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Objectives: Physical activity (PA) may help maintain brain structure and function in aging. Since the intensity of PA needed to effect cognition and cerebrovascular health remains unknown, we examined associations between PA and cognition, regional white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in older adults. Method: Forty-three older adults without cognitive impairment underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Waist-worn accelerometers objectively measured PA for approximately one week. Results: Higher time spent in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was uniquely associated with better memory and executive functioning after adjusting for all light PA. Higher MVPA was also uniquely associated with lower frontal WMH volume although the finding was no longer significant after additionally adjusting for age and accelerometer wear time. MVPA was not associated with CBF. Higher time spent in all light PA was uniquely associated with higher CBF but not with cognitive performance or WMH volume. Conclusions: Engaging in PA may be beneficial for cerebrovascular health, and MVPA in particular may help preserve memory and executive function in otherwise cognitively healthy older adults. There may be differential effects of engaging in lighter PA and MVPA on MRI markers of cerebrovascular health although this needs to be confirmed in future studies with larger samples. Future randomized controlled trials that increase PA are needed to elucidate cause-effect associations between PA and cerebrovascular health.

Objective: Cognitive dispersion across neuropsychological measures within a single testing session is a promising marker predictive of cognitive decline and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, little is known regarding brain changes underlying cognitive dispersion, and the association of cognitive dispersion with in vivo AD biomarkers and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) has received limited study. We therefore examined associations among cognitive dispersion, amyloid-beta (Aβ) positivity, and regional CBF among older adults free of dementia. Method: One hundred and forty-eight Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants underwent neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging. Pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired to quantify CBF. Florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) imaging determined Aβ positivity. Results: Adjusting for age, gender, education, and mean cognitive performance, older adults who were Aβ+ showed higher cognitive dispersion relative to those who were Aβ-. Across the entire sample, higher cognitive dispersion was associated with reduced CBF in inferior parietal and temporal regions. Secondary analyses stratified by Aβ status demonstrated that higher cognitive dispersion was associated with reduced CBF among Aβ+ individuals but not among those who were Aβ-. Conclusions: Cognitive dispersion may be sensitive to early Aβ accumulation and cerebrovascular changes adjusting for demographics and mean neuropsychological performance. Associations between cognitive dispersion and CBF were observed among Aβ+ individuals, suggesting that cognitive dispersion may be a marker of brain changes among individuals on the AD continuum. Future studies should examine whether cognitive dispersion predicts brain changes in diverse samples and among those with greater vascular risk burden.

The genus Oncocephala Agassiz, 1846 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini) is reviewed for Africa, except Madagascar. Twenty-four species are treated. Two new synonyms were proposed, Oncocephala kolbei Gestro, 1899a is synonymized with O. promontorii Péringuey, 1898 and O. scabrosa Gestro, 1905 is synonymized with O. severinii Gestro, 1899(1901). Six new species are proposed: Oncocephala susanstainesae Calcetas, Staines & Adorada sp. nov. from Namibia, Oncocephala deleoni Calcetas, Staines and Adorada sp. nov. from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Oncocephala camachoi Calcetas, Staines & Adorada sp. nov. from Cameroon, Oncocephala eborai Calcetas, Staines & Adorada sp. nov. from Equatorial Guinea, Oncocephala dimaculanganae Calcetas, Staines & Adorada sp. nov. from Cameroon and Oncocephala demesai Calcetas, Staines and Adorada sp. nov. from Togo. Oncocephala methneri Uhmann, 1928 and O. madoni Pic, 1941 are treated as incerte sedis. The genus Oncocephala in Africa is divided into seven species groups (Gestroi, Perrieri, Insignis, Senegalensis, Promentorii, Cuneata and Angusticollis) based on the similarity of their elytral characters. A key to the species groups and species of Oncocephala is provided.

The species in the genus Oncocephala Agassiz, 1846 known from Madagascar (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini) are reviewed. Three species are treated. A key to the species of Oncocephala known from Madagascar is provided.

The five species of the genus OncocephalaAgassiz, 1846 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Oncocephalini) known from the Philippines are redescribed and illustrated. A key to these species is provided.

New records of scarab pests of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were reported in the Philippines: the rhizotrogine chafer, Holotrichia bipunctata Brenske, 1892 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Rhizotrogini) and diplotaxine chafer Apogonia palawana Heller, 1897 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini). The feeding patterns of the two insect pests are characterized, and some integrated pest management recommendations were cited.

