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Developing a new website for a government institution is one of common tenders issued by various ministries and government institutions in the world. The country of Jordan usually has at least 22 different ministries and government institutions at a given time. Each one of these entities has its official website which is revamped every three years because of the rapid changes in information and technology. In most cases the ministries and institutions issue a tender to the public, then after collecting tender offers from different companies, only one offer would be selected. The selection process would choose the most appropriate contractor to deliver the project with respect to quality, time and cost. This article presents a new fuzzy logic system for tender evaluation which is based on both the technical qualification of the bidder company and its experience. The proposed system has shown better performance evaluation when compared to the traditional evaluation method currently used by the government.

Purpose This paper aims to study the short-term effects of a new procurement policy document on the inclusion of environmental requirements and green award criteria in tenders. The policy document is named “Procurement with Impact” and was released by the Dutch central government to further stimulate Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP). Design/methodology/approach Central government tenders were quantitatively analyzed in the six months prior and after the release of the new policy on their inclusion of environmental concerns. This judgment was made based on the role of environmental concerns in the requirements and the award criteria. As a control group, the same was done on a municipal level, for which the new policy document does not apply. Each of the four samples contained 60 tenders. Data was acquired via the European public procurement database TED. In the analysis, a chi-square test was used to measure whether a significant difference exists between the two periods for each group. Findings Results show that central government has procured in a more environmentally concerned way after the release of “Procurement with Impact.” Within a year, the number of green tenders conducted by central government significantly increased from 30% to 55%. No significant difference was found on a municipal level. Social implications SPP has received increasing attention over the past few decades but has not led to implementation of its principles in most public tenders. As SPP can have a major impact on a more sustainable and social society, it is important to understand how policy can influence the sustainability of tenders. The findings of our study show that “Procurement with impact” had a significant positive short-term effect on the inclusion of green award criteria and requirements in public tenders. Implementing similar SPP policies in other government sectors and other countries could have a substantial effect on the worldwide uptake of SPP. Originality/value “Procurement with Impact” contains a clear sustainable vision embracing the principles of SPP. This government policy takes into account several SPP barriers and drivers and satisfies several policy theory conditions. The authors show in the paper that this policy is an effective instrument for increasing the inclusion of environmental concerns in tenders. As the difference is already significant within a year, this could also reflect the readiness of tenderers to turn to SPP once there is a clear organization wide policy.

This article aims to investigate the factors influencing the success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in public procurement in the Visegrad Group Countries. According to the European Union, tools such as the division of contracts into smaller lots or the evaluation of tenders based on the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT) increase the chances of SME’s winning contracts in public procurement. In particular, the evaluation of tenders based on MEAT rather than the lowest price is a tool favoring SMEs, as it boosts their innovative potential, which creates the preconditions for achieving the best value for taxpayers' money. By analyzing more than 150,000 contract award notices published in the Tenders Electronic Daily in 2019, we found a positive effect on SMEs' chances of winning a contract when using framework agreements or dividing contracts into smaller lots. Moreover, the results of multinomial logit regression suggest that the evaluation of tenders based on MEAT rather than lowest prices increases the chances of SMEs to win the contract by more than 50%. However, the findings that the share of SMEs in the total financial value of contracts is less than 20%, with SMEs winning more than 60% of all contracts, suggest that some obstacles of SMEs' access to public contracts, such as financial, administrative or technical complexity of projects may persist and require further research.

La incertidumbre se presenta como la variable constante en todas las organizaciones del Siglo XXI y los desafíos a enfrentar son cada vez mayores y vertiginosos. La pandemia por Covid-19 ha demostrado la rapidez con la que pueden escalar las crisis y por qué las organizaciones deben estar preparadas para reaccionar y adaptarse velozmente. Las variables políticas, económicas, financieras, sociales, tecnológicas, ambientales, sanitarias, legales y regulatorias en las que las organizaciones desarrollan sus actividades tienden a ser cada vez más complejas y copiosas. El riesgo, siendo el efecto de la incertidumbre sobre el logro de los objetivos organizacionales, se manifiesta con más fuerza y relevancia, y su gestión adecuada se constituye como la base sólida, robusta y fundada para lograr una planificación efectiva y prevenir consecuencias no deseadas como el daño reputacional, financiero, la imposición de multas y sanciones, las pérdidas de negocio por contratos no ejecutables o la exclusión de licitaciones o subvenciones públicas, continuidad de la actividad organizacional, entre otros. El objetivo del artículo es orientar a las organizaciones Pymes para que puedan gestionar adecuadamente todos aquellos riesgos de incumplimientos que podrían acarrear actos de corrupción.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has deeply impacted the global health care system, and the redistribution of funding for medical care violated the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, tuberculosis, and HIV. In 2020, centralized state procurement of medicines in Ukraine was for the first time conducted via the online platform Prozorro. Of the 483 items planned to be purchased, 375 items (78 %) were successfully contracted. In the current 2021, tenders were announced for the purchase of 555 of 562 items. In most fields of medicine, the drugs to be purchased are 100 % covered by tenders. The lowest percentage of coverage is observed for pulmonary arterial hypertension (66.67 %). In today’s complex environment, not only COVID-19 should be actively combated, but other diseases should be also kept in mind when carefully planning the funding of various fields of medicine through the analysis of data from previous years. The money saved can be used to eliminate the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to purchase the necessary medicines. The creation of a single database of drug residues in medical institutions (chatbot in the Telegram messenger) can be called a positive innovation. Control of drug residues and their adequate redistribution makes it possible to rationally use this resource without spending money on unnecessary purchases. In general, despite the medical and financial impact of COVID-19, Ukraine’s healthcare system continues to withstand pressure and change for the better. Further improvement of the system of centralized procurement of medicines will be able to overcome the problem of lack of necessary drugs.

