias calculadas. A média de idade do grupo experimental e controle foi 51,2 ± 13,3 e 53,1 ± 9,4, respectivamente. O peso corporal médio e a glicemia de jejum no início do estudo foram 66,3 ± 9,4 e 69,1 ± 11,1 kg, 198,9 ± 35,1 e 199,8 ± 39,1 mg.dL-1, respectivamente. No final do estudo, entretanto, os valores foram 63,5 ± 7,5 e 66,98 ± 9 kg, 139,5 ± 34,6 e 164,2 ± 22,1 mg.dL, respectivamente. Apenas a média da glicemia de jejum no final do estudo revelou uma diferença significativa (P-valor = 0,001). Os resultados mostram que educar pacientes com o diabetes tipo 2, focando na mudança de suas dietas, pode contribuir imensamente para a administração da glicose sanguínea.

The treatment of Diabetes should not only be sought through drug administration; diet is also a part of its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a diet with six meals having equal calories on the body weight and blood glucose on diabetes type 2 patients. This research is an Experimental study conducted in 2009 on 181 patients with diabetes. The patients visited the IDSF (Iranian Diabetes Society of Fars) weekly and the patients to be studied were randomly divided into two groups of 85 and 96 patients, respectively. The participants were repeatedly requested to consume their calculated calorie in six equal parts. The average age in the Experimental and Control groups were 51.2 ± 13.3 and 53.1 ± 9.4, respectively. The mean body weight and fasting blood glucose at the beginning of the study in Experimental and Control groups were 66.3 ± 9.4 and 69.1 ± 11.1 kg, 198.9 ± 35.1, and 199.8 ± 39.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. At the end of the study, however, the values were 63.5 ± 7.5 and 66.98 ± 9 kg, 139.5 ± 34.6 and 164.2 ± 22.1 mg.dL-1, respectively. Only the mean fasting blood glucose at the end of the study revealed a significant difference (p-value = 0.001). The results show that educating those afflicted with Diabetes Type 2 aiming at changing their diet can greatly help them manage their blood glucose.

αMUPA mice carry as a transgene the cDNA encoding urokinase-type plasminogen activator, a member of the plasminogen/plasmin system that functions in fibrinolysis and extracellular proteolysis. These mice spontaneously consume less food when fed ad libitum and live longer compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. αMUPA mice are obesity resistant and they share many similarities with calorically restricted animals. However, extensive metabolic characterization of this unique transgenic model has never been performed.Metabolism of αMUPA mice was analyzed by measuring hormone, lipid and glucose levels in the serum, as well as gene and protein expression levels in the liver, hypothalamus and brainstem.αMUPA mice were found to be leaner than WT mice mainly because of reduced fat depots. Serum analyses showed that αMUPA mice have high levels of the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin, and low levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Analyses of brain neuropeptides showed that the transcript of the anorexigenic neuropeptide Pomc is highly expressed in the brainstem, whereas the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides Npy, Orexin and Mch is blunted in the hypothalamus of αMUPA mice. In addition, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels were higher in the liver and lower in the hypothalamus, thus promoting simultaneously central reduction in appetite and peripheral loss of fat. The levels of SIRT1 were low in the liver, but high in the hypothalamus, a feature that αMUPA mice share with calorically restricted animals.Taken together, αMUPA mice exhibit a unique metabolic phenotype of low-calorie intake and high leptin levels, and could serve as a model for both spontaneous calorie restriction and resistance to obesity.

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys:calorie (Lys:Mcal) ratio on growth perfor- mance of 10- to 20-kg pigs of 2 different genotypes. Experiment 1 (360 pigs, average BW = 10.2 kg; source

To evaluate the rate of remission of metabolic syndrome (Met Syn) among patients undergoing a brief, low-calorie lifestyle change weight loss intervention and to compare the baseline characteristics of patients who were remitted and not remitted from Met Syn at post-treatment.Obese adults (N=36) meeting criteria for Met Syn enrolled in an outpatient fee-for-service behavioral weight loss intervention. Participants were assessed on key Met Syn variables (waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and fasting blood glucose) at pre- and post-treatment.The majority of patients (61%) responded to treatment after a 9.9% mean weight loss. Although Met Syn responders did not differ significantly from Met Syn non-responders on any baseline Met Syn criterion variable, responders had significantly lower baseline body mass indices (BMI; kg/m(2)) and met criteria for fewer baseline Met Syn variables. As expected, Met Syn responders, compared with Met Syn non-responders, had significantly lower post-treatment waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. Patient groups did not differ significantly on weight lost (kg or %), or on the proportion of patients losingor =10% of initial body weight.In a community population, Met Syn responds to weight loss through a low-calorie lifestyle intervention; for some patients, however, the recommended 10% weight loss may not be enough for Met Syn remission.

