Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators, Estcourt, Lise J, Turgeon, Alexis F, McQuilten, Zoe K, McVerry, Bryan J, Al-Beidh, Farah, Annane, Djillali, Arabi, Yaseen M, Arnold, Donald M, Beane, Abigail, Bégin, Philippe, van Bentum-Puijk, Wilma, Berry, Lindsay R, Bhimani, Zahra, Birchall, Janet E, Bonten, Marc JM, Bradbury, Charlotte A, Brunkhorst, Frank M, Buxton, Meredith, Callum, Jeannie L, Chassé, Michaël, Cheng, Allen C, Cove, Matthew E, Daly, James, Derde, Lennie, Detry, Michelle A, De Jong, Menno, Evans, Amy, Fergusson, Dean A, Fish, Matthew, Fitzgerald, Mark, Foley, Claire, Goossens, Herman, Gordon, Anthony C, Gosbell, Iain B, Green, Cameron, Haniffa, Rashan, Harvala, Heli, Higgins, Alisa M, Hills, Thomas E, Hoad, Veronica C, Horvat, Christopher, Huang, David T, Hudson, Cara L, Ichihara, Nao, Laing, Emma, Lamikanra, Abigail A, Lamontagne, François, Lawler, Patrick R, Linstrum, Kelsey, Litton, Edward, Lorenzi, Elizabeth, MacLennan, Sheila, Marshall, John, McAuley, Daniel F, McDyer, John F, McGlothlin, Anna, McGuinness, Shay, Miflin, Gail, Montgomery, Stephanie, Mouncey, Paul R, Murthy, Srinivas, Nichol, Alistair, Parke, Rachael, Parker, Jane C, Priddee, Nicole, Purcell, Damian FJ, Reyes, Luis F, Richardson, Peter, Robitaille, Nancy, Rowan, Kathryn M, Rynne, Jennifer, Saito, Hiroki, Santos, Marlene, Saunders, Christina T, Serpa Neto, Ary, Seymour, Christopher W, Silversides, Jon A, Tinmouth, Alan A, Triulzi, Darrell J, Turner, Anne M, van de Veerdonk, Frank, Walsh, Timothy S, Wood, Erica M, Berry, Scott, Lewis, Roger J, Menon, David K, McArthur, Colin, Zarychanski, Ryan, Angus, Derek C, Webb, Steve A, Roberts, David J, Shankar-Hari, Manu, Menon, David [0000-0002-3228-9692], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Investigators, Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP, Writing Comm REMAP-CAP Investigators, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré [AP-HP], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - UFR Sciences de la santé Simone Veil (UVSQ Santé), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institutes of Health, NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, Pittsburgh Foundation, Breast Cancer Research Foundation, BCRF, Bristol-Myers Squibb, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK, Medtronic, Baxter International, Manitoba Medical Service Foundation, MMSF, CancerCare Manitoba Foundation, CCMF, Wellcome Trust, WT, University of Manitoba, UM, Health Research Board, HRB: PHRC-20-0147, National Blood Authority, NBA, Llywodraeth Cymru, Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium, TBCRC, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, IRSC: 158584, CTN 2014-012, Medical Research Council, MRC, National Institute for Health Research, NIHR, Department of Health and Social Care, DH, European Commission, EC: APP194811, National Heart and Lung Institute, NHLI, National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: 2015-06-18, 2016-16-011, APP1101719, APP2002132, Health Research Council of New Zealand, HRC: 16/631, 447335, Monash University, MU, Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: 215522, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC, Innovate UK, Horizon 2020, Pharmaceuticals Bayer, Minderoo Foundation, Dr Fitzgerald reported receiving grants from the PREPARE Network and the European Commission. Dr Gordon reported receiving grants from the National Institute for Health Research and receiving personal fees from 30 Respiratory, GlaxoSmithKline, and Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr Gosbell reported receiving grants from the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, which is funded by the Australian government. Dr Haniffa reported receiving grants from the Wellcome Trust Innovations Project, the Minderoo Foundation, and the UK Research and Innovation African Critical Care Registry Network. Dr Higgins reported receiving grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Minderoo Foundation, and the National Blood Authority. Dr Hills reported receiving grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Dr Hoad reported receiving grants from the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, which is funded by the Australian government. Dr Horvat reported receiving grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Dr Huang reported receiving grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Dr Lamontagne reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr Lawler reported receiving consulting fees from Novartis, Coronna LLC, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, receiving royalties from McGraw-Hill Publishing, and receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the LifeArc Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, the Thistledown Foundation, and the province of Ontario. Dr Lorenzi reported receiving personal fees from Berry