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222 results on '"Caldwell, J. H."'

1. Current Research on Grading Systems of Possible Significance to Junior Colleges. (An Annotated Bibliography).

Author

ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges, Los Angeles, CA. and Caldwell, J. H.

Abstract

Published articles about grading systems in general are listed in the first section of this annotated bibliography. A brief abstract of each article is provided. In the second section, Some Marking Systems in Current Use, credit grading policies used by nine community and junior colleges are described. (KM)

Published
1973

7. SCN5A Mutations Associate With Arrhythmic Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Commonly Localize to the Voltage-Sensing Mechanism

Author

McNair W. P., Taylor M. R., Ferguson D. A., Salcedo E. E, Slavov D., Zhu X., Caldwell J. H., Familial Cardiomyopathy Registry Research Group, SINAGRA, GIANFRANCO, DI LENARDA, ANDREA, MESTRONI, LUISA, Mcnair, W. P., Sinagra, Gianfranco, Taylor, M. R., DI LENARDA, Andrea, Ferguson, D. A., Salcedo E., E, Slavov, D., Zhu, X., Caldwell, J. H., Mestroni, Luisa, and Familial Cardiomyopathy Registry Research, Group

Subjects
Adult, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Male, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Heart disease, Cardiomyopathy, NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, arrhythmia, Sodium Channels, Article, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Heart Conduction System, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, genetics, Registries, cardiovascular diseases, Extramural, business.industry, Sodium channel, ion channels, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Dilated cardiomyopathy, sodium ion channel, dilated cardiomyopathy, mutations, medicine.disease, Pedigree, Multicenter study, Mutation, Voltage sensing, cardiovascular system, Cardiology, Female, mutation, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to discern the role of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium ion channel SCN5A in the etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). BACKGROUND: Dilated cardiomyopathy associates with mutations in the SCN5A gene, but the frequency, phenotype, and causative nature of these associations remain the focus of ongoing investigation. METHODS: Since 1991, DCM probands and family members have been enrolled in the Familial Cardiomyopathy Registry and extensively evaluated by clinical phenotype. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid samples from 338 individuals among 289 DCM families were obtained and screened for SCN5A mutations by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequence analysis. RESULTS: We identified 5 missense SCN5A mutations among our DCM families, including novel mutations E446K, F1520L, and V1279I, as well as previously reported mutations D1275N and R222Q. Of 15 SCN5A mutation carriers in our study, 14 (93%) manifested arrhythmia: supraventricular arrhythmia (13 of 15), including sick sinus syndrome (5 of 15) and atrial fibrillation (9 of 15), ventricular tachycardia (5 of 15), and conduction disease (9 of 15). CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in SCN5A were detected in 1.7% of DCM families. Two-thirds (6 of 9) of all reported DCM mutations in SCN5A localize to the highly conserved homologous S3 and S4 transmembrane segments, suggesting a shared mechanism of disruption of the voltage-sensing mechanism of this channel leading to DCM. Not surprisingly, SCN5A mutation carriers show a strong arrhythmic pattern that has clinical and diagnostic implications.

Published
2011

9. Radiographic manifestations of eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Author

Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Division of Gastroenterology, Ohio State University Medical Center, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA, Department of Radiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Rm. S-209, Rhodes Hall, 450 W. 10th Ave., 43210, Columbus, OH, USA, Ann Arbor, Caldwell, J. H., Bova, J. G., Greenson, J. K., Vitellas, K. M., Bennett, W. F., Johnson, J. C., Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Division of Gastroenterology, Ohio State University Medical Center, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA, Department of Radiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Rm. S-209, Rhodes Hall, 450 W. 10th Ave., 43210, Columbus, OH, USA, Ann Arbor, Caldwell, J. H., Bova, J. G., Greenson, J. K., Vitellas, K. M., Bennett, W. F., and Johnson, J. C.

Abstract

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, characterized by focal or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract. Although little over 250 cases of EG have been reported in the literature, EG is probably more common than reports in the literature would indicate. A retrospective review of 25 patients with EG along with a review of the literature was done to identify clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and therapeutic features. An allergic disorder was present in 14 (56%) and a peripheral eosinophilia was present in 24 (96%) of our patients. The most common radiographic manifestations of the stomach and small bowel included stenosis and fold thickening, respectively. Thirteen patients had esophageal involvement, with the esophageal stricture being the most common abnormality found in these patients. Steroids produced a good therapeutic result in most patients; the remaining patients responded to cromolyn and/or surgery.

