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1. Herbivory and nutrients shape grassland soil seed banks

Author

Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Jessen, M.-T. (Maria-Theresa), Bahamonde, H. A. (Hector A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Jia, M. (Meiyu), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), Nogueira, C. (Carla), Venterink, H. O. (Harry Olde), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Porath-Krause, A. J. (Anita J.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schroeder, K. (Katie), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Yasui, S. E. (Simone-Louise E.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Sullivan, L. L. (Lauren L.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Jessen, M.-T. (Maria-Theresa), Bahamonde, H. A. (Hector A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Jia, M. (Meiyu), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), Nogueira, C. (Carla), Venterink, H. O. (Harry Olde), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Porath-Krause, A. J. (Anita J.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schroeder, K. (Katie), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Yasui, S. E. (Simone-Louise E.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Sullivan, L. L. (Lauren L.)

Abstract

Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and shifts in herbivory can lead to dramatic changes in the composition and diversity of aboveground plant communities. In turn, this can alter seed banks in the soil, which are cryptic reservoirs of plant diversity. Here, we use data from seven Nutrient Network grassland sites on four continents, encompassing a range of climatic and environmental conditions, to test the joint effects of fertilization and aboveground mammalian herbivory on seed banks and on the similarity between aboveground plant communities and seed banks. We find that fertilization decreases plant species richness and diversity in seed banks, and homogenizes composition between aboveground and seed bank communities. Fertilization increases seed bank abundance especially in the presence of herbivores, while this effect is smaller in the absence of herbivores. Our findings highlight that nutrient enrichment can weaken a diversity maintaining mechanism in grasslands, and that herbivory needs to be considered when assessing nutrient enrichment effects on seed bank abundance.

Published
2023

2. Evolutionary history of grazing and resources determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity

Author

Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Sitters, J. (Judith), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Bakker, E. S. (Elisabeth S.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Gruner, D. S. (Daniel S.), Olde Venterink, H. (Harry), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Graff, P. (Pamela), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Grégory, S. (Sonnier), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Standish, R. (Rachel), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Sitters, J. (Judith), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Bakker, E. S. (Elisabeth S.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Gruner, D. S. (Daniel S.), Olde Venterink, H. (Harry), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Graff, P. (Pamela), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Grégory, S. (Sonnier), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Standish, R. (Rachel), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.)

Abstract

Ecological models predict that the effects of mammalian herbivore exclusion on plant diversity depend on resource availability and plant exposure to ungulate grazing over evolutionary time. Using an experiment replicated in 57 grasslands on six continents, with contrasting evolutionary history of grazing, we tested how resources (mean annual precipitation and soil nutrients) determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity, richness and evenness. Here we show that at sites with a long history of ungulate grazing, herbivore exclusion reduced plant diversity by reducing both richness and evenness and the responses of richness and diversity to herbivore exclusion decreased with mean annual precipitation. At sites with a short history of grazing, the effects of herbivore exclusion were not related to precipitation but differed for native and exotic plant richness. Thus, plant species’ evolutionary history of grazing continues to shape the response of the world’s grasslands to changing mammalian herbivory.

Published
2022

3. Nutrients and herbivores impact grassland stability across spatial scales through different pathways

Author

Chen, Q. (Qingqing), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Stevens, C. (Carly), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Alberti, J. (Juan), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Chen, Q. (Qingqing), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Stevens, C. (Carly), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Alberti, J. (Juan), and Hautier, Y. (Yann)

Abstract

Nutrients and herbivores are well-known drivers of grassland diversity and stability in local communities. However, whether they interact to impact the stability of aboveground biomass and whether these effects depend on spatial scales remain unknown. It is also unclear whether nutrients and herbivores impact stability via different facets of plant diversity including species richness, evenness, and changes in community composition through time and space. We used a replicated experiment adding nutrients and excluding herbivores for 5 years in 34 global grasslands to explore these questions. We found that both nutrient addition and herbivore exclusion alone reduced stability at the larger spatial scale (aggregated local communities; gamma stability), but through different pathways. Nutrient addition reduced gamma stability primarily by increasing changes in local community composition over time, which was mainly driven by species replacement. Herbivore exclusion reduced gamma stability primarily by decreasing asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony). Their interaction weakly increased gamma stability by increasing spatial asynchrony. Our findings indicate that disentangling the processes operating at different spatial scales may improve conservation and management aiming at maintaining the ability of ecosystems to reliably provide functions and services for humanity.