Consultants. Dr Marshall reported receiving personal fees from AM-Pharma (data and safety monitoring board chair) and Critical Care Medicine (associate editor). Dr McAuley reported receiving personal fees from Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Vir Biotechnology, Faron Pharmaceuticals, and Sobi, receiving grants from the National Institute for Health Research, Wellcome Trust, Innovate UK, the Medical Research Council, and the Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Research and Development Division, and holding a patent for an anti-inflammatory treatment that was issued to Queen’s University Belfast. Dr McGlothlin reported receiving grants from the PREPARE Network, the European Commission, and the Global Coalition for Adapative Research. Mr Mouncey reported receiving grants from the European Union, the PREPARE Network, the National Institute for Health Research, and European Union Horizon 2020. Dr Nichol reported receiving grants from the Health Research Board of Ireland and Baxter and receiving personal fees from AM-Pharma. Dr Parke reported receiving grants from Fisher and Paykel Healthcare Ltd. Ms Parker reported receiving grants from Monash University. Mr Richardson reported receiving funding from the Welsh government. Dr Rowan reported receiving grants from the European Commission and the National Institute for Health Research. Dr Saunders reported receiving grants from the PREPARE Network, the European Commission, and the Global Coalition for Adapative Research. Dr Serpa Neto reported receiving personal fees from Drager and Endpoint Health. Dr Tinmouth reported receiving grants and personal fees from the Canadian Blood Services. Ms Turner reported receiving grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Dr van de Veerdonk reported receiving personal fees from Gilead, Sobi, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr Wood reported receiving grants from the Australian Medical Research Future Fund. Dr S. Berry reported being an employee of Berry Consultants with an ownership role. Dr Lewis reported being an employee of Berry Consultants. Dr Menon reported receiving grants from the National Institute for Health Research. Dr McArthur reported receiving grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Dr Zarychanski reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the University of Manitoba, LifeArc, the Thistledown Foundation, Research Manitoba, the CancerCare Manitoba Foundation, the Victoria General Hospital Foundation, the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, and the Manitoba Medical Services Foundation. Dr Webb reported receiving grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Minderoo Foundation. Dr Shankar-Hari reported receiving grants from the National Institute for Clinical Research. No other disclosures were reported., nonprofit sponsors: Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (Australasian sponsor), Utrecht Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (European sponsor), St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Canadian sponsor), and the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, San Francisco, California (US sponsor). This study was additionally funded by grant 602525 FP7-health-2013-innovation-1 from the European Union Platform for European Preparedness Against Reemerging Epidemics, grants APP1101719 and APP1116530 from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, grant APP2002132 from the Australian Medical Research Future Fund, grant 16/631 from the New Zealand Health Research Council, grant 447335 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research COVID-19 Rapid Research, grant 158584 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Innovative Clinical Trials Program, grant CTN 2014-012 from the Health Research Board of Ireland, grant PHRC-20-0147 from the French Ministry of Health, and grant 215522 from the Wellcome Trust Innovations Project and funding from the National Institute for Health Research, the Department of Health and Social Care, the EU Programme Emergency Support Instrument, the NHS Blood and Transplant Research and Development Programme, the National Institute for Health Research, the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, the UPMC Learning While Doing Program, the Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium, the Pittsburgh Foundation, and the Minderoo Foundation. The Australian government funds the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood for the provision of blood products and services. The collection of plasma in the United Kingdom was funded by European Union SoHo grants from the Department of Health and Social Care. Dr Turgeon is the Canada Research Chair in Critical Care Neurology and Trauma. Dr McQuilten is supported by emerging leader fellowship APP194811 from the National Health and Medical Research Council. Dr Gordon