Published
2006

10. Abstracts

Author

Dunet, V., primary, Dabiri, A., additional, Allenbach, G., additional, Goyeneche Achigar, A., additional, Waeber, B., additional, Feihl, F., additional, Heinzer, R., additional, Prior, J. O., additional, Van Velzen, J. E., additional, Schuijf, J. D., additional, De Graaf, F. R., additional, De Graaf, M. A., additional, Schalij, M. J., additional, Kroft, L. J., additional, De Roos, A., additional, Jukema, J. W., additional, Van Der Wall, E. E., additional, Bax, J. J., additional, Lankinen, E., additional, Saraste, A., additional, Noponen, T., additional, Klen, R., additional, Teras, M., additional, Kokki, T., additional, Kajander, S., additional, Pietila, M., additional, Ukkonen, H., additional, Knuuti, J., additional, Pazhenkottil, A. P., additional, Nkoulou, R. N., additional, Ghadri, J. R., additional, Herzog, B. A., additional, Buechel, R. R., additional, Kuest, S. M., additional, Wolfrum, M., additional, Gaemperli, O., additional, Husmann, L., additional, Kaufmann, P. A., additional, Andreini, D., additional, Pontone, G., additional, Mushtaq, S., additional, Antonioli, L., additional, Bertella, E., additional, Formenti, A., additional, Cortinovis, S., additional, Ballerini, G., additional, Fiorentini, C., additional, Pepi, M., additional, Koh, A. S., additional, Flores, J. S., additional, Keng, F. Y. J., additional, Tan, R. S., additional, Chua, T. S. J., additional, Annoni, A. D., additional, Tamborini, G., additional, Fusari, M., additional, Bartorelli, A. L., additional, Ewe, S. H., additional, Ng, A. C. T., additional, Delgado, V., additional, Schuijf, J., additional, Van Der Kley, F., additional, Colli, A., additional, De Weger, A., additional, Marsan, N. A., additional, Yiu, K. H., additional, Ng, A. C., additional, Timmer, S. A. J., additional, Knaapen, P., additional, Germans, T., additional, Dijkmans, P. A., additional, Lubberink, M., additional, Ten Berg, J. M., additional, Ten Cate, F. J., additional, Russel, I. K., additional, Lammertsma, A. A., additional, Van Rossum, A. C., additional, Wong, Y. Y., additional, Ruiter, G., additional, Raijmakers, P., additional, Van Der Laarse, W. J., additional, Westerhof, N., additional, Vonk-Noordegraaf, A., additional, Youssef, G., additional, Leung, E., additional, Wisenberg, G., additional, Marriot, C., additional, Williams, K., additional, Etele, J., additional, Dekemp, R. A., additional, Dasilva, J., additional, Birnie, D., additional, Beanlands, R. S. B., additional, Thompson, R. C., additional, Allam, A. H., additional, Wann, L. S., additional, Nureldin, A. H., additional, Adelmaksoub, G., additional, Badr, I., additional, Sutherland, M. L., additional, Sutherland, J. D., additional, Miyamoto, M. I., additional, Thomas, G. S., additional, Harms, H. J., additional, De Haan, S., additional, Huisman, M. C., additional, Schuit, R. C., additional, Windhorst, A. D., additional, Allaart, C., additional, Einstein, A. J., additional, Khawaja, T., additional, Greer, C., additional, Chokshi, A., additional, Jones, M., additional, Schaefle, K., additional, Bhatia, K., additional, Shimbo, D., additional, Schulze, P. C., additional, Srivastava, A., additional, Chettiar, R., additional, Moody, J., additional, Weyman, C., additional, Natale, D., additional, Bruni, W., additional, Liu, Y., additional, Ficaro, E., additional, Sinusas, A. J., additional, Peix, A., additional, Batista, E., additional, Cabrera, L. O., additional, Padron, K., additional, Rodriguez, L., additional, Sainz, B., additional, Mendoza, V., additional, Carrillo, R., additional, Fernandez, Y., additional, Mena, E., additional, Naum, A., additional, Bach-Gansmo, T., additional, Kleven-Madsen, N., additional, Biermann, M., additional, Johnsen, B., additional, Aase Husby, J., additional, Rotevatn, S., additional, Nordrehaug, J. E., additional, Schaap, J., additional, Kauling, R. M., additional, Post, M. C., additional, Rensing, B. J. W. M., additional, Verzijlbergen, J. F., additional, Sanchez, J., additional, Giamouzis, G., additional, Tziolas, N., additional, Georgoulias, P., additional, Karayannis, G., additional, Chamaidi, A., additional, Zavos, N., additional, Koutrakis, K., additional, Sitafidis, G., additional, Skoularigis, J., additional, Triposkiadis, F., additional, Radovanovic, S., additional, Djokovic, A., additional, Simic, D. V., additional, Krotin, M., additional, Savic-Radojevic, A., additional, Pljesa-Ercegovac, M., additional, Zdravkovic, M., additional, Saponjski, J., additional, Jelic, S., additional, Simic, T., additional, Eckardt, R., additional, Kjeldsen, B. J., additional, Andersen, L. I., additional, Haghfelt, T., additional, Grupe, P., additional, Johansen, A., additional, Hesse, B., additional, Pena, H., additional, Cantinho, G., additional, Wilk, M., additional, Srour, Y., additional, Godinho, F., additional, Zafrir, N., additional, Gutstein, A., additional, Mats, I., additional, Battler, A., additional, Solodky, A., additional, Sari, E., additional, Singh, N., additional, Vara, A., additional, Peters, A. M., additional, De Belder, A., additional, Nair, S., additional, Ryan, N., additional, James, R., additional, Dizdarevic, S., additional, Depuey, G., additional, Friedman, M., additional, Wray, R., additional, Old, R., additional, Babla, H., additional, Chuanyong, B., additional, Maddahi, J., additional, Tragardh Johansson, E., additional, Sjostrand, K., additional, Edenbrandt, L., additional, Aguade-Bruix, S., additional, Cuberas-Borros, G., additional, Pizzi, M. N., additional, Sabate-Fernandez, M., additional, De Leon, G., additional, Garcia-Dorado, D., additional, Castell-Conesa, J., additional, Candell-Riera, J., additional, Casset-Senon, D., additional, Edjlali-Goujon, M., additional, Alison, D., additional, Delhommais, A., additional, Cosnay, P., additional, Low, C. S., additional, Notghi, A., additional, O'brien, J., additional, Tweddel, A. C., additional, Bingham, N., additional, O Neil, P., additional, Harbinson, M., additional, Lindner, O., additional, Burchert, W., additional, Schaefers, M., additional, Marcassa, C., additional, Campini, R., additional, Calza, P., additional, Zoccarato, O., additional, Kisko, A., additional, Kmec, J., additional, Babcak, M., additional, Vereb, M., additional, Vytykacova, M., additional, Cencarik, J., additional, Gazdic, P., additional, Stasko, J., additional, Abreu, A., additional, Pereira, E., additional, Oliveira, L., additional, Colarinha, P., additional, Veloso, V., additional, Enriksson, I., additional, Proenca, G., additional, Delgado, P., additional, Rosario, L., additional, Sequeira, J., additional, Kosa, I., additional, Vassanyi, I., additional, Egyed, C. S., additional, Kozmann, G. Y., additional, Morita, S., additional, Nanasato, M., additional, Nanbu, I., additional, Yoshida, Y., additional, Hirayama, H., additional, Allam, A., additional, Sharef, A., additional, Shawky, I., additional, Farid, M., additional, Mouden, M., additional, Ottervanger, J. P., additional, Timmer, J. R., additional, De Boer, M. J., additional, Reiffers, S., additional, Jager, P. L., additional, Knollema, S., additional, Nasr, G. M., additional, Mohy Eldin, M., additional, Ragheb, M., additional, Casans-Tormo, I., additional, Diaz-Exposito, R., additional, Hurtado-Mauricio, F. J., additional, Ruano, R., additional, Diego, M., additional, Gomez-Caminero, F., additional, Albarran, C., additional, Martin De Arriba, A., additional, Rosero, A., additional, Lopez, R., additional, Martin Luengo, C., additional, Garcia-Talavera, J. R., additional, Laitinen, I. E. K., additional, Rudelius, M., additional, Weidl, E., additional, Henriksen, G., additional, Wester, H. J., additional, Schwaiger, M., additional, Pan, X. B., additional, Schindler, T., additional, Quercioli, A., additional, Zaidi, H., additional, Ratib, O., additional, Declerck, J. M., additional, Alexanderson Rosas, E., additional, Jacome, R., additional, Jimenez-Santos, M., additional, Romero, E., additional, Pena-Cabral, M. A., additional, Meave, A., additional, Gonzalez, J., additional, Rouzet, F., additional, Bachelet, L., additional, Alsac, J. M., additional, Suzuki, M., additional, Louedec, L., additional, Petiet, A., additional, Chaubet, F., additional, Letourneur, D., additional, Michel, J. B., additional, Le Guludec, D., additional, Aktas, A., additional, Cinar, A., additional, Yaman, G., additional, Bahceci, T., additional, Kavak, K., additional, Gencoglu, A., additional, Jimenez-Heffernan, A., additional, Sanchez De Mora, E., additional, Lopez-Martin, J., additional, Lopez-Aguilar, R., additional, Ramos, C., additional, Salgado, C., additional, Ortega, A., additional, Sanchez-Gonzalez, C., additional, Roa, J., additional, Tobaruela, A., additional, Nesterov, S. V., additional, Turta, O., additional, Maki, M., additional, Han, C., additional, Daou, D., additional, Tawileh, M., additional, Chamouine, S. O., additional, Coaguila, C., additional, Mariscal-Labrador, E., additional, Kisiel-Gonzalez, N., additional, De Araujo