21 results on '"Callahan, V."'
Search Results
2. Nanotrap® particles improve detection of SARS-CoV-2 for pooled sample methods, extraction-free saliva methods, and extraction-free transport medium methods
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Barclay, RA, primary, Akhrymuk, I, additional, Patnaik, A, additional, Callahan, V, additional, Lehman, C, additional, Andersen, P, additional, Barbero, R, additional, Barksdale, S, additional, Dunlap, R, additional, Goldfarb, D, additional, Jones-Roe, T, additional, Kelly, R, additional, Kim, B, additional, Miao, S, additional, Munns, A, additional, Munns, D, additional, Patel, S, additional, Porter, E, additional, Ramsey, R, additional, Sahoo, S, additional, Swahn, O, additional, Warsh, J, additional, Kehn-Hall, K, additional, and Lepene, B, additional
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- 2020
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3. Enhancement of liquid jet impingement heat transfer with surface modifications
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Priedeman, D., Callahan, V., and Webb, B.W.
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Jets -- Fluid dynamics ,Heat -- Convection ,Engineering and manufacturing industries ,Science and technology - Abstract
Liquid jet impinging on smooth, flat surfaces results in increased convective heat transfer through surface modifications, to modify heat transfer coefficient and by extending convecting surface area. The Nusselt number for experiments conducted with water shows upgradation with same surface modification and a reduction for others. Increases in the value are seen for all modified surface configurations.
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- 1994
4. Pierre Batcheff and Stardom in 1920s French Cinema
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Callahan, V., primary
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- 2011
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5. Insurance inquiry
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Callahan, V. and Hughes, Alan
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Entrepreneurship -- Health aspects -- Insurance -- Planning ,Businesspeople -- Health aspects -- Insurance -- Planning ,Health insurance -- Evaluation -- Planning ,Business, general ,Business ,Ethnic, cultural, racial issues/studies ,Company business planning ,Planning ,Evaluation ,Insurance ,Health aspects - Abstract
QA I am starting my own firm. My biggest struggle in making the move is getting health insurance. I still need coverage. Any suggestions? V. Callahan Via the Internet You'll [...]
- Published
- 2004
6. The Universal ALS Algorithm: An Advisory Statement by the Advanced Life Support Working Group of the International Liaison Committee On Resuscitation
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Kloeck, W., Cummins, R., Chamberlain, D., Bossaert, L., Callahan, V., Carli, P., Christenson, J., Connolly, B., Ornato, J., and Sanders, A.
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- 1997
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7. Early defibrillation: An Advisory Statement by the Advanced Life Support Working Group of the International Liaison Committee On Resuscitation
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Bossaert, L., Callahan, V., and Cummins, R. O.
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- 1997
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8. Recombinant OC43 SARS-CoV-2 spike replacement virus: An improved BSL-2 proxy virus for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays.
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Hu Z, López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Li T, Callahan V, Brooks K, Yee DS, Holly J, Santos JJS, Castro Brant A, Johnson RF, Takeda K, Zheng ZM, Brenchley JM, Yewdell JW, and Fox JM
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- Animals, Humans, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Coronavirus OC43, Human immunology, Coronavirus OC43, Human genetics, COVID-19 Vaccines immunology, COVID-19 Vaccines administration & dosage, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 metabolism, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 immunology, Chlorocebus aethiops, Vero Cells, Macaca mulatta, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus immunology, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus genetics, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Antibodies, Neutralizing immunology, COVID-19 immunology, COVID-19 virology, COVID-19 prevention & control, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Neutralization Tests methods
- Abstract
We generated a replication-competent OC43 human seasonal coronavirus (CoV) expressing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike in place of the native spike (rOC43-CoV2 S). This virus is highly attenuated relative to OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells and animals and is classified as a biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) agent by the NIH biosafety committee. Neutralization of rOC43-CoV2 S and SARS-CoV-2 by S-specific monoclonal antibodies and human sera is highly correlated, unlike recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-CoV2 S. Single-dose immunization with rOC43-CoV2 S generates high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and fully protects human ACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2 lethal challenge, despite nondetectable replication in respiratory and nonrespiratory organs. rOC43-CoV2 S induces S-specific serum and airway mucosal immunoglobulin A and IgG responses in rhesus macaques. rOC43-CoV2 S has enormous value as a BSL-2 agent to measure S-specific antibodies in the context of a bona fide CoV and is a candidate live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 mucosal vaccine that preferentially replicates in the upper airway., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
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- 2024
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9. Vaccine elicitation and structural basis for antibody protection against alphaviruses.
