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During the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program, we discovered that white terricolous lichenized fungal species of Buellia De Not. were widely distributed across the Tibetan Plateau. After examining their morphology, chemistry and phylogeny, we describe Buellia alpina Xin Y. Wang & Li S. Wang, sp. nov. as new to science. It is present in alpine meadows, and is characterized by its effigurate thallus, distinct linear marginal lobes, cover of thick white pruina and four-spored asci. This is also the first report of Buellia elegans Poelt and Buellia epigaea (Pers.) Tuck from China. The Buellia epigaea-group has previously been characterized by white and often effigurate thalli that occur mainly on soil. However, our results show that species in this group actually belong to two distinct clades. This conclusion is based on analyses of the nuITS region and the combined regions dataset (nuITS-nuLSU-mtSSU-β-tubulin). We discuss differences in morphology, anatomy, chemistry and ecology among the putative Buellia epigaea-group. Detailed descriptions and figures for the three species from China and a key for species of Buellia epigaea-group are provided.

Phaeophyscia kaghanensis Niazi, Nadeem, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) The taxon is characterized by its greyish white to grey thallus, absence of asexual diaspores or cortical hairs, flat to slightly concave lobes, white medulla, black lower surface, large, Physcia-type ascospores of 24-30× 12-17 µm, and absence of secondary substances. HOLOTYPE. — Pakistan. Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Garhi Dupatta, 34°36’N, 73°35’E, 817 m alt., on tree bark, 2.X.2021, N. S. Afshan & A. R. Niazi, CKR-22 (holo-, LAH [LAH37615]; GenBank[OP933723]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Sharan, 34°30’N, 73°18’E, 2500 m alt., on tree bark, 22.VIII.2022, N. S. Afshan & A. R. Niazi, KA-17 (LAH [LAH 37616]; GenBank[OP 933724]). ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet ‘kaghanensis’ (Latin) refers to the type locality of Kaghan Valley. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; no lichen substance detected by TLC. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — The known collections of the new species are from moist temperate, coniferous forest in the Himalaya in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The specimens were found on siliceous rock. The forest is dominated by species such as Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Pyrus pashia L., Quercus oblongata D.Don and Q. glauca Thunb. The maximum daily temperature of the region varies around 30-32°C during the summer, the average winter temperature is 4°C, and there is moderate rainfall. MYCOBANK. — MB846997. DESCRIPTION Thallus Foliose, epiphloeodal, greyish white to grey, remaining unchanged when wet, loosely attached to substratum, 3-5 cm in diam., more or less circular in outline. Lobes Densely, dichotomously or irregularly branched, without pruina, lobe tips greyish-white, flat to slightly concave, imbricate, usually upturned near the tips, 0.8-2.5 mm wide. Soralia and isidia Absent. Upper surface Dark brown, paraplectenchymatous, 20-25 µm thick. Algal layer 30-35 µm thick. Photobiont cells Globose, 10-15 µm in diam. Medulla White. Lower surface Black, usually becoming pale to dark grey towards lobe tips, not rhizinate. Rhizines Absent. Lower cortex Paraplectenchymatous, dark brown, 28-35 µm thick. Apothecia Frequent, usually present, 2.5-4 mm in diam., stipitate, lacking cortical hairs, epruinose. Disc Chocolate brown to black, dull, epruinose, flat to strongly convex. Margins Prominent, creamy to pale white. Epihymenium Light brown to brownish orange, 13-17 µm. Hymenium Hyaline, 90-110 µm. Hypothecium Hyaline, 25-35 µm. Ascus Cylindrical to clavate, 70-83 × 22-28 µm. Ascospores Dark brown, ellipsoid, Physcia - type, 24-30× 12-17µm. Paraphyses Hyaline, branched and anastomosing, 2-3 µm thick, wider at the apex, 4-5 µm thick. Pycnidia Not found., Published as part of Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Naseer, Arooj, Nadeem, Muhammad, Iftikhar, Fatima, Fayyaz, Iram, Ashraf, Asma, Imtiaz, Sawera, Fatima, Shahzadi Qamar & Khalid, Abdul Nasir, 2023, A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses, pp. 51-59 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4) on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7867201, {"references":["MOBERG R. 1995. - The lichen genus Phaeophyscia in China and Russian Far East. Nordic Journal of Botany 15 (3): 319 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1995. tb 00158. x","SVOBODA D. 1978. - Phaeophyscia hirsuta - a little known lichen in the Czech Republic. Mycotaxon 7: 302.","LIU D. & HUR J. S. 2019. - Revision of the lichen genus Phaeophyscia and allied atranorin absent taxa (Physciaceae) in South Korea. Microorganisms 7 (8): 242. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / microorganisms 7080242"]}

Phaeophyscia microspora Aptroot & Schumm (Fig. 3) Virtuelles Herbarium de Flechtengattungen Hyperphyscia, Paeophyscia, Physcia und Physconia: 193 (Schumm & Aptroot 2019). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Pakistan. Margalla Hills, Islamabad, 1604 m alt., on tree bark, 33°41’35”N, 73°03’50”E, 09.IV.2019, A. Ashraf, K. Habib & M. Usman, T5-02 (LAH[LAH37622]; GenBank[OQ024193]); Azad Jammu and Kashmir, District Bagh, 33.9259°N, 73.7810°E, 4734 m alt., on tree bark, 10.XI.2021, A. Naseer, B-04 (LAH[LAH37624]; GenBank[OQ073895]); Azad Jammu and Kashmir, District Bagh, 33°55’33.24”N, 73°46’51.6”E, 4734 m alt., on tree bark, 12.XI.2021, A. Naseer, B-05 (LAH[LAH37625]; GenBank[OQ073896]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Shogran, 34°64’N, 73°46’E, 2362 m alt., on bark, 24.VIII.2021, A. R. Niazi & M. Nadeem, SN-1 (LAH [LAH37618]; GenBank[OP933725]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Siri Paya, 33°71’N, 78°08’E, 3000 m alt., on tree bark, 26.VIII.2022, A. R. Niazi & M. Nadeem, BK-14 (LAH [LAH37617]; GenBank[OP933722]). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; no lichen substance detected by TLC. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Pakistani collections of this species are from humid to moist temperate, coniferous forest and scrub forest. The specimens were found on tree bark. The maximum daily temperature of the Himalaya region varies around 30-32°C during the summer, the average winter temperature is 4°C, while Margala Hills have an average maximum temperature of 34.3°C and minimum of 3.4°C with an average rainfall of 1200 mm per year. DESCRIPTION Thallus Foliose, epiphloeodal, rust grey to pale grey, remaining unchanged when wet, loosely attached to substratum, very variable in size, 2-4 cm in diam. Lobes Densely, dichotomously or irregularly branched, without pruina, lobe tips creamy white, flat to strongly convex, imbricate, usually upturned near the tips, 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Soralia and isidia Absent. Cortex Dark brown, paraplectenchymatous, 18-23 µm thick. Algal layer 28-34 µm thick. Photobiont cells Globose, 8-13 µm in diam. Medulla White. Lower surface Black, usually becoming pale to dark grey towards lobe tips, rhizinate. Rhizines Dense, black, simple, 1.3-2.5 mm long. Lower cortex Paraplectenchymatous, dark brown, 18-30 µm thick. Apothecia Abundant, usually present, 1.5-3 mm in diam., stipitate to very shortly stipitate, the margin entire or becoming regularly crenate, with prominent cortical hairs, epruinose or slightly pruinose. Disc Charcoal black, shiny, flat to strongly concave or sometimes convex. Margins Prominent, creamy to pale white. Epihymenium Light brown to orange, 18-24 µm. Hymenium Hyaline to creamy, 70-90 µm. Hypothecium Creamy white, 22-28 µm. Ascus Cylindrical to clavate, 45-55 ×12-14 µm. Ascospores Dark brown, ellipsoid, Physcia - type, 16-20 ×7.5-9 µm. Paraphyses Hyaline, branched and anastomosing, 1.7-2.8µm thick, wider at the apex, 3-4 µm thick. Pycnidia Not found., Published as part of Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Naseer, Arooj, Nadeem, Muhammad, Iftikhar, Fatima, Fayyaz, Iram, Ashraf, Asma, Imtiaz, Sawera, Fatima, Shahzadi Qamar & Khalid, Abdul Nasir, 2023, A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses, pp. 51-59 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7867201, {"references":["SCHUMM F. & APTROOT A. 2019. - Virtuelles Herbarium der Flechtengattungen Hyperphyscia, Phaeophyscia, Physcia und Physconia. Books on Demand, Norderstedt, 632 p."]}

Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Naseer, Arooj, Nadeem, Muhammad, Iftikhar, Fatima, Fayyaz, Iram, Ashraf, Asma, Imtiaz, Sawera, Fatima, Shahzadi Qamar, Khalid, Abdul Nasir (2023): A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4): 51-59, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.2

Key to Dimelaena species with usnic acid: 1. Marginal lobes convex, loosely attached to the substrate; edges of the areolae usually dark; pycnidia numerous............. D. oreina - Marginal lobes plane and closely attached to the substrate; edges of the areolae rarely dark; pycnidia rare....................................2 2. Apothecia adnate and apothecia margins obvious, upper surface grayish-yellow, with whitish pruina............................. D. tibetica - Apothecia innate and apothecia margins absent or not obvious, upper surface yellowish-green, without pruina........... D. altissima, Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on page 264, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058

Dimelaena tibetica is described as a species new to science, characterized by a grayish yellow surface, usually with a covering of white pruina, a crustose thallus, areolate at center, radiate-plicate at margin, adnate apothecia and lacking gyrophoric acid. It differs from other usnic acid-containing Dimelaena species by its plane marginal lobes and adnate apothecia. Based on the study of fresh specimens from the environment of the type locality, Dimelaena altissima is proposed as a new combination. A fresh specimen of Dimelaena oreina (type species of the genus Dimelaena) was collected in the Swiss Alps, in the vicinity of the area where the type material of the species presumably was collected, and a sequence was generated to confirm the phylogenetic position of this genus. All three species share common characters: usnic acid content and a yellowish green upper surface. Descriptions of these species were based on a combination of morphological and phylogenetic analyses. A key and phylogram are provided for these three Dimelaena species which produce usnic acid.

Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman (1852: 231) MycoBank no. 384375 Lecanora straminea var. oreina Acharius (1810: 432). Type:— SWITZERLAND. ‘In alpibus Helvetiae’, Schleicher, 1018A (H-ACH, lectotype!). For further synonyms see Sheard & Ahti (1975). (Fig. 4) Thallus crustose, thick or thin, loosely attached to the substrate, areolate at center and radiate-plicate at margin, areolae large, up to 2.00 mm long, 1.15 mm wide, irregular in shape, usually darkened around the areolae and surface margin; marginal lobes narrow, Apothecia cryptolecanorine to lecanorine, innate to adnate, often touching each other, roundish, 0.18–1.20 mm in diam., disc black, disc margin concolorous with thallus; epihymenium brown; hymenium hyaline, 80–100 μm high, inspersed with oil droplets; hypothecium hyaline, 80–125 μm high; asci clavate, Bacidia - type, 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, thin walled, 8.5–13 × 4.5–7 μm, markedly constricted at septum when mature. Pycnidia numerous, immersed; conidia bacilliform, 3–6 × 0.7–1 μm. Chemistry: Usnic and gyrophoric acids, occasionally with stictic acid in our examined specimens from China. Ecology and distribution: This species usually grows on exposed siliceous rock, at elevations of 2798–3942 m. Distributed in North America, South America (rare), Europe, Asia and South Africa (rare) (Sheard & Ahti 1975, Mayrhofer et al. 1996). Notes: Dimelaena oreina is the type species of Dimelaena. One specimen from Switzerland (where D. oreina was originally described) has a newly generated molecular profile to confirm the phylogenetic position of the genus Dimelaena. Specimens of D. oreina from China cluster with those from Europe in the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, the specimens in this clade contain gyrophoric acid, which is consistent with spot test results from the type specimen (K–; KC–). The species still needs further study by molecular and chemical analysis including all the five chemotypes from Europe. Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Gansu Province: Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3942 m, 39°12′42.51″N, 95°23′00.50″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59460; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3909 m, 39°12′43.08″N, 95°22′59.77″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59432; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3942 m, 39°12′43.93″N, 95°23′00.32″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59450; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3885 m, 39°12′40.74″N, 95°23′03.95″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58504; Sunan Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 3492 m, 38°39′16.51″N, 99°29′29.16″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58843; Yumen Ci., Yuerhong Vil., 3332 m, 39°38′13.77″N, 97°09′15.57″E, 27 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58641; Yumen Ci., Yuerhong Vil., 3291 m, 39°38′14.84″N, 97°09′15.94″E, 27 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59552. Qinghai Province: Huangyuan Co., rocky slope beside G315, 2798 m, 36°46′53.65″N, 101°07′21.77″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58134., Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on pages 266-268, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058, {"references":["Norman, J. M. (1852) Conatus praemissus redactionis novae generum nonnullorum lichenum in organis fructificationis vel sporis fundatae. Nytt Magazin Naturvidenskapene 7: 213 - 252.","Acharius, E. (1810) Lichenographia Universalis. Gottingae, Apud Iust. Frid. Danckwerts. 689 pp.","Sheard, J. W. & Ahti, T. (1975) The lichen Dimelaena oreina in east-central Asia, with notes on its typification and chemical races. Annales Botanici Fennici 12: 89 - 92.","Mayrhofer, H., Matzer, M., Wippel, A. & Elix, J. A. (1996) The genus Dimelaena (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) in the southern hemisphere. Mycotaxon 58: 293 - 311."]}

