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Summary: This case report describes a retrobulbar dermoid cyst in an 18‐year‐old pony with an invasive character into the frontal sinus. CT imaging was important for the appropriate management of this case and the definitive diagnosis was obtained from histopathology. Surgical excision was performed successfully without recurrence 1‐year post‐operatively. The pony returned to its intended use and previous performance level, although complaints of mild symptoms of headshaking were noted in bright light only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, it is aimed to develop a scale to observe the body language which is used during an argument. A sample group of 266 teacher candidates study at the departments of Class, Turkish or Social Sciences at the Faculty of Education was used in this study. A logical and statistical approach was pursued during the development of scale. An expert's view was taken into consideration for the logical validity of scale. Thus, draft of the scale has become of 60 clauses. Clauses were written in the form of graduation scale of five-step likert type. Three different methods were applied throughout the application conducted with 266 students for the validity of scale. These methods included; (i) Factor analysis, (ii) total matter correlation, (Hi) matter distinctiveness quality. As a result, the scale of body language used during an argument can be accepted as a reliable and valid tool to determine the impact levels of body languages of managers and arguers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare psychological factors and the number of painful sites between wheelchair basketball athletes (WBA) with and without shoulder pain and examine their associations with shoulder pain., Design: A cross-sectional, case-control study., Methods: Forty-three WBA participated. Shoulder pain was assessed with the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), pain catastrophizing with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), kinesiophobia by the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS), self-efficacy with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and the number of painful sites using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Disability and sport-related data were collected. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Mann-Whitney U and independent samples t-tests were used for between-group comparisons., Results: Athletes with shoulder pain ( n  = 21) had an increased number of painful sites (P < .050) and higher PCS ( P  = .003). The WUSPI exhibited moderate associations with the number of painful sites during the last year (rho = .581) and past seven days (rho = .602), and PCS (rho = .470), and a weak association with the TKS (rho = .333)(P < .050). The number of painful sites with disability exhibited moderate associations with PCS (rho = .427) and GSES (rho = -.473)(P < .050). WBA classification levels showed moderate associations with the WUSPI (rho = -.400) and the number of painful sites during the last year (rho = -.437), and a weak association with the number of painful sites during past seven days (rho = -.315)(P < .050). The PCS showed weak associations with the number of painful sites during the last year (rho = .365) and the past seven days (rho = .398)(P < .050)., Conclusions: Results suggest considering WBA classes, pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy and multisite pain in the pain management of WBA.

Viruses often pose a significant threat to the host through the exploitation of cellular machineries for their own benefit. In the context of immune responses, myriad host factors are deployed to target viral RNAs and inhibit viral protein translation, ultimately hampering viral replication. Understanding how "non-self" RNAs interact with the host translation machinery and trigger immune responses would help in the development of treatment strategies for viral infections. In this review, we explore how interferon-stimulated gene products interact with viral RNA and the translation machinery in order to induce either global or targeted translation inhibition., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on allergic patients is not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in sensitivity to cat and dog allergens in patients with respiratory allergies in Istanbul during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: Before the pandemic (March 2018 - March 2020) and during and after the pandemic (March 2020 - March 2022), a total of 5499 patients who underwent skin testing were retrospectively evaluated. The patients' age, gender, diagnosis, total IgE, and eosinophil values were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups: 2-6 years old and 7 years and older. The frequency of sensitization to cats and dogs was investigated in both groups before and after the pandemic., Results: The median age of the 5499 children included in the study was 77 months, with a range of 2 to 221 months. Furthermore, 55.7% of the children were male. Of the children, 59.1% were examined before the pandemic, and 40.9% during and after the pandemic. During the examinations, allergic rhinitis was identified in 1628 children (29.6%), asthma in 1829 children (33.3%), and both asthma and allergic rhinitis in 2042 children (37.1%). Allergies to cats were found in 247 children (4.5%), and to dogs in 166 children (3.0%). When comparing the age groups, the frequency of cat allergy in the 7-years and older group was found to have decreased compared to the pre-pandemic period, and the statistical difference was close to significance (p=0.08). However, regarding dog allergy, in the 7 years and older group, the sensitivity to dogs, which was 5.6% before the pandemic, had decreased to 2.6% during the pandemic, and this decrease was found to be statistically highly significant (p<0.001)., Conclusion: Environmental allergen exposure has a significant impact on the phenotype of allergic diseases. Changes in patients' lifestyles and increased time spent at home during the pandemic may have led to a decrease in contact with outdoor cat and dog allergens, resulting in a reduced frequency of cat and dog sensitivity. Additionally, the introduction of mask-distance-handwashing/disinfection rules during the pandemic is believed to have reduced contact with cat and dog allergens, potentially contributing to a decrease in allergy frequency., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. They also declare that they didn’t use any off-label or unapproved drugs or products. They didn’t use previously copyrighted material., (© Copyright 2024 by The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Etfal Hospital.)