Exopholis Motschulsky, 1859 (Figs. 1���3) Differential diagnosis. The body is small and ovoid. The labrum is nearly twice the width of clypeus and not bilobed (Fig. 1). The antennae with 9 antennomeres and antennal club with three antennomeres. The prosternal process is triangulate in ventral view, rounded towards apex and it is also sparsely scaled and sparsely setose (Fig. 2). The metaventral process is triangulate, widely carinate mesally and carina narrowing towards the anterior margin (Fig. 3). Legs with the longer metatibial spur long, straight and tapered apically in males while it is curved mesally and with narrow and rounded apex in females. The scutellum is generally wider than long. Exopholis, like the closely related genera Leucopholis Dejean, 1833 and Lepidiota Kirby, 1837, has an antennal club with three antennomeres in contrast to Engertia Dalla Torre, 1912 with six. The clypeus is inclined backward when viewed laterally and the pronotum is without a median carina in Exopholis, Leucopholis and Lepidiota, this is in contrast to Stephanopholis Brenske, 1896 where the clypeus is inclined forward when viewed laterally and the pronotum with a distinct median carina. However, the labrum is not bilobed in Exopholis while it is bilobed in both Leucopholis and Lepidiota. Also, the posterior margin of the maxillary palpi are medially acute and the terminal palpomere is lacking an indistinct flattened area, shallow groove, or depression in Exopholis while the posterior margin of the maxillary palpi are not acute and the terminal palpomere has a flattened area, shallow groove, or depression in both Leucopholis and Lepidiota. The prosternal and metaventral processes of Exopholis and Lepidiota are similar. Probably, these are the characters observed and given weight by Moser (1910) to classify E. philippinica under Lepidiota. The prosternal processes of Exopholis and Lepidiota are both lanceolate dorsally, round when viewed laterally and with a rounded apex. They are also covered with long, yellowish-white hairs and acicular scales. The metaventral process of both Exopholis and Lepidiota are triangulate and rounded apically. Also, the metaventral process of Exopholis and Lepidiota is not extending in front of the mesocoxae while it is extending in front of the mesocoxae in Leucopholis., Published as part of Calcetas, Orlando A., Adorada, Jessamyn R. & Navasero, Mario V., 2020, Review of the genus Exopholis Motschulsky, 1859 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae: Leucopholini) in the Philippines, pp. 527-536 in Zootaxa 4859 (4) on pages 528-529, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4413354, {"references":["Motschulsky, V. (1859) Insectes des Indes Orientales, et de contrees analogues. Etudes Entomologiques, 8, 25 - 118.","Brenske, E. (1894) Melolonthiden von Borneo und einigen anderen Malayischen Inseln aus einer Sendung der Herren Dr. O. Staudinger und A. Bang-Haas. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 38, 354 - 356. [1893] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18940380310","Kirby, W. (1837) A description of some Coleopterous insects in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope. The Zoological Journal, 3, 520 - 525.","Dalla Torre, K. W. (1912) Pars 49. Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae III. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. XX. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 135 - 290.","Brenske, E. (1896) Neue Melolonthiden aus Africa und Asien. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 57, 178 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018960708","Moser, J. (1910) Neue Coleoptera Lamellicornia von den Philippen. The Philippine Journal of Science, 5, 149 - 150."]}