Dimelaena tibetica M. Ai & Xin Y. Wang, sp. nov. MycoBank No. 841524 Characterized by a grayish yellow surface, usual covered in white pruina, and by a plane, radiate-plicate thallus margin, a crustose, areolate thallus, adnate apothecia and numerous pycnidia. Type:— CHINA. Qinghai Prov.: Huangyuan Co., 36°39′55.26″N, 101°24′32.23″E, 2430 m, on siliceous rock, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58092 (KUN, holotype!). Etymology: The epithet ‘tibetica’ refers to its distribution being mainly in the Tibetan Plateau. (Fig. 5) Thallus crustose, rarely bulging and verrucous, thick or thin, tightly attached to the substrate, areolate at center and plane, radiate-plicate at margin, cracks obvious, areolae large, 2.00–3.00 mm wide; marginal lobes slim and long, up to 4.00 mm long, 1.00 mm wide, tightly attached to the substrate, apex lobes multilobed; thallus grayish yellow with usnic acid in cortex, usually a covering of white pruina near the thallus tip; medulla white, without the lower cortex. Apothecia cryptolecanorine to lecanorine, one or more apothecia in each areola, sessile, scattered, roundish, 0.20–0.60 mm in diam., disc black, disk margin obvious or concolorous with thallus; epihymenium brown; hymenium hyaline, 50–75 µm high, inspersed with oil droplets; hypothecium hyaline, 75–100 µm high; asci clavate, Bacidia - type, 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, thin walled, 8–12 × 4–7 μm, markedly constricted at septum when mature. Pycnidia rare, immersed; conidia bacilliform, 6 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Usnic, stictic, norstictic and hypostictic acids. Ecology and distribution: This species usually grows on exposed siliceous rock, at elevations of 1366–4232 m. Distributed in Xizang, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces in China (Fig. 2). Notes: The new species D. tibetica is similar to D. oreina, but with a plane, radiate-plicate thallus margin, and the apothecia of the new species are raised, the upper surface has a grayish covering of white pruina, and the margins of the areoles are not darkened. The apothecia of D. oreina are innate to adnate, the upper surface is bright yellowish-green without pruina, the edge of the areolae is darkened and pycnidia are numerous. Furthermore, gyrophoric acid has not been reported in D. tibetica while D. oreina in China always contains this compound. Obermayer et al. (2004, Figure 5) displayed two types of apothecia in Dimelaena oreina s.l. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these should belong to distinct species: 5A is similar to D. tibetica and 5B is D. altissima. Additional material studied. CHINA. Ningxia Province: Helan Mt., dakouzi, 1366 m, 38°35′32″N, 105°56′31″E, 24 September 2010, Niu Dongling 10-0259 (NXAC); Helan Mt., Xiangshuigou, 2189 m, 38°46′30.9″N, 105°54′48.8″E, 10 June 2017, Niu Dongling 17-0417 (NXAC). Qinghai Province: Huangyuan Co., by the side of the Qinghai Lake, 2441 m, 36°39′57.41″N, 101°24′32.03″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59122; Huangyuan Co., 2430 m, 36°39′55.26″N, 101°24′32.23″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58092; Huangyuan Co., on the route to Qinghai Lake, 2473 m, 36°39′57.15″N, 101°24′32.28″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58119. Xizang Province: Gongjue Co., Xiangpi Vil., 3578 m, 31°00′46.41″N, 98°15′24.14″E, 24 September 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-68977; Mangkang Co., Bangda Town beside the G318 national road, 3690 m, 29°27′46.30″N, 98°38′26.57″E, 20 September 2016, Wang Lisong et al. 16-50799; Zhada Co., Tuolin Town, 4232 m, 31°43′00.68″N, 79°44′56.99″E, 23 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-65539; Gongjue Co., Xiangpi Vil., 3590 m, 31°00′45.79″N, 98°15′24.00″E, 24 September 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-67410., Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on pages 268-269, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058, {"references":["Obermayer, W., Blaha, J. & Mayrhofer, H. (2004) Buellia centralis and chemotypes of Dimelaena oreina in Tibet and other Central-Asian regions. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 34: 327 - 342."]}

Dimelaena altissima (H. Magn.) M. Ai & Xin Y. Wang, comb. nov. MycoBank no. 841532 Rinodina altissima H. Magnusson (1940: 155). Type:— CHINA. Gansu Province: Taben-Buluk, 4000 m, 1931, Birger Bohlin 35a (S, holotype!). Rinodina altissima var. exalbescens H. Magnusson (1940: 156); Dimelaena oreina var. exalbescens (H. Magn.) Wei (1991: 89). Type:— CHINA. Gansu Province: Ehr-tao-ch’uan (Nan-shan), at about 4200 m, on rock facing the South, 5 January 1932, Birger Bohlin 74b (S, holotype !). (Fig. 3) Thallus crustose, thick or thin, closely attached to the substrate, areolate at center and radiate-plicate at margin, areolae 0.55–0.90 mm wide, sometimes darkened around the areolae; marginal lobes flat and narrow, Apothecia cryptolecanorine to lecanorine, immersed, often touching each other, irregularly rounded, 0.18–0.63 mm in diam., disc black, disc margin not obvious or absent; epihymenium brown; hymenium hyaline, 60–80 μm high, inspersed with oil droplets; hypothecium hyaline, 80–135 μm high; asci clavate, Bacidia - type, 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, thin walled, 8.5–13 × 4.5–7 μm, markedly constricted at septum when mature. Pycnidia rare, immersed; conidia bacilliform, 6 × 1 μm. Chemistry: Usnic and gyrophoric acids, sometimes with hypostictic, stictic and norstictic acids. Ecology and distribution: This species usually grows on exposed siliceous rock, at elevations of 2737–4805 m. Distributed in Sichuan, Xizang, Qinghai and Gansu provinces in China (Fig. 2). Notes: Dimelaena altissima is characterized by having a plane lobed thallus margin, tightly attached to the substrate, innate and irregularly rounded apothecia. It differs from D. oreina by lacking convex marginal lobes and well-defined apothecia margins. Sheard & Ahti (1975) regarded Rinodina altissima as a synonym for D. oreina due to similar anatomical features, and because morphological characters did not correlate with chemical ones. Obermayer et al. (2004) agreed with this treatment. Now, however, morphological differences, supported by molecular data, lead to the division of these species. There is no reason to subsume several chemotypes within a species. Gyrophoric acid was detected in D. altissima. In addition, stictic acid and hypostictic acid were detected in some specimens. Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Gansu Province: Sunan Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 3479 m, 38°39′16.58″N, 99°29′30.87″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59774; Sunan Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 3928 m, 38°37′45.45″N, 99°28′31.76″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58855; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3392 m, 39°13′52.53″N, 95°24′18.40″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58543 . Qinghai Province: Huangyuan Co., on the route to Qinghai Lake, 2737 m, 36°45′54.72″N, 101°08′05.79″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59138; Huzhu Co., beside Weibei road, 3060 m, 37°00′26.52″N, 102°08′16.81″E, 31 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59930; Qilian Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 2807 m, 38°13′44.92″N, 99°59′48.79″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59878; Zaduo Co., 4090 m, 32°52′43.78″N, 95°20′28.55″E, 20 September 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-68622 . Sichuan Province: Rangtang Co., Haizishan, 4237 m, 32°20′02.40″N, 101°25′00.23″E, 9 June 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-66696. Xizang Province: Cuoqin Co., 4805 m, 31°11′37.70″N, 85°03′32.37″E, 20 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-65370; Kangma Co., Nanni Vil., 4136 m, 28°46′16.29″N, 89°38′48.64″E, 24 July 2019, Wang Xinyu et al. xy19-1416; Zhongba Co., Zhuzhu Vil., 4647 m, 29°47′17.16″N, 83°54′09.76″E, 25 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-63935; Zhongba Co., Zhuzhu Vil., 4650 m, 29°47′17.29″N, 83°54′09.74″E, 25 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-63938; Zhongba Co., Zhuzhu Vil., 4639 m, 29°47′16.57″N, 83°54′09.61″E, 25 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-63927; Kangma Co., Nanni Vil., 4120 m, 28°46′14.32″N, 89°38′48.78″E, 24 July 2019, Wang Xinyu et al. XY19-2343; Yadong Co., Kangbu Vil., 4039 m, 27°45′41.83″N, 88°58′58.41″E, 27 July 2019, Wang Xinyu et al. XY19-1719 ., Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on pages 264-265, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058, {"references":["Magnusson, A. H. (1940) Lichens from central Asia I. In: Hedin, S. (Ed.) Reports Scientific Exped. Nort-West provinces of China (the SinoSwedish Expedition). Publication 13, XI. Botany 1, Stockholm, Aktiebolaget Thule, pp. 1 - 168.","Wei, J. C. (1991) An Enumeration of Lichens in China. International Academic Publishers, Beijing. 278 pp.","Obermayer, W., Blaha, J. & Mayrhofer, H. (2004) Buellia centralis and chemotypes of Dimelaena oreina in Tibet and other Central-Asian regions. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 34: 327 - 342.","Sheard, J. W. & Ahti, T. (1975) The lichen Dimelaena oreina in east-central Asia, with notes on its typification and chemical races. Annales Botanici Fennici 12: 89 - 92."]}