Fetal tumours in domestic animals are considered rare. Congenital lipomatous changes have been sporadically reported in fetal, neonatal and young bovids. Their prognosis is often guarded compared with benign lipocytic tumours and depends on their location and degree of infiltration. They can infiltrate the subcutis, deeper musculature and even the skeleton. Four cases of congenital infiltrative lipomatosis have been described in bovine fetuses and young calves. In this report we describe an additional two cases in a neonatal Belgian Blue White calf and a fetal dairy calf. A potential role in bovine abortion needs further investigation. Furthermore, a suggestion is made to adapt the nomenclature from infiltrative lipoma to lipomatosis in order to emphasize the poor prognosis due to the local infiltrative behaviour of these lesions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declared no conflicts of interest in relation to the research, authorship or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Local anesthetic (LA) drugs are commonly used in clinical practice to provide effective analgesia, including in dentistry and minor surgical procedures. The perception of a high risk of allergy in daily applications leads to the referral of atopic patients and those with other drug allergies to allergy clinics for the evaluation of allergic reactions to LA. The aim of this study was to determine who should be referred to the allergy clinic for LA allergy testing, assess the frequency of LA allergy in pediatric patients, and identify the negative predictive value of skin tests in diagnosis., Methods: January 2017-July 2023, the clinical and laboratory data, as well as the results of drug allergy tests, of patients referred to our pediatric allergy clinic by dentists and physicians performing minor surgical procedures with suspected LA allergy were retrospectively evaluated., Results: Our study included a total of 153 patients, comprising 84 girls (54.9%) and 69 boys (45.1%), with a mean age of 8.9 (±3.3) years. The most common reason for referral was a history of non-LA drug allergies (n = 66, 43.2%), followed by asthma (n = 25, 16.3%). Hypersensitivity reactions (HRs) with LA were most commonly associated with articaine (n = 7, 4.8%), followed by lidocaine (n = 6, 4.1%). When intradermal tests were evaluated, 17 patients (11.1%) had a positive test result. The positivity for lidocaine was 70.6% (n = 12), and prilocaine was 29.4% (n = 5). Subcutaneous provocation was administered to 109 patients (71.2%), and one patient exhibited local erythema and swelling with prilocaine., Conclusion: Although LA allergy is a rare occurrence, consultations of this nature are frequently requested from allergy clinics in real life. Considering the negative predictive value of skin tests performed with LA drugs, the reaction rate appears to be low in patients with atopy or other drug allergies. It is crucial for all relevant healthcare professionals to be knowledgeable about the appropriate approach to suspected LA allergies to avoid unnecessary tests. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the most comprehensive work in the literature that evaluates the results of diagnostic tests in children referred with a suspicion of LA allergy., (© 2024 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Regulation of viral RNA biogenesis is fundamental to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection. To characterize host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) involved in this process, we biochemically identified proteins bound to genomic and subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNAs. We find that the host protein SND1 binds the 5' end of negative-sense viral RNA and is required for SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis. SND1-depleted cells form smaller replication organelles and display diminished virus growth kinetics. We discover that NSP9, a viral RBP and direct SND1 interaction partner, is covalently linked to the 5' ends of positive- and negative-sense RNAs produced during infection. These linkages occur at replication-transcription initiation sites, consistent with NSP9 priming viral RNA synthesis. Mechanistically, SND1 remodels NSP9 occupancy and alters the covalent linkage of NSP9 to initiating nucleotides in viral RNA. Our findings implicate NSP9 in the initiation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis and unravel an unsuspected role of a cellular protein in orchestrating viral RNA production., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mice are refractory to infection with human-tropic hepatitis C virus (HCV), although distantly related rodent hepaciviruses (RHV) circulate in wild rodents. To investigate whether liver intrinsic host factors can exhibit broad restriction against these distantly related hepaciviruses, we focused on Shiftless ( Shfl ), an interferon (IFN)-regulated gene (IRG) which restricts HCV in humans. Unusually, and in contrast to selected classical IRGs, human and mouse SHFL orthologues (hSHFL and mSHFL, respectively) were highly expressed in hepatocytes in the absence of viral infection, weakly induced by IFN, and highly conserved at the amino acid level (>95%). Replication of both HCV and RHV subgenomic replicons was suppressed by ectopic expression of mSHFL in human or rodent hepatoma cell lines. Gene editing of endogenous mShfl in mouse liver tumor cells increased HCV replication and virion production. Colocalization of mSHFL protein with viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates was confirmed and could be ablated by mutational disruption of the SHFL zinc finger domain, concomitant with a loss of antiviral activity. In summary, these data point to an evolutionarily conserved function for this gene in humans and rodents: SHFL is an ancient antiviral effector which targets distantly related hepaciviruses via restriction of viral RNA replication. IMPORTANCE Viruses have evolved ways to evade or blunt innate cellular antiviral mechanisms within their cognate host species. However, these adaptations may fail when viruses infect new species and can therefore limit cross-species transmission. This may also prevent development of animal models for human-pathogenic viruses. HCV shows a narrow species tropism likely due to distinct human host factor usage and innate antiviral defenses limiting infection of nonhuman liver