Our objective was to determine an optimum Lys:calorie ratio (g of total dietary Lys/Mcal of ME) for 35- to 120-kg barrows and gilts (Pig Improvement Company, L337 x C22) in a commercial finishing environment. Seven (3 barrow and 4 gilt) trials were conducted using randomized complete block designs (42 pens per trial, a total of 7,801 pigs). Six treatments with increasing Lys:calorie ratio were used in each study. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with 6% choice white grease. Lysine:calorie ratios were attained by adjusting the amount of corn and soybean meal. No crystalline Lys was used. In barrow trial 1 (43 to 70 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (2.21, 2.55, 2.89, 3.23, 3.57, and 3.91) increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, income over feed costs (IOMFC), and feed cost per kilogram of gain, and decreased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat. In barrow trial 2 (69 to 93 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (1.53, 1.78, 2.03, 2.28, 2.53, and 2.78) improved (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, and IOMFC, and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.01) backfat. In barrow trial 3 (102 to 120 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, 2.20, and 2.40) increased (linear, P < 0.03) ADG and G:F, and numerically improved (linear, P = 0.12) IOMFC. In gilt trials 1 (35 to 60 kg), 2 (60 to 85 kg), and 3 (78 to 103 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (2.55, 2.89, 3.23, 3.57, 3.91, and 4.25; 1.96, 2.24, 2.52, 2.80, 3.08, and 3.36; and 1.53, 1.78, 2.03, 2.28, 2.53, and 2.78, respectively) improved (quadratic, P < 0.04) ADG, G:F, IOMFC, and feed cost per kilogram of gain, and decreased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat. In gilt trial 4 (100 to 120 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, 2.20, and 2.40) improved (linear, P < 0.02) ADG, G:F, LM depth, IOMFC, and (quadratic, P < 0.06) feed cost per kilogram of gain. These studies suggest that feed cost per kilogram of gain decreases, and reductions in biological performance and IOMFC are rather modest when feeding marginally Lys-deficient diets early (35 to 70 kg) in the grower-finishing period compared with the more severe penalties in growth and economic performance of feeding marginally deficient diets in the late finishing period (70 kg to slaughter). The equations (Lys:calorie ratio = -0.0133 x BW, kg, + 3.6944 and = -0.0164 x BW, kg, + 4.004, for barrows and gilts, respectively) best describe our interpretation of the Lys:calorie ratio that met biological requirements and optimized IOMFC on these pigs (PIC, L337 x C22; 35 to 120 kg) in this commercial finishing environment.

Low-calorie diets are commonplace for reducing body weight. However, no information is available on the effects of a reduced-calorie diet on periodontal inflammation and disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of a long-term calorie-restriction (CR) diet on periodontitis in an animal model of periodontitis.Periodontitis was induced in 55 young, healthy, adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by tying 2.0 silk ligatures at the gingival margins of maxillary premolar/molar teeth. Animals on a CR diet (30% CR; N = 23) were compared to ad libitum diet controls (N = 32). Clinical measures, including the plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), modified gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months after ligature placement.Significant effects of CR were observed on the development of inflammation and the progression of periodontal destruction in this model. Compared to controls, CR resulted in a significant reduction in ligature-induced GI (P0.0001), BOP (P0.0015), PD (P0.0016), and CAL (P0.0038). Periodontal destruction, as measured by CAL, progressed significantly more slowly in the CR animals than in the controls (P0.001).These clinical findings are consistent with available evidence that CR has anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, these experimental findings are the first observations, to the best of our knowledge, that CR dampens the inflammatory response and reduces active periodontal breakdown associated with an acute microbial challenge.

Clinical trials involving calorie restriction (CR) require an assessment of adherence to a prescribed CR with the use of an objective measure of energy intake (EI).The objective was to validate the use of energy expenditure (EE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW), in conjunction with precise measures of body composition, to calculate an individual's EI during 30% CR.Ten participants underwent 30% CR for 3 wk. During the last week (7 d), 24-h EE was measured in a respiratory chamber and simultaneously by DLW (EEDLW). EI was calculated from 7-d EE measured by DLW and from changes in energy stores (ES) (weight and body composition). Calculated EI was then compared with the actual EI measured in the chamber by using the following equations: calculated EI (kcal/d) = EEDLW + DeltaES, where DeltaESFM/FFM (kcal/d) = (9.3 x DeltaFM, g/d) + (1.1 x DeltaFFM, g/d), FM is fat mass, and FFM is fat-free mass.We found close agreement (R = 0.88) between EE measured in the metabolic chamber and EEDLW during CR. Using the measured respiratory quotient, we found that the mean (+/-SD) EE(DLW) was 1934 +/- 377 kcal/d and EE measured in the metabolic chamber was 1906 +/- 327 kcal/d, ie, a 1.3 +/- 8.9% overestimation. EI calculated from EEDLW and from changes in ES was 8.7 +/- 36.7% higher than the actual EI provided during the chamber stay (1596 +/- 656 kcal/d).DLW methods can accurately estimate 24-h EE during CR. Although the mean difference between actual and calculated EIs for the group was small, we conclude that the interindividual variability was too large to provide an assessment of CR adherence on an individual basis.

Prior work suggests that body size and fat content may influence carcinogen-DNA adduct levels measured in white blood cells. Here we consider energy balance more broadly by assessing the impact of body mass index (BMI), physical activity and calorie intake on the presence of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA (BP-DNA) adducts in white blood cell DNA. Our cross-sectional study employed subjects from a separately conducted intervention trial. Physical activity and food intake data were collected at 12 and 15 months of follow-up, respectively. BP-DNA adducts were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in white blood cell samples collected at 12 months of follow-up. Complete data on all variables were available from 143 subjects. Logistic regression showed that BMI was inversely associated with the presence of detectable adducts (OR = 0.90, p = 0.02), and that hours of moderate-intensity physical activity were positively associated with the presence of detectable adducts (OR = 1.04, p = 0.04). These results provide further evidence that body fat content influences carcinogen-DNA adduct levels, probably by altering the distribution of the lipophilic parent compound.