Exopholis philippinica Brenske 1894 (Figs. 4���13) Exopholis philippinica Brenske, 1894, 38: 354-356 (original description, type locality: ��� Philippinen ���); Dalla Torre, 1912: 169 (catalog); Schultze, 1916: 178 (catalog). Lepidiota corpulenta Moser, 1910: 185 (primary description, type locality: ���Mindanao, Camp Keithley, P.I.���); Dalla Torre, 1912: 170 (catalog); Schultze, 1916: 178 (catalog); new synonymy Type material examined. Exopholis philippinica, holotype, female (SMT): ��� Philippinen ���, ��� Coll. C. Felsche, Kauf 20, 1918���, ��� Exopholis, philippinica, Type, ♀, Brsk ���, ��� Typus, philippinica, Brenske ���, ��� Unicum!���, ��� Philippinen ��� (Figs. 4���6). Lepidiota corpulenta, syntype, female (ZMHB): ��� Philippinen, Mindanao���, ���Collected by, Mrs M. Clemens ���, ���Acc. No. 6883, Lot, Bu. of Sci., P.I.��� (Figs. 7���9). Both specimens were only examined from photos. Additional material examined. Philippines: LUZON: Nueva, Ecija: 1♀, San Leonardo, iii-1972, A.D. Pawar (IRRI-AC); Camarines Sur: 1♀, Iriga, 02-vii-1973, Oryza sativa L., Upland, A.D. Pawar (IRRI-AC); MIND- ANAO: Misamis Oriental: 6♂♂, Claveria, Kalingagan, 28-vi-1986, A. Barrion (IRRI-AC); Bukidnon: 2♂♂ 1♀, Camp Maramog, 1-v-1950, P. Anonuevo (NMM); 3♂♂ 1♀, Tangcolan, Bukinon, C.F. Baker (UNSM); 1♂, Malay- balay, Casisang, 21-vi-1970, L.C. Raros (UPMNH); 1♂ 3♀♀, 10-v-2012, M. Navasero (UPMNH); Cotabato: 1♀, Banga, 24-1950, Uichanco (UPMNH); Davao Del Norte: 1♂, Malamboon, Malabog, Paquibato, Mt. Makaayat (NMM); Davao Del Sur: 1♂, Davao City, Tuganay, 04-vii-1957, P.M. Narciso (UPMNH). Redescription. Males: length 19.0���22.0 mm, width 10.0���12.0 mm. Body ovoid, lustrous, monochromatic to bichromatic; dark reddish brown, blackish brown to light orange; head, pronotum and scutellum usually much darker than elytra in bichromatic specimens. Dorsum covered occasionally with minute, lanceolate, yellowish-white scales; except for a row of few large, overlapping, elongate-lanceolate, parallel laterally blunt scales adjacent to fronto-lateral margin apically. Venter same dominant coloration as head and pronotum of dorsum (Fig. 10). Head. Labrum with subrugose to rugose punctures; posterior half evenly sloping downward towards posterior margin medially; each side of posterior margin with long, thick, stiff, fringed, bristle-like yellowish to orange setae; surface with few, very long yellowish to orange stiff hairs. Clypeus with medial anterior margin nearly straight to weakly convex anteriorly, without medial cleft; with round punctures of variable size near posterior margin anteriorly; longitudinally flattened laterally; margin narrowly, slightly deflexed backward laterally; surface with dense, shallow round to irregular-shaped to rugose punctures dorsally; each puncture with minute, narrow, elongate, yel- lowish white scales; not extending beyond length of puncture. Vertex with moderate to sparsely spaced, minute, round punctures; subrugose; scales distinctly larger on each side adjacent lateral margin and ocular canthus. Mentum sub-anterior margin with wide, triangulate carina; above carina with deep, rugose punctures and groove; below carina smooth, lustrous; without hairs and scales; adjacent posterior margin of mentum with few, short, fine whitish, stiff setae. Terminal maxillary palpomere cylindrical, spindle-shaped; slightly longer in males than females. Lamellae length 1.0��� 1.2 mm, slightly longer than female. Pronotum anterior margin widely concave, not carinate medially; margin slightly to strongly carinate towards anterior angle; anterior angle rectangular, rounded apically; lateral margin convex, narrow carinate; posterior angle obtuse, round apically; apical margin smooth, not carinate, concave, widely rounded medially; each side slightly sloping downward; surface with evenly spaced round to subrugose punctures; scales minute, much larger in clypeus and elytra. Ventral surface of pronotum. Prosternum with deep mesal groove or depression; densely setose medially, sparsely setose on each side, without scales. Prosternal process triangulate, short, tapering towards anterior margin, with blunt apex, wide basally; convex laterally. Mesoventral process triangulate, rounded apically; rounded laterally; with or without acicular scales apically; surrounded with moderate-sized, stiff, yellowish-white hairs. Metaventral process length 0.7���0.9 mm (n=10), short; thickly carinate medially, narrowing towards basal margin; without hairs and scales medially. Metaventrite sparsely to evenly covered with long stiff, yellowish-white hairs except medially; lustrous medially; with or without few, dense, long lanceolate to acicular whitish to yellowish scales near posterior angle and posterior margin; mesepisternum densely covered with long, lanceolate, tapered apex scales; metepisternum and metepimera densely covered with short to moderate-sized whitish to yellowish white hairs; usually without hairs and scales medially; mesepisternum densely covered with same scales, with numerous long, stiff yellowish white hairs. Leg. Foretibiae tridentate; apical and medial dents distinctly large; basal dent distinctly small. Longer and shorter metatibial spurs very narrow, tapered apically. Metatibiae with 17���27 spicules posteriorly. Scutellum posterior margin sub-circular; anterior margin widely, evenly concave, smooth, rounded laterally; lateral margin minutely carinate, not carinate medially; surface with slightly larger scales than clypeus, vertex, pronotum and elytra. Elytron anterior margin slightly sloping downward towards scutellum, smooth, not carinate; anterior angle obtuse, round apically; lateral margin evenly convex; upper lateral margin narrowly carinate and explanate; lower lateral margin thinly carinate medially, disappearing towards posterior angle; posterior angle widely rounded, smooth, not carinate; apical margin not carinate, smooth; sutural angle slightly obtuse, round apically; sutural margin with distinctly