This paper presents a new saxicolous species of Rinodina from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. Rinodina jacutica is characterized by spores of the Dirinaria-type and type A development, a light-gray thallus with a slight yellowish tinge and spot tests K+ yellow and P+ yellow, atranorin present. The paper provides data on the morphology, anatomy, ecology, and collection site of R. jacutica.

Rinodina jacutica Galanina & Konoreva sp. nov. Mycobank no: 841873 (Figs 1A–C) Thallus thin to thick, areoles at first discrete, becoming confluent, light gray with a slight yellowish tinge. Apothecia quickly become narrowly attached. Vegetative propagules absent. Ascospores Dirinaria - type, (16.5–) 18.0–20.0 (– 23.0) × (7.5–) 8.5–10.0 (–11.5) μm, lumina Physcia- like, spores lightly pigmented at maturity, most mature spores inflated at septum, more so on application of KOH; torus absent; walls lightly ornamented. Secondary metabolite atranorin by TLC. Type:— RUSSIA, Republic of Sakha, Oymyakonskiy District, near Ust-Nera, right bank of Ambar-Yuryuete, Larix gmelinii - Sphagnum -lichen forest, 64°30′31.6″N, 143°16′56.8″E, 1179 m a. s. l., 7 July 2016, L. A . Konoreva 75 (holotype LE 15578!, isotype VLA L –2928!). Thallus thin in young parts to thick (0.4 mm) in old parts, light gray with a slight yellowish tinge, areolate, margin of scattered areoles. Areoles 0.2–0.5 mm wide, at first discrete, margins even or dissected and sublobate, then confluent, surface, matt, slightly convex. Prothallus black, well developed, clearly visible between areoles in young parts of the thallus (Fig. 1A). Vegetative propagules absent. Apothecia numerous, broadly attached when young but quickly become narrowly attached, scattered when young and densely contiguous in older parts of the thallus, 0.9–1.0 (–1.5) mm diameter (n = 30); disc black, at first plane, becoming slightly convex; thalline margin concolorous with thallus, mostly continuous but sometimes with a crenulate (beaded) appearance, to 0.1 mm wide, persistent, excipular ring absent. Сortex of apothecia to 20–30 μm wide with a slight yellowish tinge, not expanded below, epinecral layer absent, algal cells to 8.5–12 μm long. Proper exciple hyaline, 15 μm wide, expanding to 20 μm at surface, pigmented the same colour as epihymenium; hypothecium hyaline, 30–90 μm high; hymenium 80–150 μm high, paraphyses 1.5– 2.0 μm wide, not conglutinate, apices to 5.5–6.0 μm wide, forming a dark brown epihymenium, pigment arnoldiana - brown. Ascospores 8 per ascus, type A development, Dirinaria - type (Fig. 1: B, C; 2: A, B), (17.0–) 18.3–20.4 (–23.0) × (7.8–) 8.4–9.5 (–11.0) μm (n = 60), torus lacking, septal disc sometimes present (Figs. 1C, 2B 4), walls lightly ornamented. Chemistry: cortex K+ yellow, P+yellow (atranorin confirmed by TLC on 3 July 2021 by Paukov; and on 19 January 2022 by Konoreva). Etymology: The species is named after the site of its discovery, Yakutia, the cold pole of the northern hemisphere. Ecology: On stones in coniferous moss-lichen larch forest of the Ambar-Yuryuete river valley. Notes: The species was found in the Oymyakonsky Region, located in the eastern part of the Republic of Sakha (previously Yakutia) on the border with the Magadan Region and the Khabarovsk Territory. The Tas-Kystabyt Ridge (highest point 2341 m) is located within this region. The climate of the Oymyakonsky Region is very continental, the annual temperature range spans 100 °C (minimum -65 °C, maximum 35 °C). The region is extremely dry, the annual precipitation being around 200 mm. The region is in an area of continuous permafrost (Danilova, 2005). Larch woodlands occur at altitudes of 600(–800) m to 1200(–1600) m above sea level. At higher altitudes larch forests are replaced by thickets of dwarf pine, and mountain tundras are located at the highest elevations (Karavaev & Dobretsova, 1964; Danilova, 2005). Additional specimen examined (paratype). RUSSIA, Republic of Sakha, Oymyakonskiy District, near Ust-Nera, right bank of Ambar-Yuryuete, Larix gmelinii - Sphagnum -lichen forest, 64°30′31.6″N, 143°16′56.8″E, 1179 m a. s. l., 7 July 2016, L. A . Konoreva 65 (paratype LE 15579!)., Published as part of Galanina, Irina A., Sheard, John W. & Konoreva, Liudmila A., 2022, A new saxicolous species, Rinodina jacutica (Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia, pp. 121-126 in Phytotaxa 564 (1) on pages 122-124, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7077729, {"references":["Danilova, N. S. (ed.) (2005) Diversity of the flora of Yakutia. Publishing house of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 328 pp. [In Russian]","Karavaev, M. N. & Dobretsova, L. A. (1964) A brief sketch of the vegetation of the river valley Nera in its lower reaches (basin of the upper Indigirka). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 49 (11): 1544 - 1559. [In Russian]"]}

A new species, Rinodina indica Vishal Kumar, R. Ngangom & Nayaka is described from India. It is characterized by ochraceous, areolate, blastidiate thallus with brown, 1-septate Teichophila-type ascospores. Eight additional species of the genus viz., R. archaea (Ach.) Arnold, R. dolichospora Malme, R. mniaroeiza (Nyl.) Arnold, R. obnascens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, R. oleae Bagl., R. plana H. Magn., R. pyrina (Ach.) Arnold and R. trevisanii (Hepp) Körb., are reported for the first time from India. Detailed description, illustration and distribution for new species and new records are provided. A key to all species of Rinodina presently known from India is also provided.