The article deals with the analysis of major changes introduced to the Polish Public Procurement Law for the reason of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. First of all, the regulation in this area concerns the exclusion of the Public Procurement Law application in respect of necessary procurements. In addition, the legislator has introduced a mutual obligation to communicate about the impact of circumstances relating to the occurrence of COVID-19 on the proper performance of the contract and, as a consequence, the possibility of amending the public procurement contract. The last regulation has introduced solutions to reduce the costs of participation in tender proceedings and to encourage contractors to participate in public tenders.

The objectives of this paper were to assess whether the specific conditions of the Acailândia – Barcarena rail link tendering would have contributed to the abandonment of the first attempt to introduce an unbundling model for Brazilian railways and to examine some prospective contexts in which it might have become viable. The project was evaluated from a financial point of view, within the conditions imposed by the tender notice and considering the peculiarities of the local rail transport market. In this sense, different scenarios were outlined, for which the economic potential of the railway's area of influence, the required demand and the required collection tariffs for the viability of the corridor were estimated. The results indicated that there were mistakes in the tender process design and assembly, which, if corrected, would expand the prospects of success in making the project viable.

The development of the Indonesian economy is aimed at improving the lives of people who are just and prosperous. This is an ideal that has been mandated in the 1945 Constitution and Pancasila. One of the obstacles in the Indonesian economy is the existence of monopolistic practices and unfair business competition in business or business in Indonesia. Tender conspiracy is one of the forms of action prohibited in the Anti-Monopoly Law because tender conspiracy is fraudulent and detrimental, especially to other tender participants who do not conspire, because automatically in the tender, the winner cannot be regulated, but rather who does it. the best bid is the winner and apart from that bid rigging is an anti-competitive act. Regarding the conspiracy, there is a KPPU Decision relating to this matter, namely the KPPU Decision Case Number 6 / KPPU-L / 2015 regarding the construction of the Barito Kuala Regency DPRD building and its Land Development, in its decision the KPPU Commission Council stated that Reported Party I (PT. Citra Kharisma Persada), reported II (PT. Cempaka Mulia Perkasa), reported III (PT Sumber Nor Abadi), reported IV (Pokja I in the Human Settlements Division of the Public Works Office of Barito Kuala Regency Fiscal Year 2013) was proven legally and convincingly violating Article 22 of the Law Number 5 of 1999. This research will discuss legal protections for business actors participating in tenders who suffer losses due to conspiracy in the KPPU's decision.

PurposeThe aim is to examine the importance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) see in different network partners regarding successful tendering in public procurement, and whether this perception predicts the number of joint bids and wins.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected by an electronic questionnaire which was sent to the registered users of the leading electronic platform for public procurement in Finland. The data were analysed with statistical methods.FindingsThe findings suggest that a favourable perception of the importance of horizontal networks in public procurement is associated with a larger number of joint bids and better success in joint bidding. However, the results do not establish a positive correlation between vertical networks and consortium bidding.Research limitations/implicationsThe data were collected from a single EU country. Since the criteria for bidding consortia may vary between countries, different results might have been achieved from other countries.Practical implicationsSMEs should be encouraged to form bidding consortia and acquire related experience. Policymakers should minimise barriers to consortium bidding, e.g. by offering more information. They should also assess the merits of joint bidding because they rarely encourage SMEs to bid as a consortium.Social implicationsConsortium bidding is a way of enhancing SMEs’ possibilities to participate in public tender contests, even in large contracts.Originality/valueWhile consortium bidding has been recognised to enhance SMEs’ possibilities of participating in public procurement, there is limited research into how SMEs’ network collaborations relate to bidding as a consortium.

This paper aims to examine the impact of the inclusion of sustainability aspects in the evaluation criteria in public tenders on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in the public ...

This paper investigates empirically the competition effects on procurement costs for Europe Aid funded supply tenders in countries benefiting from the EU Pre-accession (IPA) and Neighbourhood (ENI) financial instruments. We use a dataset created and curated by us from supply tender dossiers published by Europe Aid. We determine a reference price for each procured lot based on the contracting authority’s requirement to establish a participation tender guarantee. We estimate controlling for potential endogeneity how the entry of new bidders in the tendering procedure affects procurement cost savings regarding this reference price. Finally, we discuss the expected additional savings in the management of these funds that may be obtained by further promoting competition.

