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Shayan Owji,1,2 Stella A Caldas,1,3 Benjamin Ungar1 1Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; 2The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; 3George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USACorrespondence: Benjamin Ungar, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 E. 98th St. Fifth Floor, New York, NY, USA, Tel +1 413-424-9551, Email Benjamin.ungar@mountsinai.orgAbstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that profoundly impacts patients’ quality of life. As the first FDA-approved topical JAK inhibitor, ruxolitinib 1.5% cream represents a novel therapeutic topical agent for the treatment of AD. The objective of this review is to summarize the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream in patients with AD based on the available evidence. Overall, ruxolitinib cream demonstrated high efficacy and a favorable safety profile for treating atopic dermatitis.Keywords: atopic dermatitis, eczema, ruxolitinib, JAK inhibitor, topical, itch

The phenological patterns of two populations of Cnidoscolus quercifolius were evaluated in the western Seridó region of Paraiba state, Brazil, from March 2009 to February 2011, with data collected monthly. The evaluations have addressed the quantitative method of analysis that represents the activity indices for both populations growing seasons (fall and sprout) and reproductive (flowering and fruiting), and also studied the intensity index Borchert, who evaluated the flow leaves. The stages were evaluated with respect to variations in rainfall, water potential of plant and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. The bud in the two populations occurred in the late dry season and transition into the rainy season, with peak leafing in January and November 2010 and was negatively correlated with rainfall (rs = -0.54 p <0.05). Leaf fall showed the peak phase in October 2009 and 2010, showing a direct relationship with water potential and photosynthetic quantum efficiency. The flowering and fruiting had greater synchrony in the seasonal rainy period, fruit set was positively correlated with precipitation values during the study period (rs = 0.56 p <0.05). The phenological events of C. quercifolius show marked seasonality in relation to precipitation, water potential and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The antioxidant and oxidative damage responses and immune parameters in shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in clear water (CW) and in a biofloc system (BFT) were evaluated. The animals were given feed supplemented with either nanocapsules containing the antioxidant lipoic acid (NCLA) or empty nanocapsules (NC). Antioxidant and oxidative stress analyses were evaluated by measuring glutathione S‐transferase activity (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in the gills, hepatopancreas and muscle. The immune parameters were then determined by the differential hemocyte count in the haemolymph. The final weight of the shrimp reared in both CW and BFT and treated with NCLA increased (p < .05). The shrimps reared in BFT showed increased GST activity in the gills and hepatopancreas after NCLA treatment (p < .05). Higher GSH levels were observed in the hepatopancreas with NCLA supplementation in CW and BFT (p < .05). Decreased levels of TBARS were observed in the gills and muscles of shrimp supplemented with NCLA and maintained in CW (p < .05). A decrease in the percentage of hyaline hemocytes and an increase in granular hemocytes were observed in shrimp treated with NCLA in CW and BFT (p < .05). The antioxidant treatment induced positive responses in terms of the zootechnical, biochemical and immunological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the relevance of the use of the shallow water model and the Boussinesq model to simulate tsunamis generated by a landslide. In a first part, we determine if the two models are able to reproduce waves generated by a landslide. Each model has drawbacks but it seems that it is possible to use them together to improve the simulations. In a second part we try to recover the landslide displacement from the generated wave. This problem is formulated as a minimization problem and we limit the number of parameters to determine assuming that the bottom can be well described by an empirical law.

Abstract The phenological patterns of two populations of Cnidoscolus quercifolius were evaluated in the western Seridó region of Paraiba state, Brazil, from March 2009 to February 2011, with data collected monthly. The evaluations have addressed the quantitative method of analysis that represents the activity indices for both populations growing seasons (fall and sprout) and reproductive (flowering and fruiting), and also studied the intensity index Borchert, who evaluated the flow leaves. The stages were evaluated with respect to variations in rainfall, water potential of plant and quantum efficiency of photosystem II. The bud in the two populations occurred in the late dry season and transition into the rainy season, with peak leafing in January and November 2010 and was negatively correlated with rainfall (rs = -0.54 p