Goncalves, P., additional, Sousa, P. J., additional, Marques, H., additional, O'neill, J., additional, Pisco, J., additional, Cale, R., additional, Brito, J., additional, Gaspar, A., additional, Machado, F. P., additional, Roquette, J., additional, Martinez, M., additional, Melendez, G., additional, Kimura, E., additional, Ochoa, J. M., additional, Alessio, A. M., additional, Patel, A., additional, Lautamaki, R., additional, Bengel, F. M., additional, Bassingthwaighte, J. B., additional, Caldwell, J. H., additional, Rahbar, K., additional, Seifarth, H., additional, Schafers, M., additional, Stegger, L., additional, Spieker, T., additional, Hoffmeier, A., additional, Maintz, D., additional, Scheld, H., additional, Schober, O., additional, Weckesser, M., additional, Aoki, H., additional, Matsunari, I., additional, Kajinami, K., additional, Martin Fernandez, M., additional, Barreiro Perez, M., additional, Fernandez Cimadevilla, O. V., additional, Leon Duran, D., additional, Velasco Alonso, E., additional, Florez Munoz, J. P., additional, Luyando, L. H., additional, Templin, C., additional, Veltman, C. E., additional, Reiber, J. H. C., additional, Venuraju, S., additional, Yerramasu, A., additional, Atwal, S., additional, Lahiri, A., additional, Kunimasa, T., additional, Shiba, M., additional, Ishii, K., additional, Aikawa, J., additional, Kroner, E. S. J., additional, Ho, K. T., additional, Yong, Q. W., additional, Chua, K. C., additional, Panknin, C., additional, Roos, C. J., additional, Van Werkhoven, J. M., additional, Witkowska-Grzeslo, A. J., additional, Boogers, M. J., additional, Anand, D. V., additional, Dey, D., additional, Berman, D., additional, Mut, F., additional, Giubbini, R., additional, Lusa, L., additional, Massardo, T., additional, Iskandrian, A., additional, Dondi, M., additional, Sato, A., additional, Kakefuda, Y., additional, Ojima, E., additional, Adachi, T., additional, Atsumi, A., additional, Ishizu, T., additional, Seo, Y., additional, Hiroe, M., additional, Aonuma, K., additional, Kruk, M., additional, Pracon, R., additional, Kepka, C., additional, Pregowski, J., additional, Kowalewska, A., additional, Pilka, M., additional, Opolski, M., additional, Michalowska, I., additional, Dzielinska, Z., additional, Demkow, M., additional, Stoll, V., additional, Sabharwal, N., additional, Chakera, A., additional, Ormerod, O., additional, Fernandes, H., additional, Bernardes, M., additional, Martins, E., additional, Oliveira, P., additional, Vieira, T., additional, Terroso, G., additional, Oliveira, A., additional, Faria, T., additional, Ventura, F., additional, Pereira, J., additional, Fukuzawa, S., additional, Inagaki, M., additional, Sugioka, J., additional, Ikeda, A., additional, Okino, S., additional, Maekawa, J., additional, Uchiyama, T., additional, Kamioka, N., additional, Ichikawa, S., additional, Afshar, M., additional, Alvi, R., additional, Aguilar, N., additional, Ippili, R., additional, Shaqra, H., additional, Bella, J., additional, Bhalodkar, N., additional, Dos Santos, A., additional, Daicz, M., additional, Cendoya, L. O., additional, Marrero, H. G., additional, Casuscelli, J., additional, Embon, M., additional, Vera Janavel, G., additional, Duronto, E., additional, Gurfinkel, E. P., additional, Cortes, C. M., additional, Takeishi, Y., additional, Nakajima, K., additional, Yamasaki, Y., additional, Nishimura, T., additional, Hayes Brown, K., additional, Collado, F., additional, Alhaji, M., additional, Green, J., additional, Alexander, S., additional, Vashistha, R., additional, Jain, S., additional, Aldaas, F., additional, Shanes, J., additional, Doukky, R., additional, Ashikaga, K., additional, Akashi, Y. J., additional, Uemarsu, M., additional, Kamijima, R., additional, Yoneyama, K., additional, Omiya, K., additional, Miyake, Y., additional, Brodov, Y., additional, Raval, U., additional, Berezin, A., additional, Seden, V., additional, Koretskaya, E., additional, Panasenko, T. A., additional, Matsuo, S., additional, Kinuya, S., additional, Chen, J., additional, Van Bommel, R. J., additional, Van Der Hiel, B., additional, Dibbets-Schneider, P., additional, Garcia, E. V., additional, Rutten-Vermeltfoort, I., additional, Gevers, M. M. J., additional, Verhoeven, B., additional, Dijk Van, A. B., additional, Raaijmakers, E., additional, Raijmakers, P. G. H. M., additional, Engvall, J. E., additional, Gjerde, M., additional, De Geer, J., additional, Olsson, E., additional, Quick, P., additional, Persson, A., additional, Mazzanti, M., additional, Marini, M., additional, Pimpini, L., additional, Perna, G. P., additional, Marciano, C., additional, Gargiulo, P., additional, Galderisi, M., additional, D'amore, C., additional, Savarese, G., additional, Casaretti, L., additional, Paolillo, S., additional, Cuocolo, A., additional, Perrone Filardi, P., additional, Al-Amoodi, M., additional, Thompson, E. C., additional, Kennedy, K., additional, Bybee, K. A., additional, Mcghie, A. I., additional, O'keefe, J. H., additional, Bateman, T. M., additional, Van Der Palen, R. L. F., additional, Mavinkurve-Groothuis, A. M., additional, Bulten, B., additional, Bellersen, L., additional, Van Laarhoven, H. W. M., additional, Kapusta, L., additional, De Geus-Oei, L. F., additional, Pollice, P. P., additional, Bonifazi, M. B., additional, Pollice, F. P., additional, Clements, I. P., additional, Hodge, D. O., additional, Scott, C. G., additional, De Ville De Goyet, M., additional, Brichard, B., additional, Pirotte, T., additional, Moniotte, S., additional, Tio, R. A., additional, Elvan, A., additional, Dierckx, R. A. I. O., additional, Slart, R. H. J. A., additional, Furuhashi, T., additional, Moroi, M., additional, Hase, H., additional, Joki, N., additional, Masai, H., additional, Nakazato, R., additional, Fukuda, H., additional, Sugi, K., additional, Kryczka, K., additional, Kaczmarska, E., additional, Petryka, J., additional, Mazurkiewicz, L., additional, Ruzyllo, W., additional, Smanio, P., additional, Vieira Segundo, E., additional, Siqueira, M., additional, Kelendjian, J., additional, Ribeiro, J., additional, Alaca, J., additional, Oliveira, M., additional, Alves, F., additional, Peovska, I., additional, Maksimovic, J., additional, Vavlukis, M., additional, Kostova, N., additional, Pop Gorceva, D., additional, Majstorov, V., additional, Zdraveska, M., additional, Hussain, S., additional, Djearaman, M., additional, Hoey, E., additional, Morus, L., additional, Erinfolami, O., additional, Macnamara, A., additional, Opolski, M. P., additional, Witkowski, A., additional, Berti, V., additional, Ricci, F., additional, Gallicchio, R., additional, Acampa, W., additional, Cerisano, G., additional, Vigorito, C., additional, Sciagra', R., additional, Pupi, A., additional, Sliem, H., additional, Collado, F. M., additional, Schmidt, S., additional, Maheshwari, A., additional, Kiriakos, R., additional, Mwansa, V., additional, Ljubojevic, S., additional, Sedej, S., additional, Holzer, M., additional, Marsche, G., additional, Marijanski, V., additional, Kockskaemper, J., additional, Pieske, B., additional, Ricalde, A., additional, Alexanderson, G., additional, Mohani, A., additional, Khanna, P., additional, Sinusas, A., additional, Lee, F., additional, Pinas, V. A., additional, Van Eck-Smit, B. L. F., additional, Verberne, H. J., additional, De Bruin, C. M., additional, Guilhermina, G., additional, Jimenez-Angeles, L., additional, Ruiz De Jesus, O., additional, Yanez-Suarez, O., additional, Vallejo, E., additional, Reyes, E., additional, Chan, M., additional, Hossen, M. L., additional, Underwood, S. R., additional, Karu, A., additional, Bokhari, S., additional, Pineda, V., additional, Gracia-Sanchez, L. M., additional, Garcia-Burillo, A., additional, Zavadovskiy, K., additional, Lishmanov, Y. U., additional, Saushkin, W., additional, Kovalev, I., additional, Chernishov, A., additional, Annoni, A., additional, Tarkia, M., additional, Saanijoki, T., additional, Oikonen, V., additional, Savunen, T., additional, Green, M. A., additional, Strandberg, M., additional, Roivainen, A., additional, Gaeta, M. C., additional, Artigas, C., additional, Deportos, J., additional, Geraldo, L., additional, Flotats, A., additional, La Delfa, V., additional, Carrio, I., additional, Laarse, W. J., additional, Izquierdo Gomez, M. M., additional, Lacalzada Almeida, J., additional, Barragan Acea, A., additional, De La Rosa Hernandez, A., additional, Juarez Prera, R., additional, Blanco Palacios, G., additional, Bonilla Arjona, J. A., additional, Jimenez Rivera, J. J., additional, Iribarren Sarrias, J. L., additional, Laynez Cerdena, I., additional, Dedic, A., additional, Rossi, A., additional, Ten Kate, G. J. R., additional, Dharampal, A., additional, Moelker, A., additional, Galema, T. W., additional, Mollet, N., additional, De