If the principle is that the judiciary is a manifestation of state sovereignty that is only exercised by the public authority assigned to it, and should only be exercised by the state, then the state, with its authority, can recognize some individuals or non-judicial bodies with the power to decide some of the disputes that are originally included In the mandate established for the judiciary in a specific area, and when certain conditions are met, these are called arbitrators, who are entrusted with the task of settling disputes that the law permits individuals to remove from the mandate of the public authority in the state. The Government Tenders and Procurement Regulation No. (M / 128) dated 11/13/1440 AH and its implementing regulations were recently issued, which also included a regulation that regulates the authority of government agencies and state-owned companies to resort to arbitration, and this is what we will clarify through this research.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah terdapat perbedaan persentase penawaran harga dari pemenang tender pekerjaan konstruksi pada periode sebelum dan selama pandemi. Hal tersebut didasari teori adaptive governance bahwa perubahan kondisi lingkungan akan mengakibatkan perubahan tindakan calon penyedia pada suatu tender. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder hasil tender pekerjaan konstruksi periode April 2019 sampai dengan Maret 2021 yang diperoleh dari situs resmi Kementerian Keuangan. Pengujian statistik dilakukan dengan uji nonparamaterik menggunakan independent sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan persentase harga penawaran pemenang tender yang signifikan antara periode sebelum pandemi dan setelah pandemi baik untuk tender dengan kualifikasi usaha kecil maupun non kecil. Penelitian ini terbatas pada data tender pekerjaan konstruksi di Kementerian Keuangan sehingga tidak dapat digeneralisir untuk seluruh pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai temuan awal bagi penelitian selanjutnya terkait pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah di masa pandemi. Bagi pembuat komitmen belanja pemerintah dan kelompok kerja pengadaan, penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk mengantisipasi kemungkinan adanya sisa anggaran belanja akibat rendahnya harga penawaran tender dan penambahan waktu jadwal pengadaan barang jasa pemerintah selama pandemi. Kata Kunci: Harga Penawaran, Pekerjaan Konstruksi, Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa Pemerintah, Tender.

Weather forecasting, as an important and indispensable procedure in people’s daily lives, evaluates the alteration happening in the current condition of the atmosphere. Big data analytics is the process of analyzing big data to extract the concealed patterns and applicable information that can yield better results. Nowadays, several parts of society are interested in big data, and the meteorological institute is not excluded. Therefore, big data analytics will give better results in weather forecasting and will help forecasters to forecast weather more accurately. In order to achieve this goal and to recommend favorable solutions, several big data techniques and technologies have been suggested to manage and analyze the huge volume of weather data from different resources. By employing big data analytics in weather forecasting, the challenges related to traditional data management techniques and technology can be solved. This paper tenders a systematic literature review method for big data analytic approaches in weather forecasting (published between 2014 and August 2020). A feasible taxonomy of the current reviewed papers is proposed as technique-based, technology-based, and hybrid approaches. Moreover, this paper presents a comparison of the aforementioned categories regarding accuracy, scalability, execution time, and other Quality of Service factors. The types of algorithms, measurement environments, modeling tools, and the advantages and disadvantages per paper are extracted. In addition, open issues and future trends are debated.

PurposeThe study objective was to understand if uniformity of approach exists in evaluation methods of public food tender for schools at national and local level. This purpose was divided into three sub-objectives: (1) to extract the main criteria, (2) to document the synthesizing findings process and (3) to prioritize the different decision-making alternatives through pairwise comparisons.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the sub-objectives (1) and (2), a content analysis of the Italian food tenders was carried out. Analytic hierarchy process was used to evaluate and compare the importance of various food tender evaluation criteria (3). The inclusion criteria were: cities' selection; metro area population; population density; duration of the contract; years.FindingsSix public food tenders were analyzed. The first one concerned the National legislation guidelines. The remaining five food tenders were categorized according to the city investigated. Four macro-categories (Food quality; Sustainability; Resources; Ancillary services) were classified. AHP revealed that “Food quality” and “Resources” categories have greater importance in the evaluation phase of almost all cities investigated.Originality/valueThis study in-depth analyzes each criterion used to evaluate public food tenders, providing a new methodological framework for assigning scores to clusters of criteria. Since the literature search did not reveal any previous study on a quantitative evaluation of elements such as short supply chain, organic food and environmental impacts on public food tenders, this research delivers interesting results and fills this knowledge gap.

Relevance: Sports management (SM) is essential for the provision of sports and leisure activities. The province of Barcelona is a world reference in SM but little is known about its municipal management service. Objectives of the study: In the present study, we characterize the sports service of municipalities in the province of Barcelona based on the perspective of sports managers. Methodology: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 sports managers from different municipalities in the province of Barcelona and their content was analyzed based on Bardin (2009). Main results: The sports managers explained that the sports service takes place through interactions between the Provincial Council of Barcelona, sports entities and the Generalitat de Catalunya (General Secretariat of sport). There is no standard in the configuration of the organizational structures adopted by the municipalities for the provision of sports services and the most common management models are direct, mixed and indirect, respectively. The selection of people to work in the sports service usually occurs through public tenders and there are education and training actions. There are programs and projects with the objective of increasing participation in physical activities with women being the target audience. Theoretical contributions: We identified possible paths for advances.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze year-end spending practices in the European Economic Area (EEA) to baseline the pervasiveness of year-end spending spikes across countries in Europe.Design/methodology/approachThe Tenders Electronic Daily dataset is used to descriptively analyze above-threshold procurement contracts by country, year and contract type from 2009 to 2018. Proportional distributions are employed to compare percentages of spend across quarters. Analyses are run within each country on the number of years displaying a fourth quarter spike, as well as within each country and contract type.FindingsThe results show that while spending spikes for above-threshold contracts in the final fiscal quarter are not consistent across all countries, patterns emerge when the data are disaggregated by country. The most populous nations in the EEA are more likely to have years with the highest proportion of fiscal spend occurring in the fourth quarter. Further, the type of contract makes a difference – services and supplies contracts are more likely to display fourth quarter spikes than works contracts.Originality/valueThis article provides the first analysis of the year-end spending spike across countries in Europe using procurement data, as well as the first to disaggregate by year and contract type. Findings support the literature on the presence of year-end spikes; such spikes exist even for above-threshold public procurement contracts.