wide costa, lustrous, mostly non-scaled; with four costae; costa 1 distinct, wide, complete; costa 2 narrow, distinct, incomplete towards anterior margin, basally attached to costa 3; costa 3 faint, incomplete towards anterior margin; costa 4 indistinct, faint, incomplete towards anterior margin; apical knob of elytra without patch of scales; surface with subrugose punctures, with same scales as pronotum. Abdomen. Adjacent to anterior margin of abdominal sternites III���VI with narrow, lustrous, non-scaled area; wider towards medially, narrower towards lateral margin; abdominal sternites with short, ovoid, lanceolate yellowish-white scales, most dense towards lateral margin; mostly with short, elongate, lanceolate scales, sparsely spaced medially. Pygidium. Anterior margin evenly convex, thinly carinate; lateral margin thickly carinate, narrowing towards apical margin; apical margin rounded, narrowly explanate, not carinate; surface evenly covered with short lanceolate scales, tapered or round apically; with subrugose punctures. Aedeagus. Paramere and phallobase combined length 7.4���7.7 mm. Phallobase dorsal anterior margin slightly convex mesally (Fig. 11). Paramere dorsal posterior margin triangulate; with inverted lanceolate-shaped depression laterally. Apical process short, triangulate laterally; apex round; pointed at 45 �� angle; base of apical process narrow, elongate, neck-like (Fig. 12). Female. Length 19.8���26.5 mm, width 10���11 mm. Antennal club length 1���1.1 mm, slightly shorter than male. Terminal maxillary palpomere cylindrical, spindle-shaped; slightly shorter in male. Foretibiae broad. Longer and shorter metatibial spurs little wider, slightly broad or rounded apically. Metatibiae with 23���30 spicules posteriorly (n=20). Distribution. Philippines (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao). Host plants. Unknown. Remarks. The species can be distinguished from other species of Exopholis by the following combination of characters. Elytra with four distinct costae, sutural costa distinctly wide while the rest are narrow and less distinct. The pygidium has the apical margin rounded. The clypeus is distinctly upturned laterally. The apical margin of the paramere of the male genitalia is triangulate and widely rounded apically while the basal paramere is inverted, lanceolate-shaped and with a lateral depression. Exopholis philippinica can be differentiated from other species with four costae, E. hypoleuca with variable number of costae, E. borneensis with four, which are different from each other, E. lacordairei with five and E. pinguis with seven. Sexual dimorphism is not strongly developed, the antennal club is slightly longer in males than in females. The terminal maxillary palpomere is slightly longer in males than in females. The longer and shorter metatibial spur has a tapered apex in males while it has a slightly broader apex in females. The number of posterior metatibial spicules is overlapping in range in both sexes. The species also exhibits polyphenic trait with the occurrence of variable body coloration; some specimens are reddish brown while others are blackish brown. Brenske (1894) also observed this color variability in the populations of E. hypoleuca from Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, and Ambon he found the elytra light brown to dark chestnut-brown while some individuals from Sumatra were entirely black and with brown pygidium. Moser (1910) described L. corpulenta from three female specimens collected on Mindanao and Cebu. He described L. corpulenta using the following distinguishing characters that fit very well with the description of E. philippinica. The antennae with nine antennomeres, chestnut body color, sides of clypeus rounded, the anterior angle of the pronotum at right angle, the posterior angle of the pronotum obtuse, the scales minute and not densely punctured, the scutellum semicircular, the sides of the abdomen densely scaled and tridentate anterior tibiae. The authors had the possibility to study only a digital photo of the syntype of L. corpulenta deposited in ZMHB (Figs. 7���9). Exopholis philippinica was described according to female holotype (Brenske, 1896). Also for this species, we studied its digital photo only (Figs. 4���6). Comparison of photos of types of both species enabled us to propose following new synonymy. Examination of 23 non-type specimens of E. philippinica deposited in various Philippine institutional collections (see material examined) made us possible to clarify geographic distribution of the species in the Philippines. As well as it is known, E. philippinica is endemic to the Philippine islands (Fig. 13)., Published as part of Calcetas, Orlando A., Adorada, Jessamyn R. & Navasero, Mario V., 2020, Review of the genus Exopholis Motschulsky, 1859 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae: Leucopholini) in the Philippines, pp. 527-536 in Zootaxa 4859 (4) on pages 529-535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4413354, {"references":["Brenske, E. (1894) Melolonthiden von Borneo und einigen anderen Malayischen Inseln aus einer Sendung der Herren Dr. O. Staudinger und A. Bang-Haas. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 38, 354 - 356. [1893] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18940380310","Dalla Torre, K. W. (1912) Pars 49. Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae III. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. XX. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 135 - 290.","Schultze, W. A. (1916) Catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera. The Philippine Journal of Science, 11, 1 - 178.","Moser, J. (1910) Neue Coleoptera Lamellicornia von den Philippen. The Philippine Journal of Science, 5, 149 - 150.","Brenske, E. (1896) Neue Melolonthiden aus Africa und Asien. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 57, 178 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018960708"]}