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Sutton MS, Pletnev S, Callahan V, Ko S, Tsybovsky Y, Bylund T, Casner RG, Cerutti G, Gardner CL, Guirguis V, Verardi R, Zhang B, Ambrozak D, Beddall M, Lei H, Yang ES, Liu T, Henry AR, Rawi R, Schön A, Schramm CA, Shen CH, Shi W, Stephens T, Yang Y, Florez MB, Ledgerwood JE, Burke CW, Shapiro L, Fox JM, Kwong PD, and Roederer M
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- Animals, Mice, Antibodies, Viral, Macaca, Alphavirus, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine genetics, Viral Vaccines
- Abstract
Alphaviruses are RNA viruses that represent emerging public health threats. To identify protective antibodies, we immunized macaques with a mixture of western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like particles (VLPs), a regimen that protects against aerosol challenge with all three viruses. Single- and triple-virus-specific antibodies were isolated, and we identified 21 unique binding groups. Cryo-EM structures revealed that broad VLP binding inversely correlated with sequence and conformational variability. One triple-specific antibody, SKT05, bound proximal to the fusion peptide and neutralized all three Env-pseudotyped encephalitic alphaviruses by using different symmetry elements for recognition across VLPs. Neutralization in other assays (e.g., chimeric Sindbis virus) yielded variable results. SKT05 bound backbone atoms of sequence-diverse residues, enabling broad recognition despite sequence variability; accordingly, SKT05 protected mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus challenges. Thus, a single vaccine-elicited antibody can protect in vivo against a broad range of alphaviruses., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests NIH has submitted a provisional patent application for select antibodies described in this manuscript on which M.S.S., S.K., R.V., P.D.K., and M.R. are co-inventors., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
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- 2023
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10. Bioprospecting the American Alligator Peptidome for antiviral peptides against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.
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Carfagno A, Lin SC, Chafran L, Akhrymuk I, Callahan V, Po M, Zhu Y, Altalhi A, Durkin DP, Russo P, Vliet KA, Webb-Robertson BJ, Kehn-Hall K, and Bishop B
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- Animals, Horses, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Bioprospecting, Virus Replication, Peptides, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine physiology, Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine drug therapy, Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine prevention & control, Alligators and Crocodiles
- Abstract
The innate immune protection provided by cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) has been shown to extend to antiviral activity, with putative mechanisms of action including direct interaction with host cells or pathogen membranes. The lack of therapeutics available for the treatment of viruses such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) underscores the urgency of novel strategies for antiviral discovery. American alligator plasma has been shown to exhibit strong in vitro antibacterial activity, and functionalized hydrogel particles have been successfully employed for the identification of specific CAMPs from alligator plasma. Here, a novel bait strategy in which particles were encapsulated in membranes from either healthy or VEEV-infected cells was implemented to identify peptides preferentially targeting infected cells for subsequent evaluation of antiviral activity. Statistical analysis of peptide identification results was used to select five candidate peptides for testing, of which one exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of VEEV and also significantly inhibited infectious titers. Results suggest our bioprospecting strategy provides a versatile platform that may be adapted for antiviral peptide identification from complex biological samples., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
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- 2023
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11. Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Infusion Sites at Three Medical Centers in the United States: Strengths and Challenges Assessment to Inform COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Public Health Emergency Use.