This study aims to explore the ethical issues faced by principals working in public schools and determining their responses during and after unethical matters. This research was conducted in phenomenology design as qualitative study. Thirty school principals working in Tekirdag province, Suleymanpasa district public schools (special education, preschool, primary school, secondary school, and high school) participated in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. The findings were analyzed by applying the content analysis method and presented by creating themes and codes with quotations. The findings show that school principals are not involved in financial processes. Their relationships with parents are more discreet and they are sensitive in their relations with staff. There is no deliberate discrimination among teachers, they are neutral in tenders and canteens, they embrace the interests of students in opening courses, and they are far from financial expectations in student enrolments. For minimizing the ethical difficulties in schools and establishing a regular school ethical chain, it has emerged that the moral principles in schools should be defined beforehand. Administrators should be trained ethically before their assignment. Simultaneously, the obligation of solving financial difficulties, which are the source of ethical problems in schools, has emerged.

Option of defect is an important theory regulated in Omani Civil Law. It gives the injured party in bilateral contracts an option to rescind the contract if they find a defect in the subject matter of the contract. This theory is deemed a legal basis to refuse objects of sale by tender. In particular, it is useful when a guarantee that is given to the governmental body is insufficient to cover damages, due to bad performance of the contract. This article discusses how the option of defect is applied to sale by tender in Omani law.

Objectives: World Health Organization (WHO) has implemented the Pharmaceutical tendering process for procuring the high-quality medicines from different firms to meet the needs of the countries which are having drug shortages. Materials and Methods: The main aim of the WHO is to get the quality products at low price which can be affordable by the patient. WHO constantly giving chance to different firms based on their qualification for tendering process. The pharmaceutical companies are inspected by WHO members to check whether the company is adhering with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations and Quality Management system (QMS) requirements. Results: The WHO allows only prequalified pharmaceutical company for the tendering process (Restricted tender). By this process WHO allows the company which produces quality drugs at the affordable cost and complying with the all WHO regulations. Comparing the restricted to open tender, the direct procurement and competitive negotiations tender methods are little disadvantageous as the drugs are taken from highly reputed or single manufacturer which causes the price of the drug to be higher. In the open tender and restricted tender, the WHO can get the manufacturers who supply drug products at low prices.

Governments and public sector entities around the world are actively exploring new ways to keep up with technological advancements to achieve smart governance, work efficiency, and cost optimization. Blockchain technology is an example of such technology that has been attracting the attention of Governments across the globe in recent years. Enhanced security, improved traceability, and lowest cost infrastructure empower the blockchain to penetrate various domains. Generally, governments release tenders to some third-party organizations for different projects. During this process, different competitors try to eavesdrop the tender values of others to win the tender. The corrupt government officials also charge high bribe to pass the tender in favor of some particular third party. In this article, we presented a secure and transparent framework for government tenders using blockchain. Blockchain is used as a secure and immutable data structure to store the government records that are highly susceptible to tampering. This work aims to create a transparent and secure edge computing infrastructure for the workflow in government tenders to implement government schemes and policies by limiting human supervision to the minimal.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the views of construction practitioners on the prevalence of ethical misconduct within the invitation to tender and tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Following a critical comparative review of literature resulting in the identification of 18 potential misconducts within the invitation to tender and 11 potential misconducts within the tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 65 construction professionals. Data obtained from the survey were analysed using both descriptive (i.e. frequencies, mean scores and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (paired t-test), followed by gap analysis. Findings The findings revealed that corrupt, fraudulent, collusive or coercive practices, client divulging more information to the preferred bidder and inflating tender prices by tenderers in return for kickbacks are key unethical practices prevalent at the invitation to tender stage. Following these key unethical practices, the findings further suggested through gap analysis that submission of bids on non-working days and inadequate time for preparation and submission of tenders were the top two unethical practices that needed serious interventions at this stage. At the tender evaluation and award stage, the findings revealed that interference by influential people in political positions, fake tendering and bid shopping are prevalent. Again, from the gap analysis, interference by influential people in political positions and poor definition of selection criteria were identified to be the two key unethical practices that need urgent intervention at this stage of construction contracts. Practical implications This study holds a significant practical implication in the sense that key unethical practices at the invitation to tender and tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts have been identified, and this provides a suitable basis for stakeholders that spearhead such activities to offer suitable interventions to control such practices. Originality/value This study contributes to the body of knowledge as it uncovers ethical misconducts within two important phases of construction contracts in a developing country setting. As there is a continuous effort by the international community towards finding lasting solutions to such misconducts, the findings from this study can be used as a starting point for appropriate policies to be put in place in Ghana to control such misconducts.

The next step in the use of innovative, dynamic and performance-based contracts for service delivery by contractors could be use of monetary incentives to stimulate self-regulation of the network. Because it is currently unclear how performance-based payments in network tenders can effectively encourage network members to coordinate their own operations, a serious game was performed that simulates road maintenance planning to study changes in decision making and the emergence of network coordination. The experiments show that monetary incentives influence decision making, but their effect may be opposite to their intended aim and can lead to a competitive network. It was, however, also found that this competitiveness is not shown in networks where members are familiar with each other. This leads to the conclusion that penalty-based incentive mechanisms probably interfere with self-regulation and that the social dimension of contractor collaboration is paramount to the success of network-based contracting of construction activities.