Published
2022

4. Nitrogen but not phosphorus addition affects symbiotic N₂ fixation by legumes in natural and semi-natural grasslands located on four continents

Author

Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Schleuss, P.-M. (Per-Marten), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Price, J. (Jodi), Richards, A. E. (Anna E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Schütz, M. (Martin), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tedder, M. J. (Michelle J.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Spohn, M. (Marie), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Schleuss, P.-M. (Per-Marten), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Price, J. (Jodi), Richards, A. E. (Anna E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Schütz, M. (Martin), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tedder, M. J. (Michelle J.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Spohn, M. (Marie)

Abstract

Background and aims: The amount of nitrogen (N) derived from symbiotic N₂ fixation by legumes in grasslands might be affected by anthropogenic N and phosphorus (P) inputs, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Methods: We evaluated symbiotic N₂ fixation in 17 natural and semi-natural grasslands on four continents that are subjected to the same full-factorial N and P addition experiment, using the ¹⁵N natural abundance method. Results: N as well as combined N and P (NP) addition reduced aboveground legume biomass by 65% and 45%, respectively, compared to the control, whereas P addition had no significant impact. Addition of N and/or P had no significant effect on the symbiotic N₂ fixation per unit legume biomass. In consequence, the amount of N fixed annually per grassland area was less than half in the N addition treatments compared to control and P addition, irrespective of whether the dominant legumes were annuals or perennials. Conclusion: Our results reveal that N addition mainly impacts symbiotic N₂ fixation via reduced biomass of legumes rather than changes in N₂ fixation per unit legume biomass. The results show that soil N enrichment by anthropogenic activities significantly reduces N₂ fixation in grasslands, and these effects cannot be reversed by additional P amendment.

Published
2022

5. Long-term N-addition alters the community structure of functionally important N-cycling soil microorganisms across global grasslands

Author

Frey, B. (Beat), Moser, B. (Barbara), Tytgat, B. (Bjorn), Zimmermann, S. (Stephan), Alberti, J. (Juan), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Hautier, Y. (Yann), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Nepel, M. (Maximilian), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Frey, B. (Beat), Moser, B. (Barbara), Tytgat, B. (Bjorn), Zimmermann, S. (Stephan), Alberti, J. (Juan), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Hautier, Y. (Yann), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Nepel, M. (Maximilian), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Risch, A. C. (Anita C.)

Abstract

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input is known to alter the soil microbiome, but how N enrichment influences the abundance, alpha-diversity and community structure of N-cycling functional microbial communities in grasslands remains poorly understood. Here, we collected soils from plant communities subjected to up to 9 years of annual N-addition (10 g N m⁻² per year using urea as a N-source) and from unfertilized plots (control) in 30 grasslands worldwide spanning a large range of climatic and soil conditions. We focused on three key microbial groups responsible for two essential processes of the global N cycle: N₂ fixation (soil diazotrophs) and nitrification (AOA: ammonia-oxidizing archaea and AOB: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria). We targeted soil diazotrophs, AOA and AOB using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and measured the abundance (gene copy numbers) using quantitative PCR. N-addition shifted the structure of the diazotrophic communities, although their alpha-diversity and abundance were not affected. AOA and AOB responded differently to N-addition. The abundance and alpha-diversity of AOB increased, and their community structure shifted with N-addition. In contrast, AOA were not affected by N-addition. AOA abundance outnumbered AOB in control plots under conditions of low N availability, whereas N-addition favoured copiotrophic AOB. Overall, N-addition showed a low impact on soil diazotrophs and AOA while effects for AOB communities were considerable. These results reveal that long-term N-addition has important ecological implications for key microbial groups involved in two critical soil N-cycling processes. Increased AOB abundance and community shifts following N-addition may change soil N-cycling, as larger population sizes may promote higher rates of ammonia oxidation and subsequently increase N loss via gaseous and soil N-leaching. These findings bring us a step closer to predicting the responses and feedbacks of microbial-mediated N-cycling processes to long

Published
2022

6. Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands

Author

Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.)

Abstract

1.Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability can modify these relationships. 2.Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus. 3.Invertebrate damage significantly increased with nitrogen addition, especially in grasses and non-leguminous forbs. Pathogen damage increased with nitrogen in grasses and legumes but not forbs. Effects of phosphorus were generally weaker. Damage was higher in grasslands with more precipitation, but climatic conditions did not change effects of nutrients on leaf damage. On average, invertebrate damage was relatively higher on legumes and pathogen damage was relatively higher on grasses. Community-weighted mean damage reflected these functional group patterns, with no effects of N on community-weighted pathogen damage (due to opposing responses of grasses and forbs) but stronger effects of N on community-weighted invertebrate damage (due to consistent responses of grasses and forbs). 4.Synthesis: As human-induced inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus continue to increase, understanding their impacts on invertebrate and pathogen damage becomes increasingly important. Our results demonstrate that eutrophication frequently increases plant damage and that damage increases with precipitation across a wide array of grasslands. Invertebrate and pathogen damage in grasslands is likely to increase in the future, with potential consequences for plant, invertebrate and pathogen communities, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients across trophic levels.

