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1. Surface and sub-surface modifications of copper electrodes exposed to high-field conditioning at cryogenic temperatures

Author

Jacewicz, Marek, Profatilova, Iaroslava, Szaniawski, Piotr, Popov, Inna, Ashkenazy, Yinon, Calatroni, Sergio, and Wuensch, Walter

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

In order to investigate the dependence of conditioning and field-holding on temperature, three pairs of copper electrodes underwent high voltage conditioning with direct current (DC) pulses while kept at a single temperature, unique for each set (300~K, 30~K and 10~K), until saturation field for each set was found. The sets conditioned at cold showed a significant increase in the field holding capability, reaching fields up to 147 MV/m after tens of millions of pulses and very few breakdowns (BDs). We interpret this as an indication of the conditioning effect being due to high field pulsing rather than exposure to BDs. The effect of the warm and cold conditioning was investigated with high-resolution microscopy, characterizing the BD spots on the anode and cathode according to their morphology and with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analyzing the changes in the sub-surface regions. Atypical BD spot features were found on the cryogenically conditioned cathode surfaces, with very shallow craters of a star-like shape. The number of atypical spots increased with decreased temperatures, reaching 26 and 53 percent of the total number of spots at 30~K and 10~K, respectively. A hypothesis explaining the formation of these features is also presented. The very different morphology of the anode and cathode BD spots is presented in detail that suggesting an unknown shielding mechanism that prevents the center of the anode spot from melting. These results provide important experimental input for the development of quantitative theories and models for BD initiation and inter-electrode plasma formation.

Published
2024

2. Mechanical tuning of a rectangular axion haloscope operating around 8.4 GHz

Author

Golm, Jessica, García-Barceló, Jose María, Calatroni, Sergio, Wuensch, Walter, and Döbrich, Babette

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The axion haloscope is the currently most sensitive method to probe the vanishingly small coupling of this prominent Dark Matter candidate to photons. To scan a sizeable axion Dark Matter parameter space, the cavities that make up the haloscope need to be tuned efficiently. In this article, we describe a novel technique to tune axion haloscopes around $8.4$ GHz in a purely mechanical manner without the use of dielectrics. We achieve tuning by introducing a gap along the cavity geometry. Losses are added due to the leaking of the field out of the structure only if the gap becomes too large concerning the total width. A tuning range of around $600$ MHz is achieved, depending on the environmental conditions. We present the results of a corresponding prototype and outline prospects to further develop this technique.