This paper assesses the impact of substituting clopidogrel with ticagelor to treat patients after an acute attack of Ischemic Heart Disease from the perspective of Jordanian MOH in its tenders, using Budget Impact Analysis (BIA). A multiple regression analysis used to estimate the elasticities associated of implementing the two treatments, and then Matlab used to compare the old and new treatments. The study recommends the gradually substitution of the new treatment using ticagelor because it achieves total cost savings of approximately 200,000 Jordanian dinars, and that the flexibility of the new treatment costs is less than in the case of the old treatment, which means that the increase in numbers of patients will lead to a lower increase in the total costs when using the new treatment.Keywords: Budget Impact Analysis, acute coronary syndrome, ticagrelor.JEL Classifications: I11, I15, I19DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10573

The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of selecting an appropriate procurement method most suitable to the specificities of a building retrofitting project. The relevant literature points to the difficulties in managing design errors and mistakes in the conception phase and their negative impact on the construction phase and, ultimately, on construction project development. The regulatory framework related to these issues exists but the problems persist, alongside the absence of regulation in the project manager’s functions. General contracting is the procurement method mostly used but has its caveats, particularly in risky and complex construction projects. This study adopts a Participatory Action Research methodology to describe all the procedures and decision making during the project development process, including the evaluation of the tenders and the ensuing competitive negotiation process. The results of the study show the importance of a design consultant with skills base and experience in procurement in the process of construction project development. The competitive negotiation process allowed to a final contract price that was lower than the initial best offer. Furthermore, a revised structural project design undertaken under the responsibility of the contractor increased the quality of the project design in comparison with the initial one. The results also show some adjustments in procurement method along the procurement process. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Reliability is one of the key features of road vehicle operation. Of course, the operational costs of a vehicle or vehicle fleets are closely related to reliability. If the fleet operator, in this case operator of limestone quarry fleet, operates with older vehicle fleet and gradually renews fleet, situation occurs, where it is possible to assess the advantageousness of fleet renewal not only in terms of reliability, but also the operational costs. Thus, it is possible the retrospective assessment of the correct decisions in tenders.

The Implications of Learning on Bidding Behavior in a Repeated First Price Conservation Auction with Targeting

Objectives: This paper present a thorough understanding of bid evaluation process and assessment of innovation in road construction industry. Methods/Analysis: The research articles reviewed are based on topics of bid evaluation process, evaluation of bids in road construction industry, the indicators and techniques of bids evaluation, process of Bid evaluation in countries, innovation in road industry, and indicators of innovation in the context of road construction industry. Findings: It is widely accepted that projects related to the road construction must be accomplished in an organized manner. Literature indicates that the road constructing demands from customers and competition of assessing and evaluating tenders have been increasing rapidly. Novelty /Improvement: Challenges in developing suitable roads contribute to the inconsistency in the industry and directly demands towards physical work on a road construction project, nevertheless, a failure to accurately assessment of tenders can lead to complications for the whole project and road Construction Company. The selection of a suitable construction contractor’s surges likelihoods of successful achievement of a road construction project. This may also achieve the customer goals, and retain the project schedule on time, within the budget and achieve high quality project. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091646 Full Text: PDF

Recently, also due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the issue of using e-procurement is becoming more and more relevant for all countries around the world, and especially for EU Member States implementing the requirements of the Directives on public procurement. The substantial advantages of the use of electronic procedures for public procurement for reduction of tender costs and better prices, the possibility to avoid misuse, collusion and corruption, led some countries to explore opportunities to adapt the traditional e-procurement experience for public-private partnership (PPP) and concession tenders. Today, the regulation in this field is practically absent and the experience is very limited. This article presents: an analysis of the situation regarding current regulation, experience in electronic PPP procurement implementation, and trends;the peculiarities of PPP procurement compared to traditional public procurement;the difficulties related to PPP procurement as e-procurement;and the recommendations of authors on the use of electronic procurements for PPPs and concessions based on the peculiarities of a project implemented using relevant mechanisms. Keywords: public-private partnership;PPP;public procurement;electronic procurement;e-procurement;digitalisation

In South Africa, persons or companies convicted of fraud or corruption or companies whose directors have been convicted are debarred from participating in bidding for government tenders. Although it is easy to establish whether or not a natural person has been convicted of an offence, because a certificate can be obtained from the South African Police Service to that effect, it is the opposite with juristic persons. This issue came up in the case of Namasthethu Electrical (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Another in which the appellant company was awarded a government tender although the company and its former director had been convicted of fraud and corruption. The purpose of this article is to analyse this judgment and show the challenges that the government is faced with when dealing with companies that have been convicted of offences that bid for government tenders. Because South Africa is in the process of enacting public procurement legislation, the Public Procurement Bill was published for comment in early 2020. One of the issues addressed in the Bill relates to debarring bidders who have been convicted of some offences from bidding for government tenders. Based on the facts of this case and legislation from other African countries, the author suggests ways in which the provisions of the Bill could be strengthened to address this issue.