Motschulsky (1859), a Russian Imperial Army Colonel and entomologist, established the genus Exopholis, described E. birmannica and transferred Melolontha hypoleuca Wiedemann, 1819 to it. Brenske (1896) described Exopholis philippinica from the “Philippinen” from a single female specimen. Dalla Torre (1912), listed eight species under the genus Exopholis Motschulsky, 1859 from South East Asia: E. hypoleuca (Weidemann, 1819) (Myanmar, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Nias, Ambon), E. costata (Burmeister, 1855) (Java, Nias), E. birmanica Motschulsky, 1859 (Myanmar), E. lacordairei Waterhouse, 1867 (Borneo), E. pinguis Lansberge, 1879 (Sumatra), E. brenskei Nonfried, 1891, E. borneensis Brenske, 1894 (both from Borneo) and E. philippinica Brenske, 1896 (Philippines). This paper aims to review the taxonomy of Exopholis from the Philippines. Specifically, to focus on the diagnosis of Exopholis philippinica and its geographic distribution.

Without conscious thought, listeners link events in the world to sounds they hear. We study one surprising example: Adults can judge the temperature of water simply from hearing it being poured. How do these nuanced perceptual skills develop? Is extensive auditory experience required, or are these skills present in early childhood? In Exp.1, adults were exceptionally good at judging whether water was hot vs. cold from pouring sounds (M=93% accuracy; N=104). In Exp.2, we tested this ability in N=113 children aged 3-12 years, and found evidence of developmental change: Age significantly predicted accuracy (p

Background Growing awareness of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has prompted a demand for quick and effective ways to screen for memory loss and cognitive decline in large numbers of individuals in the community. Periodic Memory Screening Day events provide free, brief cognitive screening aimed at those 65 years and older, and can serve as an opportunity to gauge participants’ attitudes towards AD research and recruit them into ongoing research projects. Methods Over 6 single-day events in 2 years, more than 574 individuals were individually screened using the MoCA and a story recall task (immediate and delayed), given feedback about their performance, and introduced to AD research and opportunities to participate. Results Screening classified 297 individuals (52.0%) as having “No Decline,” 192 (33.6%) as “Possible decline,” and 82 (14.4%) as “Likely decline.” Those with “Likely decline” were older and less educated, had more memory concerns, were more likely to be men, and were less likely to have a positive family history of dementia than those with “No Decline.” Subsequent validation of screening procedures against a full clinical evaluation showed 72% classification accuracy with a skew towards over-calling Possible and Likely decline and thereby guiding questionable individuals to a more thorough evaluation. Of those screened, 378 (66%) agreed to additional research and consented to being listed in a research registry, and a majority (70–85%) of those consenting reported they were amenable to various AD research procedures including lumbar puncture, MRI, and autopsy. Overall, 19.1% of those screened met inclusion criteria for ongoing studies and were successfully recruited into AD research. Conclusions Conducting a few concentrated community memory screening events each year may help meet the public’s demand for brief assessment of memory concerns and can be a relatively effective and efficient recruitment strategy for AD research.

Additional file 1 : Supplementary material (Table S1) accompanies this paper.