Published
2023

3. Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry: Workshop Summary

Author

Abend, Sven, Allard, Baptiste, Alonso, Iván, Antoniadis, John, Araujo, Henrique, Arduini, Gianluigi, Arnold, Aidan, Aßmann, Tobias, Augst, Nadja, Badurina, Leonardo, Balaz, Antun, Banks, Hannah, Barone, Michele, Barsanti, Michele, Bassi, Angelo, Battelier, Baptiste, Baynham, Charles, Quentin, Beaufils, Belic, Aleksandar, Beniwal, Ankit, Bernabeu, Jose, Bertinelli, Francesco, Bertoldi, Andrea, Biswas, Ikbal Ahamed, Blas, Diego, Boegel, Patrick, Bogojevic, Aleksandar, Böhm, Jonas, Böhringer, Samuel, Bongs, Kai, Bouyer, Philippe, Brand, Christian, Brimis, Apostolos, Buchmueller, Oliver, Cacciapuoti, Luigi, Calatroni, Sergio, Canuel, Benjamin, Caprini, Chiara, Caramete, Ana, Caramete, Laurentiu, Carlesso, Matteo, Carlton, John, Casariego, Mateo, Charmandaris, Vassilis, Chen, Yu-Ao, Chiofalo, Maria Luisa, Cimbri, Alessia, Coleman, Jonathon, Constantin, Florin Lucian, Contaldi, Carlo, Cui, Yanou, Da Ros, Elisa, Davies, Gavin, Rosendo, Esther del Pino, Deppner, Christian, Derevianko, Andrei, de Rham, Claudia, De Roeck, Albert, Derr, Daniel, Di Pumpo, Fabio, Djordjevic, Goran, Dobrich, Babette, Domokos, Peter, Dornan, Peter, Doser, Michael, Drougakis, Giannis, Dunningham, Jacob, Duspayev, Alisher, Easo, Sajan, Eby, Joshua, Efremov, Maxim, Ekelof, Tord, Elertas, Gedminas, Ellis, John, Evans, David, Fadeev, Pavel, Fanì, Mattia, Fassi, Farida, Fattori, Marco, Fayet, Pierre, Felea, Daniel, Feng, Jie, Friedrich, Alexander, Fuchs, Elina, Gaaloul, Naceur, Gao, Dongfeng, Gardner, Susan, Garraway, Barry, Gauguet, Alexandre, Gerlach, Sandra, Gersemann, Matthias, Gibson, Valerie, Giese, Enno, Giudice, Gian Francesco, Glasbrenner, Eric, Gündogan, Mustafa, Haehnelt, Martin G., Hakulinen, Timo, Hammerer, Klemens, Hanımeli, Ekim Taylan, Harte, Tiffany, Hawkins, Leonie, Hees, Aurelien, Heise, Jaret, Henderson, Victoria, Herrmann, Sven, Hird, Thomas, Hogan, Jason, Holst, Bodil, Holynski, Michael, Hussain, Kamran, Janson, Gregor, Jeglič, Peter, Jelezko, Fedor, Kagan, Michael, Kalliokoski, Matti, Kasevich, Mark, Kehagias, Alex, Kilian, Eva, Koley, Soumen, Konrad, Bernd, Kopp, Joachim, Kornakov, Georgy, Kovachy, Tim, Krutzik, Markus, Kumar, Mukesh, Kumar, Pradeep, Laemmerzahl, Claus, Landsberg, Greg, Langlois, Mehdi, Lanigan, Bryony, Lellouch, Samuel, Leone, Bruno, Lafitte, Christophe Le Poncin, Lewicki, Marek, Leykauf, Bastian, Lezeik, Ali, Lombriser, Lucas, López, Luis, Asamar, Elias López, Monjaraz, Cristian López, Luciano, Gaetano, Mohammed, Mohammed Mahmoud, Maleknejad, Azadeh, Markus, Krutzik, Marteau, Jacques, Massonnet, Didier, Mazumdar, Anupam, McCabe, Christopher, Meister, Matthias, Menu, Jonathan, Messineo, Giuseppe, Micalizio, Salvatore, Millington, Peter, Milosevic, Milan, Mitchell, Jeremiah, Montero, Mario, Morley, Gavin, Müller, Jürgen, Müstecaplıoğlu, Özgür, Ni, Wei-Tou, Noller, Johannes, Odžak, Senad, Oi, Daniel, Omar, Yasser, Pahl, Julia, Paling, Sean, Pandey, Saurabh, Pappas, George, Pareek, Vinay, Pasatembou, Elizabeth, Pelucchi, Emanuele, Santos, Franck Pereira dos, Piest, Baptist, Pikovski, Igor, Pilaftsis, Apostolos, Plunkett, Robert, Poggiani, Rosa, Prevedelli, Marco, Puputti, Julia, Veettil, Vishnupriya Puthiya, Quenby, John, Rafelski, Johann, Rajendran, Surjeet, Rasel, Ernst Maria, Sfar, Haifa Rejeb, Reynaud, Serge, Richaud, Andrea, Rodzinka, Tangui, Roura, Albert, Rudolph, Jan, Sabulsky, Dylan, Safronova, Marianna, Santamaria, Luigi, Schilling, Manuel, Schkolnik, Vladimir, Schleich, Wolfgang, Schlippert, Dennis, Schneider, Ulrich, Schreck, Florian, Schubert, Christian, Schwersenz, Nico, Semakin, Aleksei, Sergijenko, Olga, Shao, Lijing, Shipsey, Ian, Singh, Rajeev, Smerzi, Augusto, Sopuerta, Carlos F., Spallicci, Alessandro, Stefanescu, Petruta, Stergioulas, Nikolaos, Ströhle, Jannik, Struckmann, Christian, Tentindo, Silvia, Throssell, Henry, Tino, Guglielmo M., Tinsley, Jonathan, Mircea, Ovidiu Tintareanu, Tkalčec, Kimberly, Tolley, Andrew, Tornatore, Vincenza, Torres-Orjuela, Alejandro, Treutlein, Philipp, Trombettoni, Andrea, Tsai, Yu-Dai, Ufrecht, Christian, Ulmer, Stefan, Valuch, Daniel, Vaskonen, Ville, Aceves, Veronica Vazquez, Vitanov, Nikolay, Vogt, Christian, von Klitzing, Wolf, Vukics, András, Walser, Reinhold, Wang, Jin, Warburton, Niels, Webber-Date, Alexander, Wenzlawski, André, Werner, Michael, Williams, Jason, Windapssinger, Patrcik, Wolf, Peter, Wörner, Lisa, Xuereb, André, Yahia, Mohamed, Cruzeiro, Emmanuel Zambrini, Zarei, Moslem, Zhan, Mingsheng, Zhou, Lin, Zupan, Jure, and Zupanič, Erik