We study competition for the market in a setting where incumbents (and, to a lesser extent, neighbouring incumbents) benefit from a cost or information advantage. We first compare the outcome of staggered and synchronous tenders, before drawing the implications for market design. We find the timing of tenders interrelates with the likelihood of monopolisation. For high incumbency advantages and/or discount factors, monopolisation is expected, in which case synchronous tendering is preferable as it strengthens the pressure that entrants exercise on the monopolist. For low incumbency advantages and/or discount factors, other firms remain active, in which case staggered tendering is preferable as it maximises competitive pressure coming from the other firms. We use bus tendering in London to illustrate our insights and draw policy implications.

The implementation of government procurement of goods / services through e-tendering in Indonesia is still experiencing several problems. As with the implementation of e-tendering at the Regional Procurement Service Unit of the Ministry of Finance of South Sulawesi Province, which experienced a failed tender. In 2016, the number of failed tenders was as many as six failed tender packages amounting to IDR 4,695,581,000.00. Then in 2017, the number of tender packages failed as many as four packages amounting to IDR 36,531,445,000.00. In 2018, four packages experienced failed tenders valued at IDR 23,407,124,000.00. Until August 2019, there were two failed tenders with a value of IDR 2,061,932,000.00. In addition, there are still suppliers' conspiracy to participate in tenders. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of E-Tendering at the Regional Procurement Service Unit of the Ministry of Finance of South Sulawesi Province using a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews, observation and documentation study. The results showed that there was a delay in the completion of the tender, and the implementation of the reverse auction was not in accordance with the provisions. Adequacy of costs and results in the implementation of e-tendering has been fulfilled and there is also an even distribution of activities and benefits for all parties directly involved in the e-tendering process. The satisfaction of the parties in implementing e-tendering is the ease of system access, open competition and processes, and the ability to reduce workloads. Network maintenance that interferes with the tender schedule, the fairness of the Pokja ULPD honorarium, and the process of providing an explanation are not in accordance with the provisions. The implementation of e-tendering at the Regional Procurement Service Unit of the Ministry of Finance of South Sulawesi Province has been carried out quite well but there are still several things that need to be addressed, including the ad hoc status of the ULPD Working Group, competency of the parties, coordination between PPK and Pokja ULPD, network maintenance, fairness of value. honorarium for Pokja ULPD, and implementation of the stages of giving explanations..

Procurement is the most important part of the pharmaceutical logistic cycle. It is the process of acquiring supplies after a properly selected list of products. The procurement system or model depends on the type of organization weather it is governmental or private, centralized or decentralized, autonomous or semiautonomous. The objectives of procurement system is to make available the right drug in an appropriate quantities of adequate quality from a reliable supplier at the right time with the lowest possible prices through an ethical and legal procedures. Prequalification of suppliers is the successful quality assurance activity. Needs and funds can be reconciled and a rational cut can be done by using ABC- VAN matrix technique. Purchasing should be by transparent competition through open tender, restrictive tender, restricted competition or in certain cases by direct negotiation by transparent committee leading to transparent contract. One of the most important procurement practice for the system to succeed is the reliable payment and efficient financial management and monitoring the supplier performance. The system should have an efficient quality assurance program with annual auditing and regular reports.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate bidding competitiveness and success rate of contractors bidding for public construction projects (PCPs). Additionally, this research determines the effect of work sector, contractor’s classification category (experience), project size and number of bidders on contractors’ bidding competitiveness, and the influence of work sector and classification category on their success rate. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected through 2,296 bidding attempts for 289 tender projects that were announced by the Government Tenders Department in Jordan between 2013 and 2016. The research uses bid competitiveness percentage (BCP) to evaluate contractors’ bidding competitiveness. Pearson correlation is used to investigate the correlation among variables. Hypothesis testing using ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the effect of the abovementioned factors on contractors’ bidding competitiveness, and their success rate. Findings The results of the analysis indicate that contractors’ average BCP and success rate in Jordanian PCPs are 83.8% and 13.3%, respectively. The analysis also reveals that work sector, contractor’s classification category, project size and number of bidders significantly affect contractors’ bidding competitiveness, whereas classification category and work sector do not affect bidding success rate. Therefore, experience of contractors affects their bidding competitiveness, but does not affect their success rate. Originality/value The present research uses contractors’ bidding success rate as a measure to evaluate their bidding competitiveness for PCPs. The novel model of this research can be applied in any country, after considering local regulations, to measure and evaluate contractors’ bidding competitiveness, and success rate when bidding for PCPs. Also, contractors cannot depend on their experience (i.e. classification category) or increasing bidding attempts to win bids and improve bidding success rate, rather than enhance their bidding strategy.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of procurement practices by the county government in supporting SMES’ growth in Samburu CountyMethodologyThe research followed a descriptive design. The target population was be made up of 2,546 SME owners and 15 Government officers. The research used a sample of 255 SME owners and 15 government officials chosen using simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling technique respectively. The researcher collected data using questionnaires and schedules for interviews. The study undertook a pre-test study in Samburu County using 26 SME owners (10 percent of the study) that were not in the sampled size of the study. The 26 SME owners were selected by simple random method. The study also interviewed 3 county government officer’s secretaries in charge of SMEs in Samburu County selected by purposive sampling method. Measures were put in place for ensuring that pre-test study’s owners of SMEs were not included in the study in actual data collection. The main study was able to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Using descriptive analysis, the quality data obtained from open-ended questions was analyzed. Quantitative data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means; and inferential statistics such as Pearson Correlation and Regression Processing, using SPSS Version 24.Results: There was a positive significant relationship between procurement practices and growth performance of SMEs. This implies that procurement practices support from the county government had a significant impact towards contribution on the growth of their businesses over the last three years. R value was .801 while R-square value was .642. This was explained that procurement practices predicted 64.2 percent of growth performance variable. Procurement practices had a β=0.098 and a p-value=0.001.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study gathered from procurement practices variable that in Samburu county, the government had allowed an open access for SMEs to contract opportunities. SMEs owners however complained on limited efforts facilitated through county government to make sure that SMEs remained competitive as compared to other types of businesses. The study therefore recommended that providing access to contract would be more useful to SMEs owners if they had knowledge on how to place bids to stand a chance in winning the contracts hence more training was offered. There should be more public awareness on availability of these resources especially county government tenders. The study recommended also that county government should conduct more research on potential markets where SMEs owners can supply products to earn more profits.