The adequate management of parasite co-infections represents a challenge that has not yet been overcome, especially considering that the pathological outcomes and responses to treatment are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection on the efficacy of benznidazole (BZN)-based chemotherapy in Trypanosoma cruzi co-infected mice. BALB/c mice were maintained uninfected or co-infected with S. mansoni and T. cruzi, and were untreated or treated with BZN. Body weight, mortality, parasitemia, cardiac parasitism, circulating cytokines (Th1/Th2/Th17); as well as heart, liver and intestine microstructure were analyzed. The parasitemia peak was five times higher and myocarditis was more severe in co-infected than T. cruzi-infected mice. After reaching peak, parasitemia was effectively controlled in co-infected animals. BZN successfully controlled parasitemia in both co-infected and T. cruzi-infected mice and improved body mass, cardiac parasitism, myocarditis and survival in co-infected mice. Co-infection dampened the typical cytokine response to either parasite, and BZN reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines in co-infected mice. Despite BZN normalizing splenomegaly and liver cellular infiltration, it exacerbated hepatomegaly in co-infected mice. Co-infection or BZN exerted no effect on hepatic granulomas, but increased pulmonary and intestinal granulomas. Marked granulomatous inflammation was identified in the small intestine of all schistosomiasis groups. Taken together, our findings indicate that BZN retains its therapeutic efficacy against T. cruzi infection even in the presence of S. mansoni co-infection, but with organ-specific repercussions, especially in the liver., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To determine the cut-off point of the cochlear radiation dose as a risk factor for hearing loss in patients with vestibular schwannoma treated with radiosurgery., Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed without language or publication year restrictions in the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS/VHL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that met the following criteria were included: 1) population: adults of both sexes who underwent radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma treatment; 2) exposure: cochlear radiation; 3) outcome: hearing loss; 4) type of study: cohort. Two independent reviewers conducted the entire review process. The registration number in PROSPERO was CRD42020206128., Results: From the 333 articles identified in the searches, seven were included after applying the eligibility criteria. There was no standardization as to how to measure exposure or outcome in the included studies, and most studies did not present sufficient data to enable meta-analysis., Conclusion: It was not possible to determine a cut-off point for high cochlear dose that could be considered a risk factor for hearing loss., (Copyright © 2023 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have generated clinical and epidemiological impacts on a global scale. The use of strategies for monitoring viral circulation and identifying mutations in genomic regions involved in host interaction are important measures to mitigate viral dissemination and reduce its likely complications on population health. In this context, the objective of this work was to explore the potential of high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis combined with one-step real-time reverse transcription PCR in a closed-tube system, as a fast and convenient method of screening for SARS-CoV-2 mutations with possible implications on host-pathogen interactions. The HRM analyses allowed the distinction of the Gamma, Zeta, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants against the predecessors (B.1.1.28, B.1.1.33) of occurrence in Brazil. It is concluded that the molecular tool standardized here has the potential to optimize the genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, and could be adapted for genomic surveillance of other pathogens, due to its ability to detect, prior to sequencing, samples suggestive of new variants, selecting them more assertively and earlier for whole genome sequencing when compared to random screening., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that several inflammatory skin diseases (ISDs) are associated with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVDs)., Methods: We used the TriNetX analytics platform to conduct a retrospective, cross-sectional, single-center study in the Mount Sinai Health System network. Cases (all patients &ge;18 years of age with a diagnosis of 1 of the 4 ISDs studied) were compared with matched controls (no history of any of these ISDs) to evaluate odds ratios for being diagnosed with CVD., Results: We identified a total of 70,090 patients with ISDs, including 35,160 patients with atopic dermatitis, 19,490 with psoriasis, 12,470 with rosacea, and 2,970 with alopecia areata, and 70,090 propensity score-matched controls without any of these ISDs. Patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis had significantly increased odds of all CVD diagnoses analyzed compared to controls (P&lt;0.001 for all comparisons). Patients with rosacea had significantly increased odds of being diagnosed with all diseases of the circulatory system (P&lt;0.001), hypertensive diseases (P&lt;0.001), cerebrovascular diseases (P=0.037), and arterial disease (P&lt;0.001) compared to controls. Patients with alopecia areata had increased odds for all diseases of the circulatory system (P&lt;0.001), hypertensive diseases (P&lt;0.001), and arterial disease (P&lt;0.001). The prevalence of patients with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels was significantly greater in all ISD groups compared to controls., Conclusion: This study identified significant associations between ISDs and several CVD diagnoses. Furthermore, CRP and ESR were elevated in all ISD groups compared to controls. Pagan AD, Jung S, Caldas S, et al. Cross-sectional study of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, and alopecia areata suggests association with cardiovascular diseases. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(6):576-581. doi:10.36849/JDD.7424.

Background: Patients with alopecia areata (AA) may access a wide range of sources for information about AA, including the recently developed ChatGPT. Assessing the quality of health information provided by these sources is crucial, as patients are utilizing them in increasing numbers., Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate appropriateness and accuracy of responses to common patient questions about AA generated by ChatGPT., Methods: Responses generated by ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4.0 to 25 questions addressing common patient concerns were assessed by multiple attending dermatologists in an academic center for appropriateness and accuracy. Appropriateness of responses by both models for use in two hypothetical contexts as follows: (1) for patient-facing general information websites, and (2) for electronic health record (EHR) message drafts., Results: The accuracy across all responses was 4.41 out of 5. Accuracy scores of responses ChatGPT 3.5 responses had a mean of 4.29, whereas those generated by ChatGPT 4.0 had mean accuracy score of 4.53. Assessments ranged from 100% of responses rated as appropriate for the general question category to 79% questions about management for an EHR message draft. Raters largely preferred responses generated by ChatGPT 4.0 versus ChatGPT 3.5. Reviewer agreement was found to be moderate across all questions, with a 53.7% agreement and Fleiss' κ co-efficient of 0.522 (p value &lt;0.001)., Conclusions: The large language model ChatGPT outputted mostly appropriate information for common patient concerns. While not all responses were accurate, the trend toward improvement with newer iterations suggests potential future utility for patients and dermatologists., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