Feyter, P. J., additional, Nieman, K., additional, Trabattoni, D., additional, Broersen, A., additional, Frenay, M., additional, Boogers, M. M., additional, Kitslaar, P. H., additional, Dijkstra, J., additional, Annoni, D. A., additional, Muratori, M., additional, Johki, N., additional, Tokue, M., additional, Dharampal, A. S., additional, Weustink, A. C., additional, Neefjes, L. A. E., additional, Papadopoulou, S. L., additional, Chen, C., additional, Mollet, N. R. A., additional, Boersma, E. H., additional, Krestin, G. P., additional, Purvis, J. A., additional, Sharma, D., additional, Hughes, S. M., additional, Berman, D. S., additional, Taillefer, R., additional, Udelson, J., additional, Devine, M., additional, Lazewatsky, J., additional, Bhat, G., additional, Washburn, D., additional, Patel, D., additional, Mazurek, T., additional, Tandon, S., additional, Bansal, S., additional, Inzucchi, S., additional, Staib, L., additional, Davey, J., additional, Chyun, D., additional, Young, L., additional, Wackers, F., additional, Harbinson, M. T., additional, Wells, G., additional, Dougan, J., additional, Borges-Neto, S., additional, Phillips, H., additional, Farzaneh-Far, A., additional, Starr, Z., additional, Shaw, L. K., additional, Fiuzat, M., additional, O'connor, C., additional, Henzlova, M., additional, Duvall, W. L., additional, Levine, A., additional, Baber, U., additional, Croft, L., additional, Sahni, S., additional, Sethi, S., additional, Hermann, L., additional, Nureldin, A., additional, Gomaa, A., additional, Soliman, M. A. T., additional, Hany, H. A. R., additional, De Graaf, F., additional, Pazhenkottil, A., additional, Siebelink, H. M. J., additional, Reiber, J. H., additional, Ayub, M., additional, Naveed, T., additional, Azhar, M., additional, Van Tosh, A., additional, Faber, T. L., additional, Votaw, J. R., additional, Reichek, N., additional, Pulipati, B., additional, Palestro, C., additional, Nichols, K. J., additional, Okuda, K., additional, Kirihara, Y., additional, Ishikawa, T., additional, Taki, J., additional, Yoshita, M., additional, Yamada, M., additional, Salacata, A., additional, Keavey, S., additional, Chavarri, V., additional, Mills, J., additional, Nagaraj, H., additional, Bhambhani, P., additional, Kliner, D. E., additional, Soman, P., additional, Heo, J., additional, Iskandrian, A. E., additional, Jain, M., additional, Lin, B., additional, Walker, A., additional, Nkonde, C., additional, Bond, S., additional, Baskin, A., additional, Declerck, J., additional, Soto, M. E., additional, Mendoza, G., additional, Aguilar, M., additional, Williams, S. P., additional, Colice, G., additional, Mcardle, J. R., additional, Lankford, A., additional, Kajdasz, D. K., additional, Reed, C. R., additional, Angelini, L., additional, Angelozzi, F., additional, Ascoli, G., additional, Jacobson, A., additional, Lessig, H. J., additional, Gerson, M. C., additional, Cerqueira, M. D., additional, Narula, J., additional, Uematsu, M., additional, Kida, K., additional, Suzuki, K., additional, Bravo, P. E., additional, Fukushima, K., additional, Chaudhry, M., additional, Merrill, J., additional, Alonso Tello, A., additional, Rodriguez Palomares, J. 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U., additional, Savenkova, G., additional, Lebedev, D., additional, Alexandridis, E., additional, Rovithis, D., additional, Parisis, C., additional, Sazonova, I., additional, Saushkin, V., additional, Chernov, V., additional, Zaabar, L., additional, Bahri, H., additional, Hadj Ali, S., additional, Sellem, A., additional, Slim, I., additional, El Kadri, N., additional, Slimen, H., additional, Hammami, H., additional, Lucic, S., additional, Peter, A., additional, Tadic, S., additional, Nikoletic, K., additional, Jung, R., additional, Lucic, M., additional, Tagil, K., additional, Jakobsson, D., additional, Svensson, S.- E., additional, Wollmer, P., additional, Leccisotti, L., additional, Indovina, L., additional, Paraggio, L., additional, Calcagni, M. L., additional, Giordano, A., additional, Kapitan, M., additional, Paolino, A., additional, Nunez, M., additional, Sweeny, J., additional, Kulkarni, N., additional, Guma, K., additional, Akashi, Y., additional, Takano, M., additional, Takai, M., additional, Koh, S., additional, Miyake, F., additional, Torun, N., additional, Durmus Altun, G., additional, Altun, A., additional, Kaya, E., additional, Saglam, H., additional, Matsuoka, D. T., additional, Sanchez, A., additional, Bartolozzi, C., additional, Padua, D., additional, Ponta, G., additional, Ponte, A., additional, Carneiro, A., additional, Thom, A., additional, Ashrafi, R., additional, Garg, P., additional, Davis, G., additional, Falcao, A., additional, Costa, M., additional, Bussolini, F., additional, Meneghetti, J. A. C., additional, Tobisaka, M., additional, Correia, E., additional, Jansen, J. W., additional, Van Der Vleuten, P. A., additional, Willems, T. 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S., additional, Siddique, A., additional, Krishna Banarjee, S., additional, Ahsan, A., additional, Rahman, F., additional, Mukhlesur Rahman, M., additional, Parveen, T., additional, Lutfinnessa, M., additional, Nasreen, F., additional, Sano, H., additional, Naito, S., additional, De Rimini, M. L., additional, Borrelli, G., additional, Baldascino, F., additional, Calabro, P., additional, Maiello, C., additional, Russo, A., additional, Amarelli, C., additional, Muto, P., additional, Danad, I., additional, Raijmakers, P. G., additional, Appelman, Y. E., additional, Hoekstra, O. S., additional, Marcus, J. T., additional, Boonstra, A., additional, Ryzhkova, D. V., additional, Kuzmina, T. V., additional, Borodina, O. S., additional, Trukshina, M. A., additional, Kostina, I. S., additional, Hommel, H., additional, Feuchtner, G., additional, Pachinger, O., additional, Friedrich, G., additional, Stel, A. M., additional, Deckers, J. W., additional, Gama, V., additional, Ciarka, A., additional, Neefjes, L. A., additional, Mollet, N. R., additional, Sijbrands, E. J., additional, Wilczek, J., additional, Llibre Pallares, C., additional, Abdul-Jawad Altisent, O., additional, Cuellar Calabria, H., additional, Mahia Casado, P., additional, Gonzalez-Alujas, M. T., additional, Evangelista Masip, A., additional, Garcia-Dorado Garcia, D., additional, Tekabe, Y., additional, Shen, X., additional, Li, Q., additional, Luma, J., additional, Weisenberger, D., additional, Schmidt, A. M., additional, Haubner, R., additional, Johnson, L., additional, Sleiman, L., additional, Thorn, S., additional, Hasu, M., additional, Thabet, M., additional, Dasilva, J. N., additional, Whitman, S. C., additional, Genovesi, D., additional, Giorgetti, A., additional, Gimelli, A., additional, Cannizzaro, G., additional, Bertagna, F., additional, Fagioli, G., additional, Rossi, M., additional, Bonini, R., additional, Marzullo, P., additional, Paterson, C. A., additional, Smith, S. A., additional, Small, A. D., additional, Goodfield, N. E. R., additional, Martin, W., additional, Nekolla, S., additional, Sherif, H., additional, Reder, S., additional, Yu, M., additional, Kusch, A., additional, Li, D., additional, Zou, J., additional, Lloyd, M. S., additional, Cao, K., additional, Motherwell, D. W., additional, Rice, A., additional, Mccurrach, G. M., additional, Cobbe, S. M., additional, Petrie, M. C., additional, Al Younis, I., additional, Van Der Wall, E., additional, Mirza, T., additional, Raza, M., additional, Hashemizadeh, H., additional, Santos, L., additional, Krishna, B. 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E., additional, Vieira, E., additional, Balogh, I., additional, Kerecsen, G., additional, Marosi, E., additional, Szelid, Z. S., additional, Sattar, A., additional, Swadia, T., additional, Chattahi, J., additional, Qureshi, W., additional, Khalid, F., additional, Gonzalez, A., additional, Hechavarria, S., additional, Takamura, K., additional, Fujimoto, S., additional, Nakanishi, R., additional, Yamashina, S., additional, Namiki, A., additional, Yamazaki, J., additional, Koshino, K., additional, Hashikawa, Y., additional, Teramoto, N., additional, Hikake, M., additional, Ishikane, S., additional, Ikeda, T., additional, Iida, H., additional, Takahashi, Y., additional, Oriuchi, N., additional, Higashino, H., additional, Endo, K., additional, Mochizuki, T., additional, Murase, K., additional, Baali, A., additional, Moreno, R., additional, Chau, M., additional, Rousseau, H., additional, Nicoud, F., additional, Dolliner, P., additional, Brammen, L., additional, Steurer, G., additional, Traub-Weidinger, T., additional, Ubl, P., additional, Schaffarich, P., additional, Dobrozemsky, G., additional, Staudenherz, A., additional, Ozgen Kiratli, M., additional, Temelli, B., additional, Kanat, N. B., additional, Aksoy, T., additional, Slavich, G. A., additional, Piccoli, G., additional, Puppato, M., additional, Grillone, S., additional, Gasparini, D., additional, Dunet, V., additional, Perruchoud, S., additional, Poitry-Yamate, C., additional, Lepore, M., additional, Gruetter, R., additional, Pedrazzini, T., additional, Anselm, D., additional, Anselm, A., additional, Atkins, H., additional, Renaud, J., additional, Dekemp, R., additional, Burwash, I., additional, Guo, A., additional, Beanlands, R., additional, Glover, C., additional, Vilardi, I., additional, Zangheri, B., additional, Calabrese, L., additional, Romano, P., additional, Bruno, A., additional, Fernandez Cimadevilla, O. C., additional, Uusitalo, V. A., additional, Luotolahti, M., additional, Wendelin-Saarenhovi, M., additional, Sundell, J., additional, Raitakari, O., additional, Huidu, S., additional, Gadiraju, R., additional, Ghesani, M., additional, Uddin, Q., additional, Wosnitzer, B., additional, Takahashi, N., additional, Alhaj, E., additional, Legasto, A., additional, Abiri, B., additional, Elsaban, K., additional, El Khouly, T., additional, El Kammash, T., additional, Al Ghamdi, A., additional, Kyung Deok, B., additional, Bon Seung, K., additional, Sang Geun, Y., additional, Chang Min, D., additional, and Gwan Hong, M., additional