Background/Aims: Protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) in patients on hemodialysis (HD) is multifactorial; however, HD per se induces nutrient losses. The aim of the present study was to characterize the losses of total nitrogen (TN) and free amino acids (FAs) through the dialysate and to determine the relationship between this loss and PCM, food ingestion, and the characteristics of the hemodialyzer in patients on HD. Methods: In a prospective study, 21 patients submitted to low-flux HD 3 times a week were evaluated within a period of 6 months regarding nutritional status, dietary calorie and protein intake, and losses through the dialysate of TN, FA, and urea nitrogen (UN). The type, surface area and reuses (up to 12) of the dialysis membrane were determined on each occasion, and the adequacy of dialysis was estimated by Kt/V. Results: 50% of the patients were considered malnourished, although the mean protein and energy intakes were similar for the malnourished and nourished patients. Mean TN losses through the dialysate were 16 g/session (60% UN). FA losses varied from 3.8 to 4.2 g/total volume. TN and FA in the dialysate did not differ significantly between malnourished and nourished patients. There was a positive correlation between membrane (polysulfone) area and TN (p Conclusions: TN and FA losses through the dialysate were similar for malnourished and non-malnourished patients on chronic HD, thus they do not act as indicators of nutritional status impairment.

International audience; Objectives: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 recommended that consumers give priority to nutrient dense foods, those that contain substantial amounts of key nutrients in relation to the dietary energy they provide. This study developed a scoring system to estimate the nutritional adequacy of vegetables and fruits, on a per weight, per calorie, and per unit cost basis. Data: we used a French national food composition database for 637 foods, including 129 vegetables and fruits. Mean national retail prices were obtained for each food. Methods: The nutrient adequacy score was defined as the mean of percent daily values for 16 nutrients, based on 100 g of food. The nutrient density score and the nutrient to- price ratio were the mean of percent daily values for 16 nutrients, expressed per 100 kcal and per 1 euro of food, respectively. Relationships between energy density of vegetables and fruits, nutrient adequacy score, nutrient density score, and nutrient-to-price ratio were tested using linear regression. Results: Energy density and nutrient density score were negatively correlated, confirming the widely accepted notion that energy-dense foods tend to be nutrient-poor. As expected, fruits and vegetables had the highest nutrient density score because they were nutrient-rich in relation to their low energy content. They also had a relatively high nutrient-to-price ratio, showing that they provided nutrients at a reasonable cost when compared with other foods. Conclusions: Foods ranked differently when nutritional adequacy was calculated per weight (nutrient adequacy score), per calorie (nutrient density score), or per unit cost (nutrient-to-price ratio). The present results showed that although fruits and vegetables are an expensive source of dietary energy, they provide key nutrients at a reasonable cost

To investigate how and to what extent platycodin saponin (PS) from Platycodi Radix exerts a favorable influence on obesity and hyperlipidemia.Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high fat (HF) diet for 4 weeks and then the animals were treated with 35 or 70 mg / kg of PS for another 4 weeks. Changes in body weight and daily calorie intake were measured regularly during the experimental period and the degree of linear correlation for the above two variables was further analyzed. The in vitro lipase inhibition of each PS compound and the in vivo fecal lipid excretion were examined in hope of revealing their relationship. The concentrations of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol in serum.The body weight reduction (13+/-4% vs HF control, P0.05) by PS administration was highly correlated to the food intake restriction (Pearson's linear coefficient r=0.752, P0.005). The in vitro inhibition of lipase by each isolated compound and mixture of PS were virtually identical. Consequently, the fecal TG excretion was increased by 2.1-3.2 folds depending on the dose of PS. The serum TG and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were decreased without noticeable changes in HDL-cholesterol levels. Concomitantly, the contents of the hepatic TG, cholesterol, and the liver surface fat pads were decreased in ubiquity, but no noticeable biochemical abnormalities or histological tissue damages were observed.The administration of PS produced profound effects on the control of obesity and lipid metabolism, which resulted in LDL-cholesterol reduction. PS also caused a remarkable reduction in calorie intake, which was highly correlated to the body weight loss. These results suggest that PS has a greater role in anti-obesity, hypolipidemia, and liver protection than previously thought. Hence, PS could be a potential therapeutic alternative in the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia.