In recent decades, the oral infection of Trypanosoma cruzi has gathered increased attention due to frequent outbreaks that can lead to more severe clinical signs than those usually found in the areas of vector transmission. This study addresses the main routes of infection using metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) and blood trypomastigotes (BT). Herein, BALB/c mice were infected with the Colombian (TcI) strain via intraperitoneal (IP), oral, intragastric (IG), ocular (OC) and cutaneous (CT) routes with 10 6 culture-derived MT or BT. Parasitemia was intermittent and low in animals inoculated with MT, in contrast, high parasitemia levels were found in BT-mice. A tropism for the muscles was observed in oral or IG infection with BT. Differently, the parasite was widely distributed in the tissues of mice infected with MT. However, the intensity of the inflammation infiltrating the tissues was higher in oral or IG infection with BT. Animals inoculated with BT via the IG route had similar serum levels of IFN-γ and smaller IL-10 compared to those infected with MT via the IG route. TNF-α levels were higher in the serum from BT-animals, which could explain the higher intensity of heart inflammation in these animals. Our results suggest that the infective form and the route of infection differentially modulated the outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi mice infection., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Viral inactivation for antibody induction purposes, among other applications, should ensure biosafety, completely avoiding the risk of infectivity, and preserving viral immunogenicity. β-propiolactone (BPL) is one of the most used reagents for viral inactivation, despite its high toxicity and recent difficulties related to importation, experienced in Brazil during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this context, the main objectives of this work were to test different inactivation procedures for SARS-CoV-2 and to evaluate the induction of neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with antigenic preparations obtained after viral treatment with formaldehyde (FDE), glutaraldehyde (GDE), peroxide hydrogen (H 2 O 2 ), as well as with viral proteins extract (VPE), in parallel with BPL. Verification of viral inactivation was performed by subsequent incubations of the inactivated virus in Vero cells, followed by cytopathic effect and lysis plaques observation, as well as by quantification of RNA load using reverse transcription-quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Once viral inactivation was confirmed, cell culture supernatants were concentrated and purified. In addition, an aliquot inactivated by BPL was also subjected to viral protein extraction (VPE). The different antigens were prepared using a previously developed microemulsion as adjuvant, and were administered in a four-dose immunization protocol. Antibody production was comparatively evaluated by ELISA and Plaque Reduction Neutralization Tests (PRNT). All immunogens evaluated showed some level of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the ELISA assay, with the highest levels presented by the group immunized with FDE-inactivated viral antigen. In the PRNT results, except for VPE-antigen, all other immunogens evaluated induced some level of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and the FDE-antigen stood out again with the most expressive values. Taken together, the present work shows that FDE can be an efficient and affordable alternative to BPL for the production of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phylogenetically or taxonomically related hosts may harbour similar parasite communities due to phylogenetic conservatism. In addition, host attributes may favour their exposure to parasites. This study aimed to characterize the helminth fauna of sigmodontine rodents in an Atlantic Forest area in northeastern Brazil and determine the pattern of the helminth metacommunity structure. The influence of host attributes and host taxonomy on the metacommunity structure was also investigated. The most abundant helminth species were Raillietina sp. and Hassalstrongylus lauroi . Euryoryzomys russatus was the most infected host species for helminth parasites, as approximately 81% (35/43) of the animals were infected by at least one helminth species. The helminth metacommunity structure was coherent at both the infracommunity and the component community scales, indicating that species responded to the same environmental gradient. A quasi-Clementsian pattern was observed for the infracommunities, indicating the occurrence of compartments of parasite species that were substituted along the environmental gradient, which was formed by host individuals. A quasi-Gleasonian pattern was found at the component community scale, showing random boundary clumping, which is consistent with the individualistic responses of parasite species to each host species. These patterns corroborated the high values of beta-diversity observed, indicating high species turnover among communities at both scales. Host taxonomic distance was the most important variable explaining the patterns of the helminth metacommunity structure., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.)

Achieving the 95-95-95 UNAIDS targets requires meeting the needs of adolescents, however we lack evidenced-based approaches to improving adolescent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), increasing viral suppression, and supporting general wellbeing. We developed Family Connections as a group intervention for adolescents and their adult caregivers and conducted a randomized controlled trial in Ndola, Zambia to test feasibility and acceptability. Fifty pairs ( n  = 100) of adolescents (15-19 years and on ART ≥ 6 months) and their caregivers were randomly assigned either to the intervention consisting of 10 group sessions over 6 months, or to a comparison group, which received the usual care. Each pair completed baseline and endline surveys, with adolescents also undergoing viral load testing. Of the 24-intervention adolescent/caregiver pairs, 88% attended at least eight group sessions. Most adolescents (96%) and all caregivers would recommend Family Connections to peers. Adolescent viral failure decreased but did not significantly differ by study group. Adolescents in the intervention group showed a greater reduction in HIV-related feelings of worthlessness and shame than the comparison group. The feasibility, acceptability, and the positive trend toward significantly reducing internalized stigma, generated by this Family Connections pilot study, contributes valuable data to support adolescent/caregiver approaches that use peer groups.