Rinodina salicis Lee & Hur and Rinodina zeorina Lee & Hur are described as new lichen-forming fungi from forested wetlands or a humid forest in South Korea. Rinodina salicis is distinguishable from Rinodina excrescens Vain., the most similar species, by its olive-gray thallus with smaller areoles without having blastidia, contiguous apothecia, non-pruinose discs, paler disc color, wider ascospores in the Pachysporaria-type II, and the absence of secondary metabolites. Rinodina zeorina differs from Rinodina hypobadia Sheard by areolate and brownish thallus, non-pruinose apothecia, colorless and wider parathecium, narrower paraphyses with non-pigmented and unswollen tips, longer and narrower ascospores with angular to globose lumina, and the absence of pannarin. Molecular analyses employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences strongly support the two new species to be unique in the genus Rinodina. An updated key is provided to assist in the identification of all 63 taxa in Rinodina of the far eastern Asia.

Three species of lichens are described as new from the Chapada dos Guimaraes in Mato Grosso (Brazil): Astrothelium muriconicum Aptroot & M.F.Souza, sp. nov. which is the first species in the core group of the genus, the A. conicum-group, with muriform ascospores; Gassicurtia lopesiana M.F.Souza & Aptroot, sp. nov. which is characterized by red apothecium margins and lichexanthone in the thallus; and G. pruinosa M.F.Souza & Aptroot, sp. nov. which has brown pruinose, UV+ green discs and less red pigmantation. A further 191 species are reported new to the state Mato Grosso, 14 of which are first reports from Brazil.

Gassicurtia pruinosa M.F.Souza & Aptroot, sp. nov. (Figs 3, 4) MYCOBANK. — MB 839654. Corticolous Gassicurtia without anthraquinone, differing from G. catasema (Tuck.) Marbach by theUV-negative thallus, apothecia brown pruinose, UV+ green, probably due to a xanthone, and ascospores 10-12 × 2.5-3.5 µm. TYPE. — Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Chapada dos Guimarães, Pousada do Parque private area, alt. 700 m, 15°26’50”S, 55°49’50”W, on bark, 12-19.IX.2020, A.Aptroot & M.F.Souza 81917 (holo-, CGMS [CGMS]; iso-, ABL [ABL]). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Brazil. Mato Grosso: Same details as the holotype, A.Aptroot & M.F.Souza 81496 (para-, CGMS). DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, greenish grey, areolate, very variable in thickness, partly almost immersed, areoles irregular, c. 0.1 mm diam., thallus surrounded by a c. 0.3 mm wide, brown hyphal prothallus line. Isidia and soredia absent. Apothecia sessile, solitary, angular, rather irregular in shape, not round, 0.2- 0.6 mm diam.; disc black, densely brown pruinose; margin prominent, persistent, c. 0.05 mm wide, glossy, black. Hymenium not inspersed. Paraphyses unbranched. Epithecium with black caps. Hypothecium dark brown. Excipulum brown in section. Ascospores 8/ascus, 10-12 × 2.5-3.5 µm, dark brown, smooth, long ellipsoid. Pycnidia not observed. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV-, K-, apothecium disc UV+ green, probably due to an unidentified xanthone (Rf 6 in solvent A[TDA]). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after the pruinose apothecia. ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On tree bark in Cerrado forest; only known from Brazil., Published as part of Aptroot, André & Souza, Maria Fernanda, 2021, New lichen species and records from the Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil, pp. 171-180 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (10) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a10, http://zenodo.org/record/7815166

Key to Phaeorrhiza 1. Apothecia cryptolecanorine, disc concave to plane........................................................................................................... P. nimbosa - Apothecia lecideine, disc strongly convex......................................................................................... P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa, Published as part of Zhong, Qiuyi, Zhang, Yanyun, Wang, Xinyu, Timdal, Einar, Gong, Hede, Wang, Zizhi & Wang, Lisong, 2021, Phaeorrhiza (Physciaceae), a new lichen genus record to China, pp. 228-238 in Phytotaxa 510 (3) on page 231, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.510.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5426411

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W. L. Culb. Figure 3E Materials examined. COLOMBIA • Magdalena, Santa Marta, locality of Minca, Bella Vista village, Villa Kelly coffee farm; 11°05.67′N, 074°04.87′W; 1550 m a.s.l.; 28 Jun. 2017; K. Ramírez Roncallo leg.; KRR 225; CBUMAG:LIC:397. Identification. Lobes with excavate or pseudocyphellate margins, forming non-convergent lateral soralia; presence of nordistic acid in the medulla (K + red) (Díaz-Escandón 2017). Ecology and distribution. Heterodermia pseudospeciosa has been recorded in the departments of Cauca, Cundinamarca, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca, in lowlands, foothills of the Andean mountains, and Andean forests, from 900 to 2700 m a.s.l., on bark, rocks, and wooden fences (Díaz-Escandón 2017). In SNSM, it was found in coffee crops in the sub-Andean forest, at 1550 m a.s.l., on bark., Published as part of Ramírez-Roncallo, Kevin, Gómez-Ramírez, Hugo & Negritto, María A., 2020, New records of lichenized fungi in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, pp. 1421-1431 in Check List 16 (6) on page 1427, DOI: 10.15560/16.6.1421, {"references":["Diaz-Escandon D (2017) La tribu Heterodermieae Trevis. en Colombia. Master tesis, Universidad del Valle, Cali, 115 pp."]}

In mountain regions of southern Europe, old-growth chestnut orchards maintained by traditional management were a key component of the economic, cultural, and ecological heritage. Currently, many stands are abandoned due to decreased economic sustainability even though, according to European policies, the loss of traditionally managed old-growth chestnut orchards should be contrasted to prevent biodiversity loss. In this study, we preliminarily mapped the remnants of old-growth chestnut orchards across a region of the northern Apennines (Italy) with a strong tradition of chestnut orchard cultivation. Then, we assessed the effects of management/abandonment in terms of tree features (e.g. size, crown structure, health conditions), occurrence and abundance of target epiphytic lichens, and richness and composition of understory vegetation. Our results revealed contrasting patterns of tree features, lichen, and plant diversity in managed and abandoned old-growth chestnut orchards of the northern Apennines, supporting the view that traditional management is fundamental for the long-term maintenance of healthy veteran trees, the enhancement of epiphytic lichens related to old-growth conditions, and plant diversity. This indicates that 1000 years of chestnut civilization represent a cultural heritage that benefits nature conservation, promoting a virtuous interplay between human activities and biodiversity. For this reason, policies aimed at sustaining traditional management in old-growth chestnut orchards are indispensable to avoid the degradation and loss of this habitat and its centuries-old cultural and ecological legacy.