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Lambrou AS, Redd JT, Stewart MA, Rainwater-Lovett K, Thornhill JK, Hayes L, Smith G, Thorp GM, Tomaszewski C, Edward A, Elías Calles N, Amox M, Merta S, Pfundt T, Callahan V, Tewell A, Scharf-Bell H, Imbriale S, Freeman JD, Anderson M, and Kadlec RP
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- United States, Humans, Pandemics, Public Health, Ecosystem, Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 epidemiology
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Monoclonal antibody therapeutics to treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Many barriers exist when deploying a novel therapeutic during an ongoing pandemic, and it is critical to assess the needs of incorporating monoclonal antibody infusions into pandemic response activities. We examined the monoclonal antibody infusion site process during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted a descriptive analysis using data from 3 sites at medical centers in the United States supported by the National Disaster Medical System. Monoclonal antibody implementation success factors included engagement with local medical providers, therapy batch preparation, placing the infusion center in proximity to emergency services, and creating procedures resilient to EUA changes. Infusion process challenges included confirming patient severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity, strained staff, scheduling, and pharmacy coordination. Infusion sites are effective when integrated into pre-existing pandemic response ecosystems and can be implemented with limited staff and physical resources.
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- 2022
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12. The Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 Are Upregulated Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in an AKT-Dependent Manner.
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Callahan V, Hawks S, Crawford MA, Lehman CW, Morrison HA, Ivester HM, Akhrymuk I, Boghdeh N, Flor R, Finkielstein CV, Allen IC, Weger-Lucarelli J, Duggal N, Hughes MA, and Kehn-Hall K
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- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 genetics, Animals, Cell Line, Chemokine CXCL10 immunology, Chemokine CXCL11 immunology, Chemokine CXCL9 immunology, Cytokine Release Syndrome genetics, Cytokine Release Syndrome immunology, Epithelial Cells immunology, Epithelial Cells virology, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Lung cytology, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt genetics, Signal Transduction genetics, Signal Transduction immunology, COVID-19 immunology, Chemokine CXCL10 genetics, Chemokine CXCL11 genetics, Chemokine CXCL9 genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt metabolism, Up-Regulation
- Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible RNA virus that is the causative agent of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients with severe COVID-19 may develop acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and require mechanical ventilation. Key features of SARS-CoV-2 induced pulmonary complications include an overexpression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that contribute to a 'cytokine storm.' In the current study an inflammatory state in Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells was characterized in which significantly elevated transcripts of the immunostimulatory chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were present. Additionally, an increase in gene expression of the cytokines IL-6, TNFα, and IFN-γ was observed. The transcription of CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-6, and IFN-γ was also induced in the lungs of human transgenic angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. To elucidate cell signaling pathways responsible for chemokine upregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, small molecule inhibitors targeting key signaling kinases were used. The induction of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 gene expression in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was markedly reduced by treatment with the AKT inhibitor GSK690693. Samples from COVID-19 positive individuals also displayed marked increases in CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 transcripts as well as transcripts in the AKT pathway. The current study elucidates potential pathway specific targets for reducing the induction of chemokines that may be contributing to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis via hyperinflammation.
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- 2021
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13. Alpha 1 Antitrypsin is an Inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2-Priming Protease TMPRSS2.