cells. Interferon (IFN)-regulated genes (IRGs) partially inhibit HCV infection of human cells by diverse mechanisms. Here, we show that mouse Shiftless (mSHFL), a protein that interferes with HCV replication factories, inhibits HCV replication and infection in human and mouse liver cells. We further report that the zinc finger domain of SHFL is important for viral restriction. These findings implicate mSHFL as a host factor that impairs HCV infection of mice and provide guidance for development of HCV animal models needed for vaccine development., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Objective: This research aims to investigate the effects of web-based mind map learning techniques in the nursing process on students' ability to investigate the nursing diagnosis, descriptive characteristics, and the etiological and risk factors., Design: In this experimental study, 91 nursing students enrolled in a state university in a city in Turkey in the 2020-2021 academic year were included., Methods: Data were collected using a test for determining the level of knowledge about the nursing diagnosis and the factors affecting the diagnosis, case sample, and care plan. In the teaching of the nursing process, the experimental group students (n = 42) experienced the web-based mind map learning technique, while the control group students (n = 49) experienced the lecture and question-answer teaching methods., Findings: The mean scores of the experimental group in terms of reaching the nursing diagnosis, descriptive characteristics, and the etiological and risk factors were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The findings showed that the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group in making accurate diagnoses (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The web-based mind map learning technique used in teaching the nursing process favorably affected the students' ability to determine the nursing diagnosis, descriptive characteristics, and etiological and risk factors. The findings suggest that the web-based mind map learning technique should be used in teaching the nursing process., Implications for Nursing Practice: Active learning in nursing process teaching should be promoted using different teaching techniques. Teaching the nursing process with different teaching techniques has the potential to to increase the knowledge and skills of students and thus improve the quality of nursing care., (© 2022 NANDA International, Inc.)

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is a sporadic and fatal disease of predominantly lactating dairy cattle, characterized by segmental hemorrhage and luminal clot formation in the small intestine. Although, Clostridium perfringens and Aspergillus fumigatus have been associated with HBS, the pathogenesis and cause are currently unknown. In this study, 18 naturally occurring cases of HBS (7 necropsied immediately following euthanasia, 11 with 12-48 hour postmortem intervals) were investigated to characterize the pathology and the intestinal microbiome. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome was characterized by a single small-intestinal, intramucosal hematoma with dissection of the lamina muscularis mucosae. In most cases necropsied immediately after euthanasia (4/7), the intestinal mucosa proximal to the hematoma contained 9 to 14, dispersed, solitary or clustered, erosions or lacerations measuring 4 to 45 mm. In 77% (37/48) of these mucosal lesions, microscopic splitting of the lamina muscularis mucosae comparable to the hematoma was present. These findings suggest the intramucosal hematoma to originate from small mucosal erosions through dissecting hemorrhage within the lamina muscularis mucosae. No invasive fungal growth was observed in any tissue. Bacteriological cultivation and nanopore sequencing showed a polymicrobial population at the hematoma and unaffected intestine, with mostly mild presence of C perfringens at selective culture. Gross and microscopic lesions, as well as the culture and sequencing results, were not in support of involvement of C perfringens or A fumigatus in the pathogenesis of HBS.

Readers generate predictions about the meaning of upcoming words while reading constraining sentences. These predictions feed down to predictions about orthographic form. For example, orthographic neighbors of predicted words yield reduced N400 amplitudes compared to non-neighbors regardless of lexical status (Laszlo & Federmeier, 2009). We investigated whether readers are sensitive to lexicality in low constraint sentences when they must scrutinize the perceptual input more closely for word recognition. In a replication and extension of Laszlo and Federmeier (2009), we observed similar patterns as the original study in high constraint sentences, but found a lexicality effect in low constraint sentences that was not present when the sentence was highly constraining. This suggests that, in the absence of strong expectations, readers adopt a different reading strategy to scrutinize the structure of words more in depth to make sense of what they have read compared to when they encounter a supportive sentence context., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains a frameshift stimulatory element (FSE) that allows access to an alternative reading frame through -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF). -1PRF in the 1a/1b gene is essential for efficient viral replication and transcription of the viral genome. -1PRF efficiency relies on the presence of conserved RNA elements within the FSE. One of these elements is a three-stemmed pseudoknot, although alternative folds of the frameshift site might have functional roles as well. Here, by complementing ensemble and single-molecule structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 frameshift RNA variants with functional data, we reveal a conformational interplay of the 5' and 3' immediate regions with the FSE and show that the extended FSE exists in multiple conformations. Furthermore, limiting the base pairing of the FSE with neighboring nucleotides can favor or impair the formation of the alternative folds, including the pseudoknot. Our results demonstrate that co-existing RNA structures can function together to fine-tune SARS-CoV-2 gene expression, which will aid efforts to design specific inhibitors of viral frameshifting., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)