Atrazine, which has been used worldwide as a pesticide, is now known to exert endocrine disrupting (antiandrogenic) effects in mammals. In this study, modifying effects of dietary feeding of 500 and 1000 p.p.m. atrazine on the development of androgen-dependent prostate cancer were investigated using male probasin/SV40 T antigen transgenic (TG) rats. As administration of atrazine has now been identified as causing a decrease in bodyweight, a dietary-restricted TG rat group was also included in order to elucidate the influence of reduction of calorie intake per se on the development of prostate cancer. At week 13, almost the entire lobes of the prostate were occupied with tumor lesions, with no clear intergroup differences in the incidences and multiplicities. Therefore, morphometrical assessment ratios of the prostate epithelial area to the whole prostate tissue area were evaluated. The ratio in the lateral lobe of the 1000 p.p.m. atrazine-treated group was significantly decreased, and there was a tendency to decrease in the ratios in the dorsal lobe of the atrazine-treated groups. However, dietary restriction itself without atrazine treatment caused the same reduction to a similar or greater extent. Testosterone levels were not affected by atrazine administration or dietary restriction. Our results indicate that the observed atrazine-related suppression of prostate carcinogenesis was probably caused by the decrease in calorie intake, rather than by atrazine-related endocrine disruption.

Nasopharynx cancer (NPC) occurs frequently in southern China. Radiotherapy (RT) is the standard treatment for this cancer, and weight loss is commonly observed during and for a prolonged period after RT. The determinants of this phenomenon are not well known. The nutritional status of 38 NPC patients was assessed serially before and for a 6-mo period after RT. Body weight, body composition (by dual X-ray absorptiometry), basal metabolic rate (BMR, by indirect calorimetry), and calorie intake (by 3-day dietary record) were documented at pre-RT (T0), end-RT (T1), 2 mo post-end-RT (T2), and 6 mo post-end-RT (T3). The BMI at end-RT was 21.5 +- 3.7 kg/m2 (range = 13.7-27.9 kg/m2) and was significantly lower than that at pre-RT (P0.001). Body weight at T1-T3 was significantly lower than that at T0 (P0.001). Mean percentage weight loss was 10.8% at end-RT. Fifty-five percent of patients (20 of 30) had 10% weight loss by the end of RT. BMR corrected for body weight did not change significantly among the four time points, but BMRs corrected for lean body mass at T2 and T3 were significantly lower than that at T0 (P0.01). Patients' calorie intake generally declined from T0 to T1 (from 1,857 P411 kcal to 11,68 +- 549 kcal, P0.001) and then increased from T1 to T3. The calorie intakes at T2 and T3 were not significantly different from that at T0 but were significantly higher than that at T1. Patients were in negative energy balance before, during, and up until 6 mo after RT. The recovery in body weight lagged behind the recovery of dietary intake. Eighty-two percent of NPC patients had significant weight loss and was in negative energy balance at the end of RT, which persisted for at least 6 mo. This finding suggests that there is room for improvement in the nutritional status of patients with NPC treated with RT.

Aims: It is unclear whether prescribing a higher amount of calories by enteral nutrition (EN) increases actual delivery. This prospective controlled study aimed at comparing the progression of EN of two study populations with different levels of calorie prescriptions, during the first 5 days of EN. Methods: The daily calorie prescription of group 1 (n=346) was 25 and 20 kcal/kg body weight for women

The aim of this review was to evaluate data regarding potential thermodynamic mechanisms for increased rates of weight loss in subjects consuming diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate. Studies that compared weight loss and energy expenditure in adults consuming diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate with those in adults consuming diets low in fat were reviewed. In addition, studies that measured the metabolizable energy of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates were reviewed. Diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate produced an approximately equal to 2.5-kg greater weight loss after 12 wk of treatment. Neither macronutrient-specific differences in the availability of dietary energy nor changes in energy expenditure could explain these differences in weight loss. Thermodynamics dictate that a calorie is a calorie regardless of the macronutrient composition of the diet. Further research on differences in the composition of weight loss and on the influence of satiety on compliance with energy-restricted diets is needed to explain the observed increase in weight loss with diets high in protein and/or low in carbohydrate.

Objective. To explain differences in weight growth velocity of extremely premature infants among 6 level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).Methods. In 6 NICUs, we studied 564 infants, stratified by gestational age (GA), who were first admissions, survivors, Results. Weight growth velocities varied significantly among the 6 NICUs. Adjustment for case mix and medical factors explained little of this variability, but additional control for calorie and especially protein intake accounted for much of the intersite variability. For the average infant, adjusted growth velocity ranged from 10.4 to 14.3 g/kg/d among the sites studied. The final predictive model, including case mix and medical and nutritional factors, explained 53% of the overall variance in growth velocity. Prolonged (≥15 days) exposure to postnatal steroids and greater severity of illness both decreased growth velocity. The model predicted that adding 1 g/kg/d protein to the mean intake for our sample would increase growth by 4.1 g/kg/d.Conclusions. Variation in nutrition explained much of the difference in growth among the NICUs studied. Mean intake of calories and protein failed to meet recommended levels, and the average growth in only 1 NICU approximated intrauterine growth standards. Increasing nutritional intake into the recommended ranges, in particular of protein, may increase growth of extremely premature infants up to or above intrauterine rates.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of amino acids, in terms of the ratio of non-protein calories to nitrogen (NPC/N ratio), in peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN). Test solutions that NPC/N ratio is 50, 100, 150 or 200, or amino acid free solution were administered parenterally at a rate of 120 kcal/kg/day for 5 days to normal rats, after which the effects of amino acid on protein metabolism were assessed. Cumulative nitrogen balance increased with a decrease in the NPC/N ratio (with a increase in amino acid dose), but there were no statistically significant differences between group NPC/N: 50, group NPC/N: 100, and group NPC/N: 150. The protein synthesis rate in the liver increased with a decrease in the NPC/N ratio, and the value in group NPC/N: 200 and group NPC/N: 150 was significantly lower than that in group NPC/N: 50. However, in group NPC/N: 50, the levels of serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and serum branched chain amino acids (BCAA) were high, suggesting the excessive administration of amino acids. Based on the above findings, the optimal NPC/N ratio is estimated to be about 100 (50 g as amino acids), when the intravenous solution is administered at the anticipated daily dose in clinical use (1000 kcal/day).

Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar o perfil e o estado nutricional da clientela e a composição química e nutricional das refeições oferecidas no restaurante universitário da Universidade Estadual Paulista de Araraquara, Brasil. Realizou-se a determinação química do teor de proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibra, cinzas e umidade de amostras das refeições fornecidas. A amostra populacional foi constituída de 403 usuários (212 mulheres e 191 homens). Em relação ao perfil do usuário, constatou-se que 82,60% encontravam-se na faixa etária de 18 a 25 anos e 75,44% dos indivíduos apresentaram índice de massa corporal dentro da faixa de normalidade. Em média, as refeições continham 4,74% de proteínas, 10,84% de lipídeos, 24,32% de carboidratos, 3,30% de fibras, 1,00% de cinzas e 55,00% de umidade. Os dados mostraram que as refeições do restaurante universitário continham excesso de proteínas e de energia e que se faz necessário realizar ajustes na sua composição para adequá-la ao perfil da clientela atendida.This study aimed at determining the clientele's profile and nutritional status and the chemical composition of the meals offered at the university restaurant of University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil. For checking these aspects, the study carried out the chemical determination of the content of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, ashes and humidity of meals samples. The population sample was comprised of 403 users (212 women and 191 men). Regarding the users' profile, it was verified that 82.6% were in the age group of 18 to 25 years and 75.44% of the individuals showed body mass index (BMI) within the range of normality. On average, the meals contained 4.74% of proteins, 10.84% of lipids, 24.32% of carbohydrates, 3.30% of fibers, 1.00% of ashes and 55.00% of humidity. The data showed that the University Restaurant meals contained proteins and calories in excess. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust this composition in order to make it suitable to the assisted clientele profile.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that continuous enteral feeding impairs gallbladder emptying in infants.A prospective crossover study was performed in 15 infants: (1) bolus enteral feeds were given in phase A, (2) a continuous milk feed was given for 3 days in phase B, and (3) bolus feeds were resumed in phase C. The gallbladder was studied with ultrasonography in phase A, on days 1 and 3 of phase B, and at the start and on days 2 and 4 of phase C.Baseline volume was 116.1 mm(3) (range, 48.1 to 374.8 mm(3)) in phase A and 293.3 mm(3) (range, 109.4 to 1134.9 mm(3)) (P.001) after 3 days of phase B; it returned to the phase A value after 4 days of phase C. The contraction index was 65.2% (range, 40.6% to 78.2%) in phase A and 1.7% (range, 0% to 8.4%) (P.001) after 3 days of phase B. It returned to its phase A value immediately after bolus enteral feeds were resumed in phase C.Continuous enteral feeding leads to an enlarged, noncontractile gallbladder in infants. Emptying is observed immediately after bolus feeds are resumed, and volume returns to baseline after 4 days. The mode of feeding has important bearings on the motility of the extrahepatic biliary tree.

Foram avaliados dados obtidos de experimentos conduzidos, no período de 1990 a 1995, na Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS, objetivando estudar a conversão e o balanço energético de quatro sistemas de produção de grãos com pastagens anuais de inverno. Os quatro sistemas foram constituídos por: sistema I (trigo/soja, aveia-preta/soja e aveia-preta/soja); sistema II (trigo/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho); sistema III (trigo/soja, aveia-preta + ervilhaca/soja e aveia-preta + ervilhaca/milho); e sistema IV (trigo/soja, aveia-branca/soja e aveia-branca/soja). As culturas, tanto de inverno como de verão, foram estabelecidas sob sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e parcelas totalizando 500 m². Os sistemas II e III apresentaram conversão energética (5,78 e 5,44) e balanço energético (23.728 e 21.741 kg/Mcal) superiores aos sistemas I (3,79 e 11.553 kg/Mcal) e IV (4,33 e 12.879 kg/Mcal), respectivamente. Ficou evidenciado que a integração lavoura-pecuária sob sistema plantio direto foi viável, pois a conversão e o balanço energético foram positivos, tendo sido significativamente maiores nos sistemas que incluíram a cultura de milho. Data obtained from experiments conducted, from 1990 to 1995, at the Universidade de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were evaluated with the objective to study the energy conversion and balance of four grain production systems with annual winter pastures. Four grain production systems were evaluated: system I (wheat/soybean, black oats/soybean, and black oats/soybean); system II (wheat/soybean and black oats + common vetch/corn); system III (wheat/soybean, black oats + common vetch/soybean, and black oats + common vetch/corn); and system IV (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean, and white oats/soybean). Both winter and summer crops were grown under no-tillage. The trial was set up blocks at random, with three replications and plots with 500 m². Systems II and III showed higher energy conversion (5.78 and 5.44) and balance rates (23,728 and 21,741 kg/Mcal), as compared to systems I (3.79 and 11,553 kg/Mcal) and IV (4.33 and 12,879 kg/Mcal), respectively. It was evident that the integration crop-livestock under no-tillage is a viable system, since the energetic conversion and balance showed positive results; actually, these rates were significantly higher in the systems including corn crop.