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Azouz NP, Klingler AM, Callahan V, Akhrymuk IV, Elez K, Raich L, Henry BM, Benoit JL, Benoit SW, Noé F, Kehn-Hall K, and Rothenberg ME
- Abstract
Background: Host proteases have been suggested to be crucial for dissemination of MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, but the relative contribution of membrane versus intracellular proteases remains controversial. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is regarded as one of the main proteases implicated in the coronavirus S protein priming, an important step for binding of the S protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor before cell entry., Methods: We developed a cell-based assay to identify TMPRSS2 inhibitors. Inhibitory activity was established in SARS-CoV-2 viral load systems., Results: We identified the human extracellular serine protease inhibitor (serpin) alpha 1 anti-trypsin (A1AT) as a novel TMPRSS2 inhibitor. Structural modeling revealed that A1AT docked to an extracellular domain of TMPRSS2 in a conformation that is suitable for catalysis, resembling similar serine protease inhibitor complexes. Inhibitory activity of A1AT was established in a SARS-CoV-2 viral load system. Notably, plasma A1AT levels were associated with COVID-19 disease severity., Conclusions: Our data support the key role of extracellular serine proteases in SARS CoV-2 infections and indicate that treatment with serpins, particularly the FDA-approved drug A1AT, may be effective in limiting SARS-CoV-2 dissemination by affecting the surface of the host cells., Competing Interests: M.E.R. is a consultant for Pulm One, Spoon Guru, ClostraBio, Serpin Pharma, Celgene, Astra Zeneca, Allakos, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Guidepoint, and Suvretta Capital Management and has an equity interest in the first 4 listed and royalties from reslizumab (Teva Pharmaceuticals), PEESSv2 (Mapi Research Trust), and UpToDate. M.E.R. is an inventor of patents owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. M.E.R. and N.P.A. are inventors of a patent owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital with the provisional number of 63/017,027., (Copyright © Pathogens and Immunity 2021.)
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- 2021
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14. Proteomic Discovery of VEEV E2-Host Partner Interactions Identifies GRP78 Inhibitor HA15 as a Potential Therapeutic for Alphavirus Infections.
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Barrera MD, Callahan V, Akhrymuk I, Bhalla N, Zhou W, Campbell C, Narayanan A, and Kehn-Hall K
- Abstract
Alphaviruses are a genus of the Togaviridae family and are widely distributed across the globe. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), cause encephalitis and neurological sequelae while chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Sindbis virus (SINV) cause arthralgia. There are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines available for alphaviruses. In order to identify novel therapeutics, a V5 epitope tag was inserted into the N-terminus of the VEEV E2 glycoprotein and used to identify host-viral protein interactions. Host proteins involved in protein folding, metabolism/ATP production, translation, cytoskeleton, complement, vesicle transport and ubiquitination were identified as VEEV E2 interactors. Multiple inhibitors targeting these host proteins were tested to determine their effect on VEEV replication. The compound HA15, a GRP78 inhibitor, was found to be an effective inhibitor of VEEV, EEEV, CHIKV, and SINV. VEEV E2 interaction with GRP78 was confirmed through coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization experiments. Mechanism of action studies found that HA15 does not affect viral RNA replication but instead affects late stages of the viral life cycle, which is consistent with GRP78 promoting viral assembly or viral protein trafficking.
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- 2021
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15. Alpha 1 Antitrypsin is an Inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2-Priming Protease TMPRSS2.
- Author
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Azouz NP, Klingler AM, Callahan V, Akhrymuk IV, Elez K, Raich L, Henry BM, Benoit JL, Benoit SW, Noé F, Kehn-Hall K, and Rothenberg ME
- Abstract
Host proteases have been suggested to be crucial for dissemination of MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, but the relative contribution of membrane versus intracellular proteases remains controversial. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is regarded as one of the main proteases implicated in the coronavirus S protein priming, an important step for binding of the S protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor before cell entry. The main cellular location where the SARS-CoV-2 S protein priming occurs remains debatable, therefore hampering the development of targeted treatments. Herein, we identified the human extracellular serine protease inhibitor (serpin) alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT) as a novel TMPRSS2 inhibitor. Structural modeling revealed that A1AT docked to an extracellular domain of TMPRSS2 in a conformation that is suitable for catalysis, resembling similar serine protease-inhibitor complexes. Inhibitory activity of A1AT was established in a SARS-CoV-2 viral load system. Notably, plasma A1AT levels were associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Our data support the key role of extracellular serine proteases in SARS-CoV-2 infections and indicate that treatment with serpins, particularly the FDA-approved drug A1AT, may be effective in limiting SARS-CoV-2 dissemination by affecting the surface of the host cells., Summary: Delivery of extracellular serine protease inhibitors (serpins) such as A1AT has the capacity to reduce SARS-CoV-2 dissemination by binding and inhibiting extracellular proteases on the host cells, thus, inhibiting the first step in SARS-CoV-2 cell cycle (i.e. cell entry).