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2011
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11. Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei at energies above 5 GeV per nucleon

Author

Caldwell, J. H

Subjects
Space Radiation
Abstract

A scintillation-Cerenkov counter telescope, with three gas Cerenkov counters for energy determination between 5 and 90 GeV per nucleon, has been exposed for a net total of 4.5 sq m sr hr in two balloon flights in 1974. The measurement yields the chemical composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei in the charge range 5-28. The differential spectral indices of oxygen and of the iron group are measured to be 2.67 plus or minus 0.04 and 2.5 plus or minus 0.08 above 5.4 GeV per nucleon, respectively. The results are interpreted in the context of the 'leaky-box' model of cosmic-ray confinement and propagation.

Published
1977
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18. Cardiac receptor physiology and its application to clinical imaging: present and future.

Author

Tseng, Hennessey, Link, Jeanne, Stratton, John, Caldwell, James, Tseng, H, Link, J M, Stratton, J R, and Caldwell, J H

Abstract

Both gamma imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cell surface receptors have become possible through the development of agonists and antagonists with high specific radioactivity and high specificity for the receptors. An understanding of the physiology of the cardiac receptor system is essential to comprehending receptor imaging. The complexity of the physiologic information developed over the past decade has been compounded by the concomitant discovery of additional receptor subtypes. The following is a review of a select group of cardiac receptors and their regulation-namely, adrenergic, muscarinic-cholinergic, adenosine, and angiotensin I and II receptors. The role of imaging regional receptor localization and function in providing new insights into cardiac pathology and therapeutic avenues is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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22. Transcellular ion currents and extension of Neurospora crassa hyphae.

Author

Takeuchi, Yuko, Schmid, Jan, Caldwell, John, Harold, Franklin, Takeuchi, Y, Schmid, J, Caldwell, J H, and Harold, F M

Subjects
FUNGI physiology, CELL membranes, BIOLOGICAL transport, CALCIUM, COMPARATIVE studies, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, HYDROGEN-ion concentration, IONS, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, RESEARCH, EVALUATION research, PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract

Hyphae of Neurospora crassa, like many other tip-growing organisms, drive endogenous electric currents through themselves such that positive charges flow into the apical region and exit from the trunk. In order to identify the ions that carry the current, the complete growth medium was replaced by media lacking various constituents. Omission of K+ or of phosphate diminished the zone of inward current, effectively shifting the current pattern towards the apex. Omission of glucose markedly reduced both inward and outward currents; addition of sodium azide virtually abolished the flow of electric current. Growing hyphae also generate a longitudinal pH gradient: the medium surrounding the apex is slightly more alkaline than the bulk phase, while medium adjacent to the trunk turns acid. The results suggest that Neurospora hyphae generate a proton current; protons are expelled distally by the H+-ATPase and return into the apical region by a number of pathways, including the symport of protons with phosphate and potassium ions. Calcium influx may also contribute to the electric current that enters the apical region. There seems to be no simple obligatory linkage between the intensity of the transcellular electric current and the rate of hyphal extension. Calcium ions, however, are required in micromolar concentrations for extensions and morphogenesis of hyphal tips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1988
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23. Calcium-dependent anion channel in the water mold, Blastocladiella emersonii.

Author

Caldwell, John, Brunt, Jennifer, Harold, Franklin, Caldwell, J H, Van Brunt, J, and Harold, F M

Abstract

Injection of depolarizing current into vegetative cells of the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii elicits a regenerative response that has the electrical characteristics of an action potential. Once they have been taken past a threshold of about -40 mV, cells abruptly depolarize to +20 mV or above; after an interval ranging from several hundred milliseconds to a few seconds, the cells spontaneously return to their resting potential near -100 mV. When the action potential was analyzed with voltage-clamp recording, it proved to be biphasic. The initial phase reflects an influx of calcium ions through voltage-sensitive channels that also carry Sr2+ ions. The delayed, and more extended, phase of inward current results from the efflux of chloride and other anions. The anion channels are broadly selective, passing chloride, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, succinate and even PIPES. The anion channels open in response to the entry of calcium ions, but do not recognize Sr2+. Calcium channels, anion channels and calcium-specific receptors that link the two channels appear to form an ensemble whose physiological function is not known. Action potentials rarely occur spontaneously but can be elicited by osmotic downshock, suggesting that the ion channels may be involved in the regulation of turgor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1986
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27. Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: changes in centre surround receptive fields.

Author

Caldwell, J H and Daw, N W

Abstract

1. The effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on the centre surround types of ganglion cell (X, Y, sluggish sustained and sluggish transient with on or off centres, and colour coded) were studied in the rabbit retina. 2. Picrotoxin changed the centre surround balance in favour of the centre for Y cells and sluggish transient cells but not for X cells or sluggish sustained cells. 3. Inhibition by a moving radial grating was abolished by picrotoxin for off centre Y cells, but not for on centre Y cells. 4. Picrotoxin abolished the surround response for six on centre sustained cells. These were hybrid cells with conduction velocities and receptive field properties characteristic of more than one of the X, Y and sluggish categories. The surround was not abolished by picrotoxin for any of the cells which fell in the standard X, Y and sluggish categories. 5. Strychnine did not affect the centre surround balance substantially in any of the cells tested. Strychnine did effect the transients: in general strychnine shortened or abolished them, while picrotoxin made them larger.

Published
1978
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28. Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: lateral interactions for cells with more complex receptive fields.