The serum concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is inversely related to weight and in animal studies is inversely related to protein intake. As SHBG can affect the biological activity of testosterone and estradiol, we wished to determine the role of protein intake on SHBG levels in men. Using data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study we examined cross-sectional relationships between dietary components and SHBG levels in 1552 men (aged 40-70 yr) for whom these factors were known. Analyzed by multiple regression, controlling for testosterone and estradiol levels, age (P

Objective To measure serum leptin concentrations in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and to identify independent predictors of leptin levels, thereby allowing hormone levels to be modeled using regression analysis. Methods A cross-sectional study of 15 AN inpatients and 16 healthy control subjects. Age, height, weight, percent body fat, total caloric intake, fat intake, and fasting plasma leptin levels were recorded. Stepwise forward regression analysis was carried out to identify predictors of leptin levels. Results Circulating leptin concentrations in AN were 3.5 ± 0.5 versus 7.6 ± 1.2 ng/ml in control subjects. Percent body fat correlated best with leptin levels in anorexic and control subjects (r = .63; p = .0002), with caloric intake showing only a moderate correlation (r = .47; p = .008). Only percent body fat was a significant predictor of plasma leptin levels in our regression model. Discussion Leptin levels are proportionately lower in AN as compared to healthy controls. It appears that physiological regulation of plasma levels with respect to percent body fat is maintained in individuals with little body fat. © 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 26: 283–288, 1999.

Summary Background: Calorie supplements are commonly prescribed to improve the nutritional status of children with cystic fibrosis. Although the palatability of these products has been extensively researched in adults, little work has been carried out in either healthy children or children with cystic fibrosis. The aim of this study was to identify which type of supplement was preferred by children with cystic fibrosis, healthy children and healthy adults. Methods: 23 children with cystic fibrosis, 65 healthy children and 40 healthy adults were recruited to the study. All were asked to taste four of the main types of prescribable supplements available and indicate which they preferred. Results: The preference score for the fresh milk supplement was significantly higher than the scores for the other three supplements. There was no apparent difference between the taste preferences of the three groups studied. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that children with cystic fibrosis have similar taste preferences for calorie supplements to healthy children and adults. The fresh milk supplement was preferred by the majority of the subjects, which suggests that when starting a patient on calorie supplements a fresh milk product should be offered first. The preference testing method used here is quick and easy to do and may be useful for assessing patient preferences at the bedside.

Objective To evaluate protein and caloric intake in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients on an incremental dialysis schedule, in an attempt to discriminate the influence of residual renal function (RRF) on these nutritional parameters. Design Prospective observational study. Patients Nine patients who had significant RRF at the beginning of PD therapy, which permitted a schedule of incremental PD (i.e., the number of peritoneal exchanges was increased as the RRF fell) in order to maintain the sum of renal and peritoneal clearance (weekly Kt/V urea) at approximately 2. Methods The mean adequacy parameters (urine and peritoneal Kt/V urea and creatinine clearance) along with the mean dietary energy (DEI) and protein intake (DPI) estimated by 3-day diet histories, were determined 6 and 9 months after the beginning of PD, when patients had RRF (period 1), and 6 and 9 months after the loss of RRF (period 2). The mean data obtained in both periods were compared. The best determinants for the changes in DEI and DPI after the loss of RRF were also investigated. Results Mean total Kt/V urea was very similar in both periods (2.16 ± 0.32 vs 2.15 ± 0.18), although creatinine clearance decreased significantly after the loss of RRF (74.41 ± 12.28 L/week/1.73 m2 vs 56.78 ± 11.77 L/week/ 1.73 m2, p = 0.0001). Absolute and normalized DPI values for actual body weight decreased after the loss of RRF (68.21 ± 11.87 g/kg vs 59.27 ± 13.66 g/kg, p = 0.02; and 1.17 ± 0.32 g/kg/day vs 0.97 ± 0.32 g/kg/day, p = 0.01). Although the energy delivered by peritoneal glucose uptake increased significantly after the loss of RRF, the mean total energy intake (DEI plus peritoneal glucose uptake) was very similar in both periods (2141 ± 339 kcal/day vs 2010 ± 303 kcal/day, p = 0.13). However, the mean total energy intake normalized for actual body weight decreased significantly after the loss of RRF (37.5 ± 10.1 kcal/ kg/day vs 32.8 ± 8.9 kcal/kg/day, p = 0.02). The changes in DEI and DPI between periods 1 and 2 correlated negatively with the difference of the energy delivered by peritoneal glucose uptake ( r = 0.65, p = 0.05, and r = 0.88, p = 0.001, respectively). The magnitude of DPI changes between both periods correlated significantly with the magnitude of urinary Kt/V urea changes ( r = 0.77, p = 0.01). However, there was no correlation between the changes in DPI and the changes in total Kt/V urea, total or renal creatinine clearance, or the length of time on PD. Conclusions The loss of RRF led to a reduction in dietary caloric and protein intake. The magnitude of the reduction in the DPI was strongly correlated with the increase in the energy delivered by peritoneal glucose uptake and with the decrease in the urinary Kt/V urea, but not with the total Kt/V urea.