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- 2020
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16. Use of Nanotrap particles for the capture and enrichment of Zika, chikungunya and dengue viruses in urine.
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Lin SC, Carey BD, Callahan V, Lee JH, Bracci N, Patnaik A, Smith AK, Narayanan A, Lepene B, and Kehn-Hall K
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- Arbovirus Infections diagnosis, Arbovirus Infections virology, Chikungunya virus genetics, Chikungunya virus pathogenicity, Coloring Agents chemistry, Dengue Virus genetics, Dengue Virus pathogenicity, Humans, Hydrogels chemistry, Nanoparticles metabolism, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Protein Binding, Saliva virology, Urine virology, Viral Envelope Proteins chemistry, Viral Envelope Proteins metabolism, Zika Virus genetics, Zika Virus pathogenicity, Arbovirus Infections urine, Chikungunya virus isolation & purification, Dengue Virus isolation & purification, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques methods, Nanoparticles chemistry, Zika Virus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Nanotrap® (NT) particles are hydrogel microspheres developed for target analyte separation and discovery applications. NT particles consist of cross-linked N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) copolymers that are functionalized with a variety of chemical affinity baits to enable broad-spectrum collection and retention of target proteins, nucleic acids, and pathogens. NT particles have been previously shown to capture and enrich arboviruses including Rift Valley fever and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. Yet, there is still a need to enhance the detection ability for other re-emerging viruses such as Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and dengue (DENV) viruses. In this study, we exploited NT particles with different affinity baits, including cibacron blue, acrylic acid, and reactive red 120, to evaluate their capturing and enrichment capability for ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV in human fluids. Our results demonstrate that CN1030, a NT particle conjugated with reactive red 120, can recover between 8-16-fold greater genomic copies of ZIKV, CHIKV and DENV in virus spiked urine samples via RT-qPCR, superior to the other chemical baits. Also, we observed that CN1030 simultaneously enriched ZIKV, CHIKV and DENV in co-infection-based settings and could stabilize ZIKV, but not CHIKV infectivity in saliva spiked samples. CN1030 enriched viral detection at various viral concentrations, with significant enhancement observed at viral titers as low as 100 PFU/mL for ZIKV and 10 PFU/mL for CHIKV. The detection of ZIKV was further enhanced with NT particles by processing of larger volume urine samples. Furthermore, we developed a magnetic NT particle, CN3080, based on the same backbone of CN1030, and demonstrated that CN3080 could also capture and enrich ZIKV and CHIKV in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, in silico docking predictions support that the affinity between reactive red 120 and ZIKV or CHIKV envelope proteins appeared to be greater than acrylic acid. Overall, our data show that NT particles along with reactive red 120 can be utilized as a pre-processing technology for enhancement of detecting febrile-illness causing viruses., Competing Interests: Authors AP and BL are employed by the company Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. Author KKH is a member of the Scientific Advisory board at Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. BL is a shareholder at Ceres Nanosciences, Inc. The nanoparticles used in this study were research grade and provided by Ceres Nanosciences, Inc which are not commercially available products. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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- 2020
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17. Impact of hospital hospitality house programs on quality of life and mood of patients and caregivers after hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
- Author
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Torres ME, Hashmi SK, Stevens MA, Tan AD, Callahan V, Sloan JA, Hogan WJ, Litzow MR, Roy V, Foran JM, and Colon-Otero G
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- Adult, Aged, Caregivers, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Young Adult, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation psychology, Quality of Life
- Abstract