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

This document presents a summary of the 2023 Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop hosted by CERN. The workshop brought together experts from around the world to discuss the exciting developments in large-scale atom interferometer (AI) prototypes and their potential for detecting ultralight dark matter and gravitational waves. The primary objective of the workshop was to lay the groundwork for an international TVLBAI proto-collaboration. This collaboration aims to unite researchers from different institutions to strategize and secure funding for terrestrial large-scale AI projects. The ultimate goal is to create a roadmap detailing the design and technology choices for one or more km-scale detectors, which will be operational in the mid-2030s. The key sections of this report present the physics case and technical challenges, together with a comprehensive overview of the discussions at the workshop together with the main conclusions., Comment: Summary of the Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry Workshop held at CERN: https://indico.cern.ch/event/1208783/

Published
2023

4. Comparative study of H accumulation in differently oriented grains of Cu

Author

Lopez-Cazalilla, A., Serafim, Catarina, Djurabekova, F., Perez-Fontenla, Ana Teresa, Calatroni, Sergio, and Wuensch, Walter

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

When metal surfaces are exposed to hydrogen ion irradiation, the light ions are expected to penetrate deep into the material and dissolve in the matrix. However, these atoms are seen to cause significant modification of surfaces, indicating that they accumulate in vicinity of the surface. The process known as blistering may reduces the vacuum dielectric strength above the metal surface, which shows a dense population of surface blisters. In this paper, we investigate how a bubble can grow under the pressure exerted by hydrogen atoms on the walls of the bubble and how this affect to the surface of Cu, whether an external electric field is applied or not.

Published
2022

5. Effect of dc voltage pulsing on high-vacuum electrical breakdowns near Cu surfaces

Author

Saressalo, Anton, Profatilova, Iaroslava, Millar, William L., Kyritsakis, Andreas, Calatroni, Sergio, Wuensch, Walter, and Djurabekova, Flyura

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Vacuum electrical breakdowns, also known as vacuum arcs, are a limiting factor in many devices that are based on application of high electric fields near their component surfaces. Understanding of processes that lead to breakdown events may help mitigating their appearance and suggest ways for improving operational efficiency of power-consuming devices. Stability of surface performance at a given value of the electric field is affected by the conditioning state, i.e. how long the surface was exposed to this field. Hence, optimization of the surface conditioning procedure can significantly speed up the preparatory steps for high-voltage applications. In this article, we use pulsed dc systems to optimize the surface conditioning procedure of copper electrodes, focusing on the effects of voltage recovery after breakdowns, variable repetition rates as well as long waiting times between pulsing runs. Despite the differences in the experimental scales, ranging from $10^{-4}$ s between pulses, up to pulsing breaks of $10^5$ s, the experiments show that the longer the idle time between the pulses, the more probable it is that the next pulse produces a breakdown. We also notice that secondary breakdowns, i.e. those which correlate with the previous ones, take place mainly during the voltage recovery stage. We link these events with deposition of residual atoms from vacuum on the electrode surfaces. Minimizing the number of pauses during the voltage recovery stage reduces power losses due to secondary breakdown events improving efficiency of the surface conditioning., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

Published
2020
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6. Materials & Properties: Thermal & Electrical Characteristics

Author

Calatroni, Sergio

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

This lecture gives an introduction to the basic physics of the electrical conductivity of metals, its temperature dependence and its limiting factors. We will then introduce the concept of surface resistance, of high relevance in accelerators for its link with beam impedance and for RF applications, including notions related to the anomalous skin effect. The surface resistance will help establishing a link to heat exchanges between bodies by radiation, and to the concept of emissivity. Thermal conductivity will then be introduced, discussing both its electron and phonon exchange components, and the relevant limiting factors., Comment: 20 pages, contribution to the CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Vacuum for Particle Accelerators, 6-16 June 2017, Glumsl\"ov, Sweden

Published
2020

7. Classification of vacuum arc breakdowns in a pulsed DC system

Author

Saressalo, Anton, Profatilova, Iaroslava, Kyritsakis, Andreas, Paszkiewicz, Jan, Calatroni, Sergio, Wuensch, Walter, and Djurabekova, Flyura

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Understanding the microscopic phenomena behind vacuum arc ignition and generation is crucial for being able to control the breakdown rate, thus improving the effectiveness of many high-voltage applications where frequent breakdowns limit the operation. In this work, statistical properties of various aspects of breakdown, such as the number of pulses between breakdowns, breakdown locations and crater sizes are studied independently with almost identical Pulsed DC Systems at the University of Helsinki and in CERN. In high-gradient experiments, copper electrodes with parallel plate capacitor geometry, undergo thousands of breakdowns. The results support the classification of the events into primary and secondary breakdowns, based on the distance and number of pulses between two breakdowns. Primary events follow a power law on the log--log scale with the slope $\alpha \approx 1.33$, while the secondaries are highly dependent on the pulsing parameters., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures

Published
2019
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8. Vacuum electrical breakdown conditioning study in a parallel plate electrode pulsed DC