This study sought to determine nutritional parameters after chronic administration of ethanol in rats. Control and ethanol-fed rats was fed with a standard control diet. Ethanol-rats also have ethanol in the drinking water during 30 weeks. We have found that the food intake in the ethanol-fed rats is lower than in the control rats, this difference is significant along the totality of the experimental period. The liquid fluid consumption is also lower in the ethanol-fed rats, although at the beginning of the experimental period is similar in both studied groups. The intake of total calories is high in the ethanol-fed rats at the induction period and the second month, but is lower in the rest of the experimental period, as a consequence of the lower intake of food. The body weights are lower in the ethanol-fed rats, and this difference is significant from the third month until the end of the experimental period. In summary, there is a lower weight in the ethanol-fed rats group for the effect of a lower caloric intake, and perhaps also for a wastage of energy.

Protein and energy requirements of children on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) have still not been sufficiently well defined, although their adequacy is important to maintain a positive nitrogen (N) balance and prevent malnutrition. We carried out 42 studies to estimate N balance in 31 children over 3 years on APD for 19.8+/-15.7 months. Twenty metabolic studies were performed in patients dialysed for less than 1 year (7.2+/-3.3 months) and 22 in patients treated for more than 1 year (31.3+/-13.6 months). The mean estimated N balance of all metabolic studies was 57.5+/-62.8 mg/kg per day. In only 21 of 42 studies was N balance estimated to be over 50 mg/kg per day, which is considered adequate to meet N requirements for all metabolic needs and growth of uremic children. Estimated N balance correlated significantly with dietary protein intake (r=0.671, P=0.0001) and total energy intake (r=0.489, P=0.001). Using the equations of correlation, the values of dietary protein intake [=144% recommended dietary allowance (RDA)] and total energy intake (89% RDA) required to obtain an estimated N balance50 mg/kg per day were calculated. Significantly lower estimated N balance values were obtained in the studies performed on patients on APD for over 1 year (36.09+/-54.02 mg/kg per day) than in patients treated for less than 1 year (81.11+/-64.70 mg/kg per day). In conclusion, based on the values of estimated N balance, we were able to establish adequate dietary protein and energy requirements for children on APD.

This study investigated potential underreporting of energy intake in the 1990 Ontario Health Survey (OHS). Underreporting was higher in overweight individuals, Asian-born individuals, and respondents from urban areas. Intakes of underreporters were slightly closer to current dietary guidelines (less fat, more fruit and vegetables, fewer sweets). These results underline that caution is warranted when interpreting the association of dietary data with health outcomes.

The published reports of dietary protein and energy intake and protein and energy requirements for maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients are reviewed. Evidence indicates that the dietary energy intake of patients undergoing MHD or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is less than normal. Dietary protein intake in various surveys averages approximately 1.0 g/kg/d. The energy expenditure of MHD patients appears to be normal or slightly increased during resting and normal during various other daily activities. Energy expenditure in CAPD patients appears normal. Nitrogen balance and anthropometric studies in MHD or CAPD patients ingesting controlled diets in a metabolic unit research ward also indicate that dietary energy requirements are normal and are approximately 35 to 38 kcal/kg/d in MHD patients. For CAPD patients, total energy requirements (from diet and dialysate) also appear to be 35 to 38 kcal/kg/d. These recommended energy intakes are for adult patients aged approximately 60 years or younger. Thus, the low dietary energy intakes of MHD and CPD patients are maladaptive. Nitrogen balance studies indicate that a safe dietary allowance for protein is approximately 1.2 g/kg/d for MHD patients and 1.2 to 1.3 g/kg/d for CAPD patients. Because the nutritional status of patients at the onset of chronic dialysis therapy is a strong predictor of both their nutritional status during the course of chronic dialysis treatment and their subsequent morbidity and mortality, it is important to maintain good nutritional status in patients with chronic renal failure before their development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and establishment on chronic dialysis. Evidence indicates that there is a reduction in dietary protein and energy intake and a gradual deterioration of nutritional status in patients with chronic renal insufficiency as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases progressively to less than 50 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. More studies are needed to assess dietary protein and energy requirements both for MHD and CPD patients who are clinically stable and for those who have sustained comorbid conditions that increase energy expenditure or protein nitrogen appearance.

Recent studies suggest that subtle vitamin K depletion has far-reaching consequences. As this entity is not associated with prothrombin time elevation, it is important to determine whether alternate methods can help identify it. We investigated subtle vitamin K depletion in a hospital setting and determined whether protein calorie malnutrition predicts its presence.Using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay of plasma phylloquinone and a food frequency questionnaire for phylloquinone intake, we examined the phylloquinone status of 27 hospitalized patients with normal coagulation parameters, no liver disease, and no recent warfarin use. We assessed protein-calorie nutritional status with Reilly's criteria and anthropometrics.51% of patients (95% CI = 31% to 70%) had evidence of subtle vitamin K depletion as defined by a subnormal plasma phylloquinone concentration. Patients whose phylloquinone intake was less than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) over the preceding year had lower plasma phylloquinone concentrations when compared to other patients: median (range) 0.106 nmol/l (0.022-0.461) versus 0.301 nmol/l (0.067-3.928), respectively (P = 0.023). Plasma phylloquinone concentrations were no different, however, between well-nourished and malnourished patients: median (range) 0.245 nmol/l (0.022-0.522) versus 0.188 nmol/l (0.067-3.928), respectively (P=0.782).Subtle vitamin K depletion is common among hospitalized patients and protein-calorie malnutrition does not predict its presence.