Objective/background: The quality of life (QOL) of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients and their caregivers decreases during the first 8 days after HSCT., Methods: This prospective pilot study collected preliminary data on the impact of posttransplant living arrangements (hospital hospitality house [HHH] vs. hotel, apartment, or house ["hotel"]) and other factors on the QOL of HSCT patients and their caregivers. The predefined primary end point was QOL of patients and their caregivers on Day 30 (QOL30) as measured by the linear analog self-assessment (LASA)., Results: Forty-four HSCT patients participated (HHH 23, hotel 21; allogeneic 18, autologous 26). No significant differences in QOL30 (mean LASA score) were noted between patient groups (55.6 [HHH] vs. 72.2 [hotel], p = .06) or between caregiver groups (77.8 [HHH] vs. 88.9 [hotel], p = .20). Multivariate analysis for QOL30 showed that baseline QOL (p = .006) and age (p = .049) were significant predictors of QOL30 after adjustment for sex, post-HSCT living place, and transplant type. Older patients (≥60 years) had a significantly lower QOL30 than younger patients (mean score, 51.6 vs. 75.3; p = .02)., Conclusion: Efforts to improve QOL30 of HSCT patients and caregivers in the confined environment of an HHH should focus on patients with low baseline QOL and older patients., (Copyright © 2018 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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18. New World alphavirus protein interactomes from a therapeutic perspective.
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Carey BD, Bakovic A, Callahan V, Narayanan A, and Kehn-Hall K
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- Alphavirus physiology, Animals, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Cell Line, Clinical Trials as Topic, Host Microbial Interactions drug effects, Humans, Mice, Virus Replication drug effects, Alphavirus drug effects, Alphavirus Infections drug therapy, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Viral Proteins chemistry
- Abstract
The New World alphaviruses, Venezuelan, eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV), are important human pathogens due to their ability to cause varying levels of morbidity and mortality in humans. There is also concern about VEEV and EEEV being used as bioweapons. Currently, a FDA-approved antiviral is lacking for New World alphaviruses. In this review, the function of each viral protein is discussed with an emphasis on how these functions can be targeted by therapeutics. Both direct acting antivirals as well as inhibitors that impact host protein interactions with viral proteins are described. Non-structural protein 3 (nsP3), capsid, and E2 proteins have garnered attention in recent years, whereas little is known regarding host protein interactions of the other viral proteins and is an important avenue for future study., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2019
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19. A case of left ventricular noncompaction.
- Author
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Weitzel N, Puskas F, Callahan V, and Seres T
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- Adult, Cardiomyopathies complications, Cardiomyopathies physiopathology, Cardiomyopathies surgery, Heart Failure diagnostic imaging, Heart Failure physiopathology, Heart Failure surgery, Heart Transplantation, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular diagnostic imaging, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular physiopathology, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular surgery, Male, Stroke Volume, Treatment Outcome, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left diagnostic imaging, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left physiopathology, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left surgery, Cardiomyopathies diagnostic imaging, Echocardiography, Transesophageal, Heart Failure etiology, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular etiology, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left etiology
- Published
- 2009
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20. Accidental disconnection of the reservoir bag/hose--a possible solution?
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Williamson J and Callahan V
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- Equipment and Supplies, Hospital standards, Humans, Anesthesia, Inhalation instrumentation
- Published
- 1978
21. Differences in teratogenic response and in capacity to repair in embryos of two inbred strains of mice.
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Hamburgh M and Callahan V
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- Animals, Embryo, Mammalian pathology, Female, Fetus drug effects, Inbreeding, Mice, Pharmacogenetics, Pregnancy, Abnormalities, Drug-Induced, Pregnancy, Animal, Trypan Blue toxicity
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
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