Author

Caldwell, J H, Daw, N W, and Wyatt, H J

Abstract

1. The effects of picrotoxin and strychnine were tested on the receptive fields of direction sensitive cells, orientation sensitive cells, local edge detectors, uniformity detectors and large field units in the rabbit retina. 2. Picrotoxin eliminated the direction specificity and size specificity of 'on‐off' and 'on' directionally sensitive cells for both black and white objects. Picrotoxin also made 'on' directionally sensitive cells responsive to faster velocities. 3. Picrotoxin eliminated the orientation specificity of orientation sensitive cells, and changed the bar‐flank arrangement of the receptive field into a centre surround arrangement. Thus, the orientation specificity is due to inhibitory rather than excitatory mechanisms. 4. Picrotoxin altered the speed sensitivity of large field units so that they responded to slow speeds as well as fast ones, like centre surround Y cells. 5. Strychnine abolished the size specificity of local edge detectors and changed their speed specificity so that they responded to faster speeds. 6. Picrotoxin changed a uniformity detector into a sustained on centre cell. 7. Strychnine did not effect the direction specificity of directionally sensitive cells, the orientation specificity of orientation sensitive cells, or the speed specificity of large field units. Picrotoxin did not affect the size specificity of local edge detectors. 8. Picrotoxin and strychnine usually had opposing effects on the transient responses of these units to spots and annuli. In general picrotoxin prolonged and enhanced these responses at both on and off, and strychnine shortened them. 9. The effect of these drugs for every type of ganglion cell with complex receptive field properties was to make the receptive field more simple. The orientation selective cells, large field cells, 'on' direction selective cells and uniformity detectors seem to be centre surround cells with special properties that are abolished by these drugs. The 'on‐off' direction selective cells and local edge detectors still on‐off receptive fields, but in each case one of the drugs abolished the feature that was the basis for the cell's name.

Published
1978
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29. New properties of rabbit retinal ganglion cells.

Author

Caldwell, J H and Daw, N W

Abstract

1. Receptive fields of centre surround cells in the rabbit retina were investigated. There is a clear distinction between cells with sluggish responses, low spontaneous activity and slow conduction velocity (centre surround sluggish cells) and cells with brisk responses, higher spontaneous activity and faster conduction velocity (X and Y cells). The sluggish cells can be divided into sustained and transient types. X and Y cells can be distinguished from each other by their responses to a moving linear grating, a large rapidly moving object and whether or not there is a response to the alternation of certain stimuli. Some times the response to a rotating radial grating, the rate of spontaneous activity, and whether or not the response to spots and annuli was sustained or transient could also be used to distinguish these two types. The antidromic latency from electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm and the periphery effect did not distinguish X from Y. 2. Eleven colour coded units were investigated. They all gave on responses to blue light in the centre of their receptive field and off responses to green light in the periphery of their receptive field. The blue pigment had a spectral sensitivity peaking at about 465 nm. The other pigment peaked near 500 nm, like the rods but gave a response at high mesopic and probably photopic levels. In some cases there was evidence for excitatory input from the green receptors to the centre of the receptive field. All the colour coded cells had rapidly conducting axons and were on centre X cells by all criteria. 3. Eighty‐five cells various types other than colour coded were tested for their thresholds at 420 nm and 590 nm. In all cases the results were explained by a pigment peaking close to 500 nm, even at high mesopic and low photopic levels, which suggests the existence of cones with a cyan pigment in them. 4. Conduction latency from stimulation at the optic chiasm was measured for cells with centre surround receptive fields and cells with more complex receptive fields. Both 'on‐off' and 'on' directionally sensitive cells have short conduction latencies, overlapping X and Y cells. Orientation selective cells and local edge detectors have long conduction latencies, overlapping centre surround sluggish cells. The sample of uniformity detectors was too small to characterize...

Published
1978
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30. The effects of deafferentation and spinal cord transection on synapse elimination in developing rat muscles.

Author

Caldwell, J H and Ridge, R M

Abstract

The proportion of muscle fibres innervated by more than one motoneurone (polyneuronal innervation) was measured in the fourth deep lumbrical muscle of young rats following either unilateral deafferentation or spinal cord isolation (cord transection combined with bilateral deafferentation). 2. Unilateral deafferentation at 7 days of age did not affect the subsequent time course of synapse elimination in the developing muscle. 3. Spinal cord isolation at 7 days led to a prolongation of the time course of synapse elimination in the muscle, levels of polyneuronal innervation approaching zero beyond about 30 days (about 20 days in normal animals). The raised levels of polyneuronal innervation in these animals were not associated with significant terminal sprouting at end‐plates, but were associated with multiple axonal inputs to end‐plates as is found in younger normal animals. This was shown by zinc iodide and osmium staining. Also some muscle fibres had two and sometimes three separate end‐plates. 4. Spinal cord isolation in rats 19 or more days old resulted in a reappearance of multiple innervation. This was largely due to ultraterminal sprouting. 5. It is concluded that unilateral deafferentation alone causes no change in the time course of synapse elimination. The multiple innervation caused by total deafferentation and spinal transection is attributed to the lack of activity of these muscles.

Published
1983
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31. Sprouting of active nerve terminals in partially inactive muscles of the rat.

Author

Betz, W J, Caldwell, J H, and Ribchester, R R

Abstract

1. Certain muscles in the hind foot of rats were partially paralysed by applying tetrodotoxin to part of their motor innervation. In these muscles motor nerve sprouting occurred from the terminals of the unblocked axons. The extent of sprouting was compared with that seen in totally paralysed and in partially denervated muscles. 2. Action potentials were blocked in the medial and lateral plantar nerves of adult rats for 5‐13 days by continuous superfusion with a solution containing tetrodotoxin. The drug was delivered through a tube and nerve cuff from an osmotic pump placed intraperitoneally. Control experiments showed that nerve block was complete and that signs of nerve damage were absent in the animals included in the study. 3. Two muscles (the second lumbrical and flexor digitorum brevis), which received innervation only from the medial plantar nerve, were totally paralysed by the nerve block. Two different muscles (the fourth lumbrical and flexor digitorum quinti brevis) were only partially paralysed, since they received their innervation from the lateral plantar nerve and, in addition, from the sural nerve which was not blocked. One day before the final experiment, the lateral plantar nerve was cut, and its terminals degenerated. Thus in the partially paralysed muscles only the unblocked terminals from the sural nerve remained. These terminals were observed after staining with zinc iodide and osmium tetroxide. Similarly, terminals from the medial plantar nerve were examined in the totally blocked muscles from the same animal. 4. In other experiments, muscles were partially denervated by cutting the lateral plantar nerve in order to compare effects of nerve block and nerve section. 5. Sprouting occurred under all three conditions. Active terminals in the muscles partially paralysed for 5‐7 days sprouted to the same extent as terminals in muscles totally blocked during the same period: about 35% of the terminals had sprouts, and their average length was about 13 micron. Sprouting was more pronounced in partially denervated muscles: about 65% of the terminals had sprouts and they averaged 24 micron in length. Collateral (preterminal) sprouts were seen only after partial denervation. 6. Physiological and histological observations suggested that sprouts in paralysed muscles, unlike those in partially denervated muscles, seldom if ever made new synapses on neighbouring muscle fibres, even after 12‐13 days of nerve block. 7. The results show that inactive muscle fibres cause active nerve terminals on neighbouring fibres to sprout, perhaps by releasing a diffusible, sprout‐promoting factor, which is part of the stimulus for motor nerve sprouting in partially denervated muscles.

Published
1980
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32. The effects of partial denervation at birth on the development of muscle fibres and motor units in rat lumbrical muscle.

Author

Betz, W J, Caldwell, J H, and Ribchester, R R

Abstract

1. Two aspects of nerve‐muscle development were studied in neonatal rats, the role of competition between motor neurones during the elimination of polyneuronal innervation, and the dependence of muscle fibre production upon the number of motor neurones innervating the muscle. 2. Rat lumbrical muscles were partially denervated at birth by cutting the lateral plantar nerve. Many muscles remained innervated by a single motor axon from the sural nerve. These motor units developed in the complete absence of competition from other motor units. In the adult muscles the number of innervated muscle fibres was approximately the same as at birth (about 120 muscle fibres). 3. In muscles that were totally denervated at birth, the normal post‐natal production of muscle fibres was arrested. In partially denervated muscles, the production of new muscle fibres depended on the number of remaining motor units. The relationship between the total number of muscle fibres and the number of remaining motor units was fitted by a simple model. 4. The results suggest that in the lumbrical muscle, the decrease in motor unit size that occurs during normal development can be accounted for entirely by competition between motor nerve terminals. 5. The results also suggest that the normal post‐natal increase in the total number of muscle fibres depends on a trophic interaction between the muscle and its innervation.