is funded by research professorship 2015-06-18 from the National Institute for Health Research. Dr Shankar-Hari is funded by clinician scientist fellowship 2016-16-011 from the National Institute for Health Research., In Canada, the trial has been funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (CIHR-SPOR) Innovative Clinical Trials Program Grant (no. 158584) for CAD $1,497,200, for the recruitment of 300 patients., The Platform for European Preparedness Against (Re-)emerging Epidemics (PREPARE) consortium is funded by the European Union (FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1, grant number 602525). Within the PREPARE consortium, the trial has funding for the recruitment of approximately 4000 patients., REMAP-CAP was supported in the Netherlands by the Research Collaboration Critical Care the Netherlands (RCC-Net)., Funding sources for the REMAP-CAP trial are specified in the core protocol documents. This domain has received domain-specific funding from the Australian Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF)., reported receiving grants from the National Institute for Health Research and European Union Horizon 2020. Dr Turgeon reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Dr McQuilten reported receiving grants from the Australian Medical Research Future Fund. Dr McVerry reported receiving grants from the Pittsburgh Foundation, the Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium, UPMC Learning While Doing Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and Bayer Pharmaceuticals and receiving personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Annane reported receiving grants from the French Ministry of Health and Solidarity. Dr Arnold reported receiving grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Ms Beane reported receiving grants and salary support from Wellcome Trust. Ms Bentum-Puijk reported receiving grants from the European Commission and the European Union. Dr L. Berry reported receiving grants from Berry Consultants. Dr Bradbury reported receiving personal fees from Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Bayer, Amgen, Novartis, Janssen, Portola Advisors, and Ablynx. Dr Buxton reported receiving personal fees from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Amgen, and Eisai. Dr Callum reported receiving grants from the Canadian Blood Services and Octapharma. Dr Cove reported receiving grants from National University Health System, receiving consulting fees from Medtronic and Baxter, and holding a US patent for removal of carbon dioxide via dialysis. Dr Daly reported receiving grants from the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, which is funded by the Australian government. Dr Derde reported receiving grants from University Medical Center Utrecht, being a member of the COVID-19 guideline committee of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign/ European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine COVID-19 taskforce, and serving as chair of the Dutch intensivists taskforce acute infectious threats. Dr Detry reported receiving grants from the European Union Platform for European Preparedness Against Reemerging Epidemics (PREPARE) consortium, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, the Health Research Council of New Zealand, and the UPMC Learning While Doing Program. Dr De Jong reported receiving personal fees from Roche Scientific, Shionogi Scientific, and Janssen., The current regions are: x Europe, with funding from a European Union FP7 grant (FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1, grant number 602525), to support the enrollment of 4000 participants. This funding terminates in 2021. x Australia and New Zealand. In Australia the project has received funding from a NHMRC Project Grant (APP1101719), to support the enrollment of 2000 participants. This funding terminates in December 2021, although some extension may be feasible. In New Zealand the project has received funding from a HRC Programme Grant (16/631), to support the enrollment of 800 participants. This funding terminates in November 2021. x Canada. In Canada the project has received funding for a CIHR grant (158584), to support the enrollment of 300 participants. This funding terminates in 2022. x United States. In the US, funding has been received from UPMC health system for recruitment internally at all UPMC hospitals (>40) and to support a US regional coordinating center. Philanthropic support is being provided through GCAR. Additional funds are being pursued., The REMAP-CAP platform is supported by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, the Irish Critical Care, European Project: 602525,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,PREPARE(2014), NIHR, National Institute for Health Research, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, AII - Infectious diseases, and Intensive Care Medicine