BACKGROUND Tube feeding is an unphysiological route of nutrient delivery, and yet there is a lack of controlled trials examining its effects on appetite, food intake, and factors involved in their control. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between diurnal tube feeding, hunger, food intake, and circulating concentrations of leptin (a putative satiety factor). METHODS Six healthy lean men received a continuous nasogastric infusion (9:00 AM to 9:00 PM) of colored water (2 days), liquid feeding (4.2 kJ/mL, energy provision 1 x the initial predicted basal metabolic rate; 3 days), and colored water (2 days). Measurements of hunger (visual analog scales), weighed food intake, and fasting circulating leptin concentrations were made while the subjects were allowed free access to isoenergetically dense food items. RESULTS Three days of diurnal nasogastric feeding (mean, 6.9 MJ/d) significantly increased total energy intake (to 19.4 MJ/d; p < .001; analysis of variance [ANOVA]), suppressing oral energy intake by only 17%, with no significant effect on mean daily hunger. Higher levels of energy intake led to a universal rise in circulating leptin concentrations (2.82 to 4.23 ng/mL; p < .004; ANOVA) that was not significantly related to subsequent breakfast energy intake, first rated hunger of the day, timing of morning food consumption, or subsequent mean daily oral energy intake or hunger. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that 3 days of diurnal tube feeding (equivalent to basal metabolic rate) failed to suppress hunger and reduced food intake by only 17%. The rise in circulating leptin concentrations, associated with tube feeding and the increase in total energy intake, failed to predict subsequent hunger or oral energy intake.

Restricting access to high-fat foods is a common strategy utilized to promote health. This strategy may contribute to episodes of overconsumption, however, when the restricted foods subsequently become available. The present study utilized a rat feeding procedure to determine if restricting access to an optional source of dietary fat would increase later consumption of that food under nonenergy-deprived conditions. Five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, all of which had continuous access to a standard rodent diet and water. The control group had no access to shortening. The low-restriction group had 2-h access to shortening every day. The high-restriction group had 2-h access to shortening on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Two additional groups were switched between the high and low conditions. Two-hour and 24-h food intakes were measured every day for 6 weeks. At the end of the study rats were sacrificed and carcass composition determined. As access to the shortening decreased, consumption during the 2-h access period increased. Rats compensated for the increased shortening consumption by decreasing intake of the standard diet. Thus, cumulative energy consumption did not differ among the groups. When switched between the high and low conditions, rats rapidly adjusted to the change in shortening availability. There were no effects of access schedule on carcass composition. These results indicate that restricting access to an optional high-fat food, even under nonenergy-deprived conditions, can promote significant increases in the consumption of that food when it subsequently becomes available.

In Sweden, milk and milk products are important sources of daily energy intake but the role of milk with preschool lunch meals has been debated frequently and water is often alternatively given today. We studied the effects of milk or water on lunch energy intake. Water or milk alternatively was served in a controlled, within-subject design on 12 occasions to 36 children aged 4-6 years, and energy intake was analysed at an individual level in three typical preschool lunches with a varying degree of preference among the children. When milk was given with the meals, a mean additional energy intake of 17% (p

Caloric utilization is an important aspect of the clinical management of eating disorders. Caloric intake and body weight of 32 inpatient bulimic and anorectic girls and 30 normal adolescents were measured. Normal weight bulimics ate fewer calories while anorectics ate more calories per kilogram body weight compared with the control group. Anorectics have greater difficulty to eat sufficient calories to maintain their weight. These findings indicate that treatment should be extended beyond the point of time where normal weight is reached.

It is well known that caloric restriction inhibits, whereas excess calories promote, mammary tumorigenesis in rats. However, the relative contribution to carcinogenesis by calories derived from fat or from carbohydrate are not well established. To determine the relative effects of calories from fat or from carbohydrate, as well as any interaction of dietary fiber on the promotion of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors, we fed isocalorically nine diets containing different ratios of fat, carbohydrate, and fiber to female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (30/group). Under conditions of isocaloric consumption, at or near ad libitum feeding, calories from dietary fat had approximately twofold greater promoting effect on final body weight and tumor incidence than calories derived from dietary carbohydrate. Dietary fiber had an inhibitory effect on tumor development, but the effect was evident only in the high-fat groups. Logistic regression analysis of tumor incidence gave beta-coefficient estimates for the relative effects of fat, carbohydrate, and fiber of 0.866, 0.189, and -4.281, respectively. Time-to-tumor analysis by the Weibull model indicated beta-estimates of 3.016, 3.324, and 5.825 for dietary fat, carbohydrate, and fiber, respectively, indicating that fat shortens and fiber increases the length of time to tumor. The statistical model derived from these results also indicates a significant synergistic interaction of dietary fat and carbohydrate on final body weight and tumor incidence.