Published
2022

7. Species loss due to nutrient addition increases with spatial scale in global grasslands

Author

Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Batzer, E. (Evan), Chase, J. M. (Jonathan M.), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. (Lori), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Catford, J. A. (Jane A.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Hallett, L. M. (Lauren M.), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg Svala), Kimmel, K. (Kaitlin), Kuhlman, M. (Marirose), MacDougall, A. (Andrew), Molina, C. D. (Cecilia D.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Muthukrishnan, R. (Ranjan), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Schütz, M. (Martin), Sonnier, G. (Grégory), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Batzer, E. (Evan), Chase, J. M. (Jonathan M.), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. (Lori), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Catford, J. A. (Jane A.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Hallett, L. M. (Lauren M.), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg Svala), Kimmel, K. (Kaitlin), Kuhlman, M. (Marirose), MacDougall, A. (Andrew), Molina, C. D. (Cecilia D.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Muthukrishnan, R. (Ranjan), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Schütz, M. (Martin), Sonnier, G. (Grégory), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), and Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.)

Abstract

The effects of altered nutrient supplies and herbivore density on species diversity vary with spatial scale, because coexistence mechanisms are scale dependent. This scale dependence may alter the shape of the species–area relationship (SAR), which can be described by changes in species richness (S) as a power function of the sample area (A): S = cAz, where c and z are constants. We analysed the effects of experimental manipulations of nutrient supply and herbivore density on species richness across a range of scales (0.01–75 m²) at 30 grasslands in 10 countries. We found that nutrient addition reduced the number of species that could co-occur locally, indicated by the SAR intercepts (log c), but did not affect the SAR slopes (z). As a result, proportional species loss due to nutrient enrichment was largely unchanged across sampling scales, whereas total species loss increased over threefold across our range of sampling scales.

Published
2021

8. Fertilized graminoids intensify negative drought effects on grassland productivity

Author

Van Sundert, K. (Kevin), Arfin Khan, M. A. (Mohammed A. S.), Bharath, S. (Siddharth), Buckley, Y. M. (Yvonne M.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Dubbert, M. (Maren), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Finn, A. (Alain), Gebauer, T. (Tobias), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Hansart, A. (Amandine), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Kübert, A. (Angelika), Nijs, I. (Ivan), Nock, C. A. (Charles A.), Nogueira, C. (Carla), Porath-Krause, A. J. (Anita J.), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Raynaud, X. (Xavier), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (Michael), Schuchardt, M. A. (Max A.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Siebert, J. (Julia), Sitters, J. (Judith), Spohn, M. (Marie), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Werner, C. (Christiane), Wilfahrt, P. (Peter), Vicca, S. (Sara), Van Sundert, K. (Kevin), Arfin Khan, M. A. (Mohammed A. S.), Bharath, S. (Siddharth), Buckley, Y. M. (Yvonne M.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Dubbert, M. (Maren), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Finn, A. (Alain), Gebauer, T. (Tobias), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Hansart, A. (Amandine), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Kübert, A. (Angelika), Nijs, I. (Ivan), Nock, C. A. (Charles A.), Nogueira, C. (Carla), Porath-Krause, A. J. (Anita J.), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Raynaud, X. (Xavier), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (Michael), Schuchardt, M. A. (Max A.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Siebert, J. (Julia), Sitters, J. (Judith), Spohn, M. (Marie), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Werner, C. (Christiane), Wilfahrt, P. (Peter), and Vicca, S. (Sara)

Abstract

Droughts can strongly affect grassland productivity and biodiversity, but responses differ widely. Nutrient availability may be a critical factor explaining this variation, but is often ignored in analyses of drought responses. Here, we used a standardized nutrient addition experiment covering 10 European grasslands to test if full-factorial nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium addition affected plant community responses to inter-annual variation in drought stress and to the extreme summer drought of 2018 in Europe. We found that nutrient addition amplified detrimental drought effects on community aboveground biomass production. Drought effects also differed between functional groups, with a negative effect on graminoid but not forb biomass production. Our results imply that eutrophication in grasslands, which promotes dominance of drought-sensitive graminoids over forbs, amplifies detrimental drought effects. In terms of climate change adaptation, agricultural management would benefit from taking into account differential drought impacts on fertilized versus unfertilized grasslands, which differ in ecosystem services they provide to society.