Buellia saxorum A. Massal. Notes. – This species was previously not recorded from Macaronesia (CARVALHO et al., 2008; GABRIEL, 2008; HERNANDEZ-PADRON & PÉREZ-VARGAS,2010; GIRALT & VAN DEN BOOM, 2011). Material examined. – 3, vr, Boom 45910., Published as part of van den Boom, Pieter P. G., Clerc, Philippe & Ertz, Damien, 2015, New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc, pp. 165-177 in Candollea 70 (2) on page 173, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v702a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5720974, {"references":["CARVALHO, P., R. FIGUEIRA & M. P. JONES (2008). Os liquenes e fungos liquenicolas (Fungi) dos arquipelagos da Madeira e das Selvagens. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi (Fungi) of the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. In: BORGES, P. A. V. et al. (ed.), Listagem dos Fungos, Flora e Fauna Terrestres dos Arquipelagos da Maderia e Selvagens. A List of the Terrestrial Fungi, Flora and Fauna of Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos: 95 - 122. Direccao Regional do Ambiente da Madeira and Universidade dos Acores, Funchal and Angra do Heroismo.","GIRALT, M. & P. P. G. VAN DEN BOOM (2011). The genus Buellia s. l. and some additional genera of Physciaceae in the Canary Islands. Nova Hedwigia 92: 29 - 55."]}

Van Den Boom, P. P. G., P. Clerc & D. Ertz (2015). New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc. Candollea 70: 165–177. In English, English abstract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2015v702a1 Lichens and lichenicolous fungi are very diverse in the Canary Islands but the flora is still poorly known despite numerous recent publications. For this reason, two field trips were undertaken in 2011 in order to study the lichen flora of La Gomera (western Canary Islands). About 1000 specimens were collected in the different habitats of the island. In addition, c. 200 specimens collected in 1986, and c. 60 specimens from the Oslo herbarium (O) were studied. As a result, an annotated list of 107 newly recorded lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera is presented. Terricolous, saxicolous, as well as corticolous species are included. Further notes are given for 17 taxa that are new for the Canary Islands. Hyp...

Taxonomic studies on the lichen genus Heterodermia in India revealed a hitherto unknown species, which is here described as new: H. upretii Y. Joshi, S. Upadhyay & K. Chandra. It is characterized by a grayish, ±pruinose thallus, corticated lower surface, yellowish-orange P+ red medulla and Polyblastidium-type ascospores with sporoblastidia. The species is reported from temperate regions of Champawat and Pithoragarh districts of Kumaun Himalaya and was found colonizing rocks, barks and twigs of various trees. Description and figures are provided and the new taxon is compared with similar Heterodermia species.

246 p., tablas, fot. -- La tesis incluye artículos publicados en diferentes revistas., Los Calicioides incluyen a hongos liquenizados y no liquenizados de reducidas dimensiones. Como su nombre indica, su estructura reproductora tiene una forma que recuerda a la de una copa (del griego calix). La mayoría viven en zonas de penumbra y elevada humedad, al resguardo de la lluvia directa, ocultándose en oquedades de la corteza vieja de árboles de bosques maduros. Entre ellos son comunes las estrategias parasíticas o parasimbióticas de otros líquenes. Se encuentran presentes en las listas rojas de líquenes de la mayor parte del mundo y se utilizan como bioindicadores del grado de madurez del bosque. Con el objetivo básico y fundamental de profundizar en el conocimiento de los hongos calicioides en la Península Ibérica, se ha recurrido a material de herbario y a recolecciones de material fresco que han sido estudiados siguiendo diferentes técnicas macroscópicas y microscópicas: secciones con micrótomo, cortes ultrafinos, microscopía electrónica de barrido, reacciones químicas, estadística de esporas, cromatografía en capa fina y, en determinadas ocasiones, cultivos y secuenciación molecular. A continuación, procedemos a la presentación de los resultados más relevantes agrupados por familias y géneros, haciendo especial énfasis en los resultados de los géneros Mycocalicium y Sphinctrina, que comprenden las otras publicaciones. Se han elaborado una serie de claves dicotómicas para la identificación de los hongos Calicioides conocidos hasta el momento en la Península Ibérica. Se ha establecido una clave para cada una de las familias incluidas, y además, se presentan doce claves para la determinación de los géneros. El conjunto de estas claves permite la determinación de las sesenta y nueve especies de hongos Calicioides presentes en la península e Islas Baleares (citadas en el momento de su redacción, a finales del 2010). En trabajos posteriores, se ha citado la presencia de Chaenothecopis tasmanica y Chaenotheca cinerea, tratadas como especies dudosas en el volumen de Flora Ibérica.

ORCULARIA (Malme) Kalb & Giralt, gen. et stat. nov. Mycobank MB 563558 Rinodina (Ach.) Stiz. Sect. Orcularia Malme, Bihang till Konglige Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar 28, 3(1): 44 (1902). Typus generis:— Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Giralt Thallus whitish, grey or evanescent. Apothecia initially erumpent and apparently lecanorine, initially surrounded by thalline tissue simulating a thalline exciple, becoming sessile and with a thin proper margin with age, small. Proper exciple poorly developed, prosoplectenchymatous, inner cells elongate, hyaline to pale brown, outermost cells short, brown, swollen like the apical caps of the paraphyses. Hypothecium brown, not deep. Hymenium not inspersed. Paraphyses with a distinct but moderately swollen dark brown cap, (2–) 3– 5 µm diam. Ascospores Orcularia- type, bilocular with long lumina canals (isthmus), or tetralocular with one additional lumen in each canal, pale brown with paler apices, ± citriform with mucronate apices, walls smooth, torus absent; ontogeny Orcularia- type (the septum is inserted after lateral wall thickenings become distinct). Conidia filiform. Ascus Bacidia- type. Photobiont a coccoid green alga. Chemistry: no secondary lichen products, xanthones, myeloconone D1 or norstictic acid. Notes:— Malme (1902) introduced the name Orcularia as a section of Rinodina with R. insperata (Nyl.) Malme as the only Brazilian species. He distinguished section Orcularia from other sections of Rinodina by spore characters and the brown hypothecium. Sheard (1967) followed this scheme and included an additional species, Rinodina biloculata (Nyl.) Sheard, in the section Orcularia. The genus Orcularia shares some characters with Amandinea Choisy ex Scheidegger & H. Mayrhofer, namely the filiform conidia and apothecia with an initial pseudothalline margin, and Marbach (2000) actually transferred these species to Amandinea. However, the Orcularia- type ascospores and their ontogeny are very different from those occurring in Amandinea and unique within the Physciaceae (and Caliciaceae), so that their placement in an independent genus seems more appropriate. Species belonging to Amandinea have Buellia- type ascospores (without any inner wall thickening) or Physconia- type ascospores (with inner wall thickenings ± pronounced only at the septum and also occasionally at the apices, although these are rather weak and are only observed briefly during the ascospore development). Physconia- type ascospores with a very thick septum and long and narrow lumina canals (= polarilocular) have often been called Orcularia - type (e.g. in Mayrhofer 1984). However, in the strict sense, Orcularia - type ascospores follow a different ontogeny than the Physconia- type and, at present, have only been observed in the taxa included in this contribution. In ascospores with Physconia- type ontogeny, the septum is inserted before any inner wall thickening appears whereas in Orcularia - type ascospores, the septum is inserted after lateral inner wall thickenings become distinct. Consequently, immature non-septate ascospores with pronounced lateral thickenings (with a single lumen ± bone-shaped) are common and very characteristic in the Orcularia- type (Fig. 1) but totally absent in the Physconia- type. Further the ascospore walls in Amandinea are often microrugulate or rugulate and become dark brown whereas in Orcularia they are always smooth and pale brown. The ± citriform shape of Orcularia ascospores with mucronate apices is also very characteristic. Another genus with filiform conidia and polariloculate ascospores is Fluctua Marbach. But this genus differs in having pruinose apothecia with a distinct, thick, prominent and flexuous excipulum (somewhat lirelliform in appearance) which contains norstictic acid, a thallus containing norstictic acid, hardly thickened endcells of the paraphyses, and immature non-septate ascospores with subapical inner wall thickenings (Callispora - type ontogeny) and mature ascospores with subapical and septal inner wall thickenings (see Marbach 2000, Abb. 96: 211). In fact, Fluctua seems to be more closely related to Buellia s. str. (= Hafellia) from which it differs by the absence of hymenial oil droplets and the presence of filiform conidia., Published as part of Kalb, Klaus & Giralt, Mireia, 2011, Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae), pp. 53-60 in Phytotaxa 38 on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4894644, {"references":["Malme, G. O. A. (1902) Die Flechten der ersten Regnell'schen Expedition. II. Die Gattung Rinodina (Ach.) Stiz. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar 28, afd. 3 (1): 1 - 53.","Sheard, J. W. (1967) A revision of the lichen genus Rinodina (Ach.) Gray in the Bristish Islands. Lichenologist 3: 328 - 367.","Marbach, B. (2000) Corticole und lignicole Arten der Flechtengattung Buellia sensu lato in den Subtropen und Tropen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 74: 1 - 384.","Mayrhofer, H. (1984) Die saxicolen Arten der Flechtengattung Rinodina und Rinodinella in der Alten Welt. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 55: 327 - 493."]}