Published
1980
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33. Increased sodium conductance in the synaptic region of rat skeletal muscle fibres.

Author

Betz, W J, Caldwell, J H, and Kinnamon, S C

Abstract

Differences in sodium conductance between end‐plate and extrajunctional regions of rat lumbrical muscle fibres were measured by comparing action potential maximum rate of rise (Vmax) in the two regions and by using a vibrating micro‐electrode to record steady inward current produced by application of veratridine. In normal Krebs solution, action potential Vmax was significantly greater (by 43%) in the end‐plate region than in extrajunctional regions of the fibres. When chloride conductance was greatly reduced by bathing muscles in solutions with low chloride concentration, Vmax was still significantly higher (by 28%) in the end‐plate region than in extrajunctional regions. The increased Vmax could be recorded only within a distance of about 150‐200 microns of the end‐plate. Steady inward current was recorded with a vibrating micro‐electrode at the end‐plate in response to veratridine; the current persisted when veratridine was introduced in low‐chloride Krebs solution, and it was rapidly reversed by tetrodotoxin. The current reflected a 5 mV difference in membrane potential between the end‐plate region and extrajunctional regions. The results suggest that sodium conductance is increased in the synaptic region relative to extrajunctional regions of the fibres.

Published
1984
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34. Effect of denervation on a steady electric current generated at the end‐plate region of rat skeletal muscle.

Author

Betz, W J, Caldwell, J H, and Harris, G L

Abstract

An electric current flows continuously out of the synaptic region of rat lumbrical muscle fibres. It is generated apparently as a result of a non‐uniform Cl‐ conductance (GCl), with GCl being lowest at the end‐plate. We investigated the effects of denervation on this current. The current persisted with little change after denervation. This was somewhat unexpected, since GCl falls dramatically after denervation, and in acute experiments on normal muscles, the steady current is greatly reduced by agents which block GCl. The steady current was blocked in denervated muscle, as in normal muscle, by low‐Cl‐ solutions, Na+‐free and K+‐free solutions, and treatment with furosemide and 9‐anthracene‐carboxylic acid. The current in denervated muscle appears to be generated by the same general mechanism as in normal muscle. The results suggest that the [Cl‐]i is significantly higher in denervated than in normal muscle fibres. Preliminary experiments with Cl‐ ‐selective micro‐electrodes have confirmed this: [Cl‐]i rises from about 12 mM to about 23 mM after denervation. This has the effect of moving the Cl‐ equilibrium potential (ECl) in a positive direction, so that the driving force for passive Cl‐ efflux is increased. The increased driving force compensates for the reduced GCl, allowing the steady current to persist in denervated fibres.

Published
1986
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35. Sodium channel distribution in normal and denervated rodent and snake skeletal muscle.

Author

Caldwell, J H and Milton, R L

Abstract

1. Sodium channel current density was measured using the loose‐patch voltage clamp technique. Innervated rat, mouse and snake muscle had the highest density of Na+ channels in the end‐plate region. These high Na+ channel densities were maintained in denervated muscle. 2. Perijunctional membrane had a Na+ current density 5‐ to 10‐fold greater than the density several hundred micrometres from the end‐plate. In all muscles this concentration of channels near the end‐plate persisted following denervation. 3. At the tendon Na+ current density fell to low values (approximately 1 mA/cm2). The decrease in density began about 300‐500 microns from the tendon. This pattern was found in all snake twitch fibres and fast‐twitch (EDL) rat and mouse muscle fibres. This reduction in channel density near the tendon was not affected by denervation. 4. Sodium channels in all regions of innervated rat and snake muscle fibres were highly sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). Sodium channels in snake muscle remained sensitive to TTX after denervation. Sodium channels that are relatively resistant to TTX appeared in rat muscle after denervation. TTX‐resistant channels were even more concentrated near the end‐plate than were TTX‐sensitive channels in innervated muscle. At the tendon TTX‐resistant Na+ channel density decreased. 5. We conclude that although the nerve presumably directs the localization of Na+ channels during development, the ability to maintain this distribution and to control the distribution of newly appearing channels persists long after the nerve has been removed.

Published
1988
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36. The size of motor units during post‐natal development of rat lumbrical muscle.

Author

Betz, W J, Caldwell, J H, and Ribchester, R R

Abstract

1. The number of muscle fibres innervated by individual motor neurones (motor unit size) was measured in lumbrical muscles of rats aged 0‐‐28 days, during the period of elimination of polyneuronal innervation. Motor unit sizes were determined from twitch tension measurements combined with muscle fibre counts made from histological sections of the muscles. 2. The relative tensions contributed by individual motor units declined from about 25% of the total tension at birth, to about 9% at 28 days of age. Intracellular recordings showed that part of this decrease reflected the elimination of synapses from polyneuronally innervated muscle fibres. 3. During the same period, however, new muscle fibres were produced. The total number of muscle fibres present increased from about 500 at birth to about 950 fibres in mature muscles. 4. These two processes were offsetting: some synapses were eliminated (from polyneuronally innervated fibres) while simultaneously others were formed de novo (on newly produced muscle fibres). Quantitative measurements showed that for the first 10 days after birth, there was little change in motor unit size. Thereafter production of new muscle fibres ceased, and motor unit size decreased to the adult level. 5. It is concluded that during early post‐natal development, a lumbrical motor neurone maintains a nearly constant number of synapses, but extensively reorganizes its synaptic field, retracting synapses from some muscle fibres, while forming new synapses with other fibres.

Published
1979
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37. Electrical currents flow out of domes formed by cultured epithelial cells.

Author

Sugahara, K, Caldwell, J H, and Mason, R J

Abstract

Domes are localized areas of fluid accumulation between a cultured epithelial cell monolayer and the impermeable substratum on which the cells are cultured in vitro. Dome formation has been documented in a variety of epithelial cell lines that retain their transepithelial transport properties in vitro. However, it is not known whether domes are predominantly areas of specific active transport, or, alternatively, are predominantly areas of relative weak attachment to the culture surface. In the present study we adapted a vibrating microelectrode, which can detect small currents flowing in extracellular fluid, to determine if current was flowing into or out of domes and thereby to determine if domes were specialized areas of active transport. We used alveolar type II cells as the main epithelial cell type because they readily form domes in vitro and because they transport sodium from the apical to the basal surface. We found that electrical current flowed out of domes. The direction of the current was independent of the size of a dome, of the age of an individual dome, and of the number of days in primary culture for alveolar epithelial cells. This current was inhibited by amiloride and ouabain and was dependent on sodium in the medium. We made similar observations (outward current from domes which is blocked by amiloride and by sodium substitution) with domes formed by the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line. The data support the hypothesis that sodium is transported across the entire monolayer and leaks back mainly through the domes. We conclude that domes in epithelial monolayers are not predominantly special sites of active transport but are more likely simply areas of weak attachment to the substratum.

Published
1984
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38. Transcellular ion currents in the water mold Achlya. Amino acid proton symport as a mechanism of current entry.

Author

Kropf, D L, Caldwell, J H, Gow, N A, and Harold, F M

Abstract

Achlya, like other tip-growing organisms, generates an endogenous electrical current such that positive charge flows into the hyphal apex and exits from the trunk. The present study is concerned with the mechanism of current generation by hyphae growing in a defined, complete medium. The intensity of the current, measured in the extracellular medium with a vibrating probe, was unaffected by the removal of all the inorganic constituents of the growth medium. However, an increase in the external pH or the deletion of amino acids abolished the current. Removal of methionine alone diminished the current by two thirds. Hyphae also generated a longitudinal pH gradient in the extracellular medium; the region surrounding the tip was more alkaline than the bulk medium, whereas the region around the trunk was relatively acidic. These findings suggest that a flux of protons, dependent upon amino acids in the medium, carries current into the tip and creates the surrounding alkaline zone. The proton current appears to result from the transport of amino acids rather than their metabolism. Conditions that abolished the current also inhibited methionine uptake but had little effect on the respiratory rate. The findings imply a connection between the proton current and chemiosmotic energy transduction. We propose that protons flow into the hyphal tip through amino acid/proton symporters that are preferentially localized there. The proton flux energizes the uptake of amino acids into the growing zone and may also contribute to the polarization of hyphal growth.

Published
1984
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39. Physiological basis of a steady endogenous current in rat lumbrical muscle.

Author

Betz, W J, Caldwell, J H, and Kinnamon, S C

Abstract

In an attempt to determine the mechanism by which rat skeletal muscle endplates generate a steady outward current, we measured the effects of several drugs (furosemide, bumetanide, 9-anthracene carboxylic acid [9-AC]) and changes in external ion concentration (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ba++) on resting membrane potential (Vm) and on the steady outward current. Each of the following treatments caused a 10-15-mV hyperpolarization of the membrane: replacement of extracellular Cl- with isethionate, addition of furosemide or bumetanide, and addition of 9-AC. These results suggest that Cl- is actively accumulated by the muscle fibers and that the equilibrium potential of Cl- is more positive than the membrane potential. Removal of external Na+ also caused a large hyperpolarization and is consistent with evidence in other tissues that active Cl- accumulation requires external Na+. The same treatments greatly reduced or abolished the steady outward current, with a time course that paralleled the changes in Vm. These results cannot be explained by a model in which the steady outward current is assumed to arise as a result of a nonuniform distribution of Na+ conductance, but they are consistent with models in which the steady current is produced by a nonuniform distribution of GCl or GK. Other treatments (Na+-free and K+-free solutions, and 50 microM BaCl2) caused a temporary reversal of the steady current. Parallel measurements of Vm suggested that in none of these cases did the electrochemical driving force for K+ change sign, which makes it unlikely that the steady current arises as a result of a nonuniform distribution of GK. All of the results, however, are consistent with a model in which the steady outward current arises as a result of a nonuniform distribution of Cl- conductance, with GCl lower near the endplate than in extrajunctional regions.

Published
1984
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40. Properties of an endogenous steady current in rat muscle.

Author

Caldwell, J H and Betz, W J

Abstract

A vibrating probe was used to study a steady electric current generated by isolated, whole lumbrical muscles of the rat. Spatial mapping showed that current leaves the muscle in the synaptic region and re-enters in the flanking extrajunctional regions. The point of maximum outward current coincided precisely with the endplate region. As the probe was moved radially away from the endplate region, the current declined monotonically, and the results could be fit with a simple model. As the probe was moved axially away from the endplate region, the current declined and became inward over a distance of approximately 0.5 mm. The physiological mechanism by which the current is generated was also studied. alpha-Bungarotoxin and tetrodotoxin had no significant effect on the current, which suggests that acetylcholine channels and gated sodium channels are not involved in the generation of the current. Ouabain produced a slowly developing, partial inhibition of the current, reducing it by approximately 40% over a period of 30-40 min. Carbachol produced a large inward current at the endplate region. After the carbachol action was terminated with alpha-bungarotoxin, an outward current reappeared, and a transient "overshoot" developed. During the overshoot, which lasted approximately 30-40 min, the outward current was approximately doubled. This overshoot was completely abolished by ouabain. The overshoot is interpreted as reflecting the increased activity of electrogenic sodium pumping in the endplate region, caused by the influx of Na ions during carbachol application. Because of the very different actions of ouabain on the normal current and on the overshoot after carbachol application, we concluded that the normal outward current is not produced by electrogenic sodium pumping in the endplate region.

Published
1984
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41. Mapping electric currents around skeletal muscle with a vibrating probe.

Author

Betz, W J and Caldwell, J H

Abstract

A vibrating microelectrode, or vibrating probe (Jaffe and Nuccitelli, 1974), was used to map the pattern of artificially created electric currents flowing around single muscle fibers at the edge of frog cutaneous pectoris muscles. When a muscle fiber was impaled with a micropipette, a "point sink" of current was often created at the site of impalement because of injury to the cell membrane. Current, being drawn from the flanking membrane, flowed into the cell only at this point. This defined current allowed us to map the spatial resolving power of the vibrating probe by moving to different positions near the impalement site. The results suggest that under our experimental conditions the limit of resolution is a few tens of micrometers. The results were fit reasonably well by a computer model. Current was also passed through a micropipette and mapped at various positions with the vibrating probe. In this case, the current flowed to a remote reference electrode. With the current electrode in the extracellular fluid, the probe signal decayed as the inverse square of the distance, as expected. With the current electrode placed intracellularly, current was funneled along the muscle fiber axis, reflecting its cable-like properties. The signal recorded by the vibrating probe was altered accordingly, and the results could be well fit by a simple model.

Published
1984
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43. Na channel distribution in vertebrate skeletal muscle.

Author

Caldwell, J H, Campbell, D T, and Beam, K G

Abstract

The loose patch voltage clamp has been used to map Na current density along the length of snake and rat skeletal muscle fibers. Na currents have been recorded from (a) endplate membrane exposed by removal of the nerve terminal, (b) membrane near the endplate, (c) extrajunctional membrane far from both the endplate and the tendon, and (d) membrane near the tendon. Na current densities recorded directly on the endplate were extremely high, exceeding 400 mA/cm2 in some patches. The membrane adjacent to the endplate has a current density about fivefold lower than that of the endplate, but about fivefold higher than the membrane 100-200 micron from the endplate. Small local variations in Na current density are recorded in extrajunctional membrane. A sharp decrease in Na current density occurs over the last few hundred micrometers from the tendon. We tested the ability of tetrodotoxin to block Na current in regions close to and far from the endplate and found no evidence for toxin-resistant channels in either region. There was also no obvious difference in the kinetics of Na current in the two regions. On the basis of the Na current densities measured with the loose patch clamp, we conclude that Na channels are abundant in the endplate and near-endplate membrane and are sparse close to the tendon. The current density at the endplate is two to three orders of magnitude higher than at the tendon.

Published
1986
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44. Circulation of potassium across the plasma membrane of Blastocladiella emersonii: K+ channel

Author

Van Brunt, J, Caldwell, J H, and Harold, F M

Abstract

A previous paper reported that the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii generates a transcellular electrical current, such that positive charges enter the rhizoid and leave from the thallus (Stump et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 6673-6677, 1980). To begin to understand the genesis of this current we investigated ionic relationships in this organism by use of intracellular microelectrodes. In cells suspended in buffered CaCl2, the membrane potential could be accounted for as a K+ diffusion potential; no evidence for an electrogenic pump was obtained. Potassium ions diffuse outward by a pathway that also carries Rb+ and Ba2+, but excludes both smaller and larger ions (Li+, Na+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and choline). Chloride and other anions make little contribution to the potential, but the presence of Ca2+ in the external medium is required for successful potential measurements. In growing cells, the internal K+ concentration is generally somewhat higher than would be expected if the K+ distribution were determined entirely by the membrane potential. Under certain conditions, net uptake of K+ against the electrochemical potential gradient was observed. We suggest that K+ is actively accumulated by a primary transport system that may exchange K+ for H+, and that K+ leaks passively outward through the K+ channel. The K+ circulation across the membrane amounts to about 2% of the K+ pool per min, or 4.5 microA/cm2 of surface area. We propose that this K+ circulation is one arm of the transcellular current, carrying positive charge out of the thallus.

Published
1982
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46. A splash in the joint

Author

Gilliland, B C and Caldwell, J H

Subjects
Arthritis, Infectious, Suppuration, Auscultation, Sepsis, Humans, Female, Pseudomonas Infections, Escherichia coli Infections, Research Article, Aged
Published
1975

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