Published
2021

9. Microbial processing of plant remains is co‐limited by multiple nutrients in global grasslands

Author

Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Hobbie, S. E. (Sarah E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Bahamonde, H. A. (Hector A.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Esch, E. H. (Ellen H.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fernandez, V. (Victoria), Gusewell, S. (Sabine), Gutierrez-Larruga, B. (Blanca), Hofmockel, K. (Kirsten), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), Lind, E. (Eric), Lopez, A. (Andrea), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Schutz, M. (Martin), Siebert, J. (Julia), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Ayuso, S. V. (Sergio Velasco), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wiehl, G. (Georg), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Zamin, T. (Tara)

Subjects
decomposition, eutrophication, fertilization, carbon cycling and sequestration, food and beverages, nutrient (co‐)limitation, microbial activity, NutNet
Abstract

Microbial processing of aggregate‐unprotected organic matter inputs is key for soil fertility, long‐term ecosystem carbon and nutrient sequestration and sustainable agriculture. We investigated the effects of adding multiple nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plus nine essential macro‐ and micro‐nutrients) on decomposition and biochemical transformation of standard plant materials buried in 21 grasslands from four continents. Addition of multiple nutrients weakly but consistently increased decomposition and biochemical transformation of plant remains during the peak‐season, concurrent with changes in microbial exoenzymatic activity. Higher mean annual precipitation and lower mean annual temperature were the main climatic drivers of higher decomposition rates, while biochemical transformation of plant remains was negatively related to temperature of the wettest quarter. Nutrients enhanced decomposition most at cool, high rainfall sites, indicating that in a warmer and drier future fertilized grassland soils will have an even more limited potential for microbial processing of plant remains.

Published
2020

10. Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties

Author

Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Zimmermann, S. (Stefan), Moser, B. (Barbara), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Blair, J. M. (John M.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), di Virgilio, A. (Augustina), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Melbourne, B. A. (Brett A.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Siebert, J. (Julia), Silveira, M. L. (Maria L.), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Zimmermann, S. (Stefan), Moser, B. (Barbara), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Blair, J. M. (John M.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), di Virgilio, A. (Augustina), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Melbourne, B. A. (Brett A.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Siebert, J. (Julia), Silveira, M. L. (Maria L.), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul)

Abstract

Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical for grassland functioning. However, human activities have increased the supply of biologically limiting nutrients, and changed the density and identity of mammalian herbivores. These anthropogenic changes may alter net soil N mineralization (soil net Nmin), that is, the net balance between N mineralization and immobilization, which could severely impact grassland structure and functioning. Yet, to date, little is known about how fertilization and herbivore removal individually, or jointly, affect soil net Nmin across a wide range of grasslands that vary in soil and climatic properties. Here we collected data from 22 grasslands on five continents, all part of a globally replicated experiment, to assess how fertilization and herbivore removal affected potential (laboratory‐based) and realized (field‐based) soil net Nmin. Herbivore removal in the absence of fertilization did not alter potential and realized soil net Nmin. However, fertilization alone and in combination with herbivore removal consistently increased potential soil net Nmin. Realized soil net Nmin, in contrast, significantly decreased in fertilized plots where herbivores were removed. Treatment effects on potential and realized soil net Nmin were contingent on site‐specific soil and climatic properties. Fertilization effects on potential soil net Nmin were larger at sites with higher mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet). Reciprocally, realized soil net Nmin declined most strongly with fertilization and herbivore removal at sites with lower MAP and higher T.q.wet. In summary, our findings show that anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, herbivore exclusion and alterations in future climatic conditions can negatively impact soil net Nmin across global grasslands under realistic field conditions. This is an important context‐dependent knowledge for grassland management worldwide.

Published
2020

11. General destabilizing effects of eutrophication on grassland productivity at multiple spatial scales

Author

Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), and Wang, S. (Shaopeng)

Abstract

Eutrophication is a widespread environmental change that usually reduces the stabilizing effect of plant diversity on productivity in local communities. Whether this effect is scale dependent remains to be elucidated. Here, we determine the relationship between plant diversity and temporal stability of productivity for 243 plant communities from 42 grasslands across the globe and quantify the effect of chronic fertilization on these relationships. Unfertilized local communities with more plant species exhibit greater asynchronous dynamics among species in response to natural environmental fluctuations, resulting in greater local stability (alpha stability). Moreover, neighborhood communities that have greater spatial variation in plant species composition within sites (higher beta diversity) have greater spatial asynchrony of productivity among communities, resulting in greater stability at the larger scale (gamma stability). Importantly, fertilization consistently weakens the contribution of plant diversity to both of these stabilizing mechanisms, thus diminishing the positive effect of biodiversity on stability at differing spatial scales. Our findings suggest that preserving grassland functional stability requires conservation of plant diversity within and among ecological communities.

Published
2020

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