Orcularia placodiomorpha (Vainio) Kalb & Giralt, comb. nov. Mycobank MB 563561 Bas.: Buellia placodiomorpha Vainio. Étude lich. Brésil 1: 172 (1890). Type:— Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Sepitiba in civ. Rio de Janeiro. 1885; E. A. Vainio: Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati 473 (TUR-Vain. 9519!— lectotype, selected here; KIEL!, M!—isolectotypes). Thallus corticolous, ca. 2 cm diam., whitish to grey or greenish grey, continuous to cracked, smooth or slightly warty. Apothecia small, 0.3-0.4 mm diam., surrounded by a rather persistent pseudothalline margin; disc brownish black to black, not pruinose, flat to slightly convex; proper margin very thin, persistent or not. Proper exciple poorly developed, 20–30(–40) µm thick, KOH-. Hypothecium (50–) 60–80 µm high, dark brownish. Hymenium 60–80(–100) µm high, not inspersed. Epihymenium brown. Paraphyses 1.8–2.0 µm thick, end cells 3–4 µm broad, with a brown cap, unbranched or with a few branches towards the tip. Asci 8- spored, ascospores 1-septate, 15–19 × 7–8.5(–9.5) µm, olive, later pale brown, spore wall smooth; at first lumina only apical, connected by a long isthmus, later with two additional septal lumina. Pycnidia black, 50– 60 µm diam., conidia filiform, 14–25 × 0.7–0.8 µm. Chemistry: Spot tests (thallus): KOH- or KOH+ slightly yellowish, UV-; myeloconon D1 (cf. Kalb & Elix 1998). Ecology:— Orcularia placodiomorpha is a rare species. It seems to be confined to mangroves or forests near the sea. It was found in the West Indies and Bermuda (Imshaug 1955), SE Brazil, and is reported for North America (Esslinger 2011). Here it is newly reported from Réunion. Notes:—The species is characterized by a greyish or greyish green, thin thallus, small apothecia (up to 0.4 mm diam.) with a rather persistent pseudothalline margin, a clear hymenium and polarilocular, 1-septate ascospores 15–19 × 7–9.5 µ m with four locules when mature and with a smooth spore wall. Orcularia placodiomorpha is very similar to O. insperata but differs in having additional septal spore lumina in mature ascospores. O. placodiomorphoides is also similar, but this species has ascospores more than 20 µm long. Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Ilha de São Sebastião; ca. 130 km E of São Paulo, Baía dos Castelhanos, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (hb kalb 17790); Ilha de Santo Amaro, a few km outside of Bertioga, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (K. Kalb: Lich. Neotrop. 86 as Buellia placodiomorpha) . — RÉUNION. Bras Panon, S of mouth of Rivière des Roches, A.M. Brand-59615 (hb. Brand); SE coast, St. Philippe, Puits Arabe, A.M. Brand-58562 (hb. Brand); NW St. Benoît, Pointe Bourbier, P. & B. v.d. Boom-40995 (hb. v.d. Boom)., Published as part of Kalb, Klaus & Giralt, Mireia, 2011, Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae), pp. 53-60 in Phytotaxa 38 on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4894644, {"references":["Kalb, K. & Elix, J. A. (1998) The chemistry of some species of Buellia sensu lato (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 68: 465 - 482.","Imshaug, H. A. (1955) The lichen genus Buellia in the West Indies. Farlowia 4: 473 - 512.","Esslinger, TL. (2011) A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University: http: // www. ndsu. edu / pubweb / ~ esslinge / chcklst / chcklst 7. htm (first posted 1 December 1997, most recent version ( 17) 16 May 2011), Fargo, North Dakota."]}

Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Giralt, comb. nov. Mycobank MB 563560 Lecanora insperata Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 443 (1863).— Lectotype! (selected by Aptroot 1987): Colombia, Nova Granata, Lindig 2616 (H-Nyl. 28494).—Isolectotypes: Nova Granata, Lindig 2616 (H-Nyl. 28493). Nova Granata, Bogota, 2600 m, (H-Nyl. p. m. 2902, 2903, 9541; fide H. Mayrhofer et al. 1999). Lecidea insperata Nyl., Flora 63: 128 (1880). Rinodina insperata (Nyl.) Malme, Bihang till Kongl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar 28, afd. 3(1): 44 (1902). – Amandinea insperata (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer & Ropin, Muelleria 12: 191 (1999). Lecidea biloculata Nyl., Flora Regensburg 40: 460 (1877). Lecanora biloculata (Nyl.) Nyl. ex Hue, Revue de Botanique 5: 29 (1886-1887). Buellia biloculata (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Expos. Lich. Ouest France 2: 150 (1901). Rinodina biloculata (Nyl.) Sheard, Lichenologist 3: 344 (1967).— Holotype: Ireland, Kylemore, Mr. Larbalestier (H-Nyl. 10437!). Lecidea polospora Leighton, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Bot. 1: 241 (1878). Buellia polospora (Leight.) Shirley, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm., 1893: 218 (1894).— Holotype: Ireland, Co. Galway, Ballinahinch churchyard, on old thorn-bushes, 1877, Mr. Larbalestier (BM?, not seen). Thallus corticolous or lignicolous, whitish to grey, rarely ochraceous, inconspicuous, usually thin, sometimes even evanescent. Apothecia (0.2–) 0.3–0.4 mm diam, when very young ±surrounded by a very thin, pseudothalline margin which is soon excluded; disc dark brown or black, epruinose, flat to slightly convex, rarely markedly convex; proper margin thin, usually persistent rarely totally excluded. Proper exciple poorly developed, 30–50 µm thick, KOH-. Hypothecium 30–60(–80) µm deep, brown. Hymenium 60–80(–90) µm high, colourless, not inspersed. Epihymenium brown. Paraphyses (1.5–) 1.7–2.1 µm thick, end cells 3–4(–5) µm broad, with a brown cap, unbranched or with a few branches towards the tip. Asci 8-spored, Bacidia- type. Ascospores 1-septate, (11–)13–18(–22) × (6.5–)7–9(–10) µm, Orcularia - type, olive, later pale brown, spore wall smooth, lumina connected by a long isthmus. Pycnidia black, 80 µm diam., conidia filiform, 12–15 × 0.8 µm. Chemistry: Spot tests all negative. According to Giavarini et al. (2010) lacking secondary metabolites. In the specimen Kalb-38244 thuringione (major) and arthothelin (submajor) were detected by HPLC (Kalb & Elix 1998). Ecology:— Orcularia insperata seems to be a species with a wide ecological amplitude. It was found in cool-temperate, warm-temperate, atlantic, subtropical and tropical regions near the coast and up to 2850 m (in Ecuador). It occurs in both hemispheres, at low altitudes in cool-temperate areas of Atlantic Europe (Spain, British Islands) and South America (Argentina, Uruguay), at middle altitudes in Macaronesia and subtropical regions and reach very high altitudes in the tropics. Some records in Marbach (2000) do not refer to this species. Here it is reported for the first time from the Indian Ocean (Reunion). Recently it has been reported from North Carolina (USA) by Lendemer et al. (2008). The species is also known from New Zealand and Australia (Mayrhofer et al. 1999). Notes:— Orcularia insperata is characterized by a whitish to greyish, usually thin thallus, small apothecia (up to 0.4 mm diam.), a clear hymenium and Orcularia- type ascospores, 1-septate, (11–)13–18(–22) × (6.5–)7–9(–10) µm, with a smooth spore wall. Orcularia insperata is very similar to O. placodiomorpha, but lacks additional septal lumina in mature ascospores. The study of the type material of O. insperata and O. biloculata has proved that they are conspecific. The conidia of R. biloculata were described by Fox & Purvis (1990) as ellipsoid. Unfortunately, no conidia have been observed in the type material. However, as all other diagnostic characters are in accordance with the type and the other specimens of O. insperata, we consider the description of the conidia by Fox & Purvis (1990) to be erroneous. Specimens examined:— ECUADOR. Tungurahua: Ascent to Zumbahua, ca. 20 km W of Baños, K. & A. Kalb (KALB 18478); Between Baños and Riobamba, K. & A. Kalb (KALB 18504).— BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Mun. Encruzilhada do Sul, Passo dos Coqueiros, Cerro Mouros, Faz Xafri, M. Fleig 7004 (ICN); São Paulo: Serra do Mar, between Paratí and Cunha, K. Kalb & G. Plöbst (KALB 28565).— PARAGUAY. Asunción. G. O. Malme 315 (H).— ARGENTINA. Salta: Salta, San Bernardino, B. Marbach 1140 (KALB); Ñacurutú in delta flum. Paraná, G. O. Malme 347, 60 (H); Marindia, B. Marbach & H. Osório 1123 (KALB 38244).— URUGUAY. Montevideo: Baja blanca, B. Marbach & H. Osório 1142 (KALB 38248). MADEIRA. Porto Santo, Pico do Castelo, A. Aptroot 27660 (B); Machico, Pico de Facho, 1990, J. Etayo (hb. Etayo); between Machico and Canical, N Pico do Facho, 1990, K. & A. Kalb (hb. Kalb).—CANARY ISLANDS, Tenerife, N of Santiago del Teide, 1.5 km WSW of Erjos, P. & B. v.d. Boom-37675 (hb. v.d. Boom); La Gomera, Arguamul, F. Berger (hb. Berger 13338).— RÉUNION. Cilaos, path to llet de Salazes, A.M. Brand- 59659 (hb. Brand).— IRELAND. Connemara: Ballynahinch Church, 1966, J.W. Sheard (hb. Sheard); Cork: Bantry, League Point, 1966, J.W. Sheard (hb. J.W. Sheard).— SPAIN. Navarra: Ibardin, 1987, J. Etayo (GZU, hb. Etayo)., Published as part of Kalb, Klaus & Giralt, Mireia, 2011, Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae), pp. 53-60 in Phytotaxa 38 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4894644, {"references":["Aptroot, A. (1987) Pyxinaceae (Lichens). Flora of the Guianas. Ser. E: Fungi and lichens, Fasc. 1: 1 - 59.","Mayrhofer, H., Kantvilas, G. & Ropin, K. (1999) The corticolous species of the lichen genus Rinodina (Physciaceae) in temperate Australia. Muelleria 12: 169 - 194.","Kalb, K. & Elix, J. A. (1998) The chemistry of some species of Buellia sensu lato (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 68: 465 - 482.","Marbach, B. (2000) Corticole und lignicole Arten der Flechtengattung Buellia sensu lato in den Subtropen und Tropen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 74: 1 - 384.","Lendemer, J. C., Kocourkova, J. & Knudsen, K. (2008) Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: notes on some taxa from North America. Mycotaxon 105: 379 - 386."]}

Key to the known corticolous species of Orcularia 1 Mature ascospores with isthmus between the apical lumina (bilocular)...................................................................... 2 - Mature ascospores with apical and septal lumen (tetralocular).................................................................................... 3 2 Ascospores (11–)13–18(–22) × (6.5–)7–9(–10) µm ................................................................................... O. insperata - Ascospores (10–)12–15(–16.5) × (5–)6–7.5(–8.5) µm ...................................................................................... O. elixii 3 Ascospores up to 20 µm long .......................................................................................................... O. placodiomorpha - Ascospores more than 20 µm (up to 28 µm) long .................................................................... O. placodiomorphoides

Orcularia elixii Kalb & Giralt, sp. nov. Mycobank MB 563559 Sicut O. insperata, sed ascosporis minoribus differt. Type:— Australia, New South Wales, Patonga, eastern side of Patonga Creek, ca. 40 km N of Sydney, on Avicennia marina at the edge of a mangrove forest; 33°33’S, 151°16’E, K. & A. Kalb 26226 & A. & P. Archer (CANB — holotype; hb. Kalb—isotype). Etymology:—The new species is named after our good friend and colleague John (Jack) Elix (Canberra) in honour of his many contributions to Austral lichenology. Thallus corticolous, grey to dark-brownish grey because of a brown lichenicolous fungus growing on it, very thin, up to 80 µm thick, smooth to slightly warty. Prothallus absent. Algae chloroccoid 8–13 µm diam. Apothecia 0.15–0.25(–0.3) mm diam., lecideine, adnate to sessile, dark brown to black; disc dark brown or black, epruinose, concave to flat; proper margin thin, persistent. Proper exciple poorly developed, 25–40 µm thick, inner part colourless, outer part brown. Hypothecium 30–50(–70) µm high, brown. Hymenium 60–70 µm high, not inspersed. Epihymenium brown. Apical cells of the paraphyses 2–4 µm broad, brown. Asci 8- spored, Bacidia- type. Ascospores 1-septate, (10–)12–15(–16.5) × (5–)6–7.5(–8.5) µm, Orcularia - type, olive, later pale brown, spore wall smooth, young ascospores with lumina connected by a long isthmus; mature ascospores with a short isthmus or without isthmus connecting the lumina. Pycnidia and conidia not seen. Chemistry: Spot tests all negative, no lichen substances detected by TLC. Notes:—The species is mainly characterized by the small apothecia and the small uni-septate ascospores. It is morphologically very close to O. insperata but differs by the smaller ascospores which further when mature have larger lumina (lateral inner walls less thickened)., Published as part of Kalb, Klaus & Giralt, Mireia, 2011, Orcularia, a segregate from the lichen genera Buellia and Rinodina (Lecanoromycetes, Caliciaceae), pp. 53-60 in Phytotaxa 38 on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.38.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4894644