In the era of digital information electronic trading platforms have become an integral attribute to conduct procurement to meet public needs. Nowadays there is a consistent trend is that legislators transfer the vast majority of purchases to the electronic plane through the use of electronic trading platforms. This incentive of the legislator is attributed to a number of advantages of the electronic form of procurement procedures, which allow to increase their transparency and accessibility to an indefinite number of people. However, the role of electronic trading platforms must not be reduced solely to an electronic platform, which allows only to transfer the procurement procedure in a different form. On the contrary, the potential of electronic trading platforms can significantly simplify and automate business activities of customers, increase the efficiency of procurement not only by expanding competition but also by reducing the organizational burden on the parties of the procurement process, both customers and the participants. The purpose of the article is to present for review ways to improve the operation of electronic trading floors to automate the procurement process during competitive procedures for state and municipal needs. Research methods: formal legal, modeling, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The results of the study. The article presents for review ways to optimize the operation of electronic trading platforms by attracting software and hardware when conducting competitive procedures. Ways of automation the procurement process are described, including integration of the functionality of electronic trading platforms with official registries in order to minimize the risk of a possible rejection of a participant’s procurement application when considering the second parts of applications. Other innovative services of the functionality of electronic trading platforms (auto-completion of forms, data inheritance, automated collection of proposals) have been suggested, the implementation of which will simplify and automate the process of conducting competitive procedures, reduce the administrative burden on the customer, ensure transparency and a competitive basis when holding tenders.

The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions required for the application of association analysis in the identification of the collusive behaviour of contractors in public tenders. It also focuses on determining the values of the confidence and lift measures that will describe the rules specific to a tender cartel. Worldwide research has aimed to develop effective and easy‑to‑use screening tests to identify cartel cases in public procurement. The recent research focuses on price (its distribution, variance, range) and classifiers allowing for detection of contractors whose mode of operation deviates from that commonly observed. This study follows the direction of current research. The main results of the study include the confirmation of the applicability of the method for the detection of colluding entities and the determination of the value of the confidence and lift measures specific to cartel cases. The policymakers, law enforcement agencies, contracting authorities and competitors of the cartels can use the proposed method to eliminate or at least to limit the scale of the problem. The main shortcoming of the application of the results is the inability to apply them to cartels pursuing an avoidance strategy. Further research will be conducted to develop a conceptual application of association analysis to all cartel strategies. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie warunków niezbędnych do zastosowania analizy asocjacji w wykrywaniu zmów zawieranych przez wykonawców zamówień publicznych. Koncentruje się ono na określeniu wartości parametrów zaufania (confidence) oraz podniesienia (lift), charakteryzujących reguły asocjacyjne właściwe dla zachowania się uczestników zmowy przetargowej. Aktualnie prowadzone na świecie badania ukierunkowane są na opracowanie względnie łatwych w użyciu narzędzi, pozwalających na skuteczne ujawnianie przypadków karteli przetargowych. Podejmowane dotychczas próby ich opracowania skupiały się na analizie cen (rozkład, wariancja, rozstęp) oraz klasyfikatorach pozwalających na wykrycie wykonawców, których zachowanie w procedurze przetargowej odbiega od powszechnie obserwowanego. Analiza prezentowana w niniejszym artykule wpisuje się w ten kierunek badań. Do głównych wniosków z przeprowadzonej analizy zalicza się: potwierdzenie możliwości zastosowania analizy asocjacji do wykrywania zmów przetargowych oraz określenie wartości miar zaufania i podniesienia do identyfikacji podmiotów działających w sposób typowy dla karteli. Zaproponowana metoda może zostać zastosowana przez organy ochrony prawa, zamawiających oraz konkurentów, w celu wyeliminowania lub przynajmniej ograniczenia skali występowania porozumień przetargowych. Główną, zidentyfikowaną wadą proponowanej metody jest brak możliwości zastosowania do karteli realizujących strategię unikania konkurencji. Planowane jest prowadzenie badań ukierunkowanych na rozwinięcie użyteczności proponowanej metody na wszystkie strategie możliwe do zastosowania przez uczestników zmowy.

PurposeAmbulance service trusts in England have historically had little or no competition for non-emergency patient transport services (NEPTS), but following the imposition of the NHS Procurement, Patient Choice and Competition (PPCC) Regulation (Number 2) 2013, NHS commissioners could accept suitable bids for NEPTS work from third-party commercial competition. This paper describes how NEPTS evolved in England and how an Ambulance Service Trust Board had to step-up their approach to bidding for NHS NEPTS work and to protect their brand and financial position in a competitive commercial market place.Design/methodology/approachThe Trust Board developed a competitive bidding strategy with a market research project using “grounded theory” to identify and categorise stakeholders' issues followed by re-engineering to achieve new operational goals. A fundamental element of the bid was an opportunity to share patient information between local NHS facilities using a common access data warehouse. This would represent a serious barrier to entry to any third-party non-NHS commercial competitor.FindingsKey projects were identified in the bidding process, including relocation of NEPTS resource bases, use of third-party resources and the establishment of a local NHS-wide data warehouse. They were all self-financing within the contract period and accepted by the commissioners. However, the establishment of NEPTS hubs at hospitals with clinics scattered throughout their grounds was rejected by the commissioners due to incompatibility with existing hospital practices.Originality/valueThis case study defines the challenges and opportunities faced by an English Ambulance Service Trust Board when responding to an invitation to tender (ITT) from NHS commissioners for NEPTS and competing with third-parties on a commercial basis. Any emergency service would face similar challenges bidding for work in a competitive environment.

PurposeKnowledge is a critical asset that places contractor organisations at a competitive advantage when they take part in competitive tendering. However, a dearth of literature exists on the mechanisms that contractor organisations can adopt to utilise knowledge to gain competitive advantage and win tenders through competitive tendering.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted an interpretive stance with a qualitative approach that comprised a literature review, 15 expert interviews and three case studies. The literature review and expert interview findings were used to develop an intermediate framework of knowledge value chain (KVC), while the case study findings were used to develop the final KVC framework with the intermediate framework as the basis.FindingsThe study developed, in three distinctive steps, a KVC framework based on Powell's (2001) KVC for use by the tendering divisions/units of contractor organisations employing quantity surveyors (QSs) to handle tendering work and to increase their chances of winning tenders.Originality/valueThe study developed a KVC framework for the use of contractor organisations to maximise their chances of winning tenders in the field of quantity surveying.

This paper investigates the effect of ownership on sustainable development and environmental policy in Italian municipally owned corporations (MOCs) dealing with urban waste management, trying to understand if multiple ownership can generate better performance compared to single ownership and if the presence of private partners could be crucial in this. The research question is answered by analyzing 41 MOCs of the largest Italian cities operating in urban waste management. In this specific sector, public administrations have tried to improve their offer in terms of sustainable development, environmental policy, and efficiency. The paper covers the Italian case study, where urban waste production per capita is higher than the European average figure. The waste cycle management service is operated in Italy at local level through totally publicly owned companies (monoadministration or multiadministration), mixed (public–private) companies, or via a full externalization achieved by means of public tenders. Through a multinomial ordered probit panel, we show that MOCs with multiple owners perform better than those having a single owner and perform much better with the presence of a private partner, confirming those academic findings according to which collaborative arrangements can increase efficiency, do better than public sector bureaucracy, and lower the costs of service provision. The results of this paper can be used by academics, practitioners, and policy makers alike. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study that applies this perspective to the analysis of the current international waste management scenario with relation to MOCs having multiple ownerships.

PurposeCorporations have to increasingly include corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication by responding to public procurement tenders because of the recently revised Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) concluded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The authors argue that procurement tenders are to be seen as part of corporate communications, particularly when aligned with CSR reporting and performance indicators as proposed by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The recently published ISO 20400 on sustainable procurement lacks a clear usage indication of sustainability indicators (SIs). This paper aims to close this gap.Design/methodology/approachThe paper performs a typological analysis of sustainability indicators in a sample of 665 currently used SIs. Furthermore, the paper conceptualizes a SIs selector for Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP) which is based on the typological analysis and acknowledges recent developments in the evolution of SIs.FindingsThe SIs typology results in three indicator types. The typology leads to the conceptualization of SI’s selector for sustainable public procurement. It enables professionals to build indicators for SPP considering the context of sustainability with impact valuations and allows scholars to advance research on measurement and decision-making.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first introduction of procurement tender processes as part of corporate communications. Furthermore, the derived typology contributes an overview of existing SIs used in CSR communication. The paper contributes a self-responsible and pragmatic approach to CSR theory as private business self-regulation and a definition of SIs for corporate communications.

Factors such as urbanization, population growth, and localization have increased the demand for services of municipalities. With the increasing demand for services, the role of municipal economic enterprises established within the municipality has become important in the realization of service delivery. While the expenditures of the municipalities increased with the services provided by the municipality, there was no increase in the revenues of the municipality in the same direction. This situation brought up the problem of financing in municipalities. The main issue in solving the financing problem is the efficient use of resources. One of the important ways that municipalities, which have become an important buyer in the private market, will use in the efficient use of resources is to make public procurements transparent and competitive. The purpose of this study, which examines the shares of municipal economic enterprises in local public procurements through Bursa Metropolitan Municipality sample, is to reveal whether competition and equal treatment has been carried out in municipal tenders. In this context, the public procurements made by the Bursa Metropolitan Municipality between the years 2010-2020 from the electronic public procurement platform were examined and the competition conditions were analyzed in the tenders participated by the municipal economic enterprises. Results achieved in the study show that Bursa Metropolitan Municipality has an important share in municipal economic enterprises in public procurements and does not comply with the principles of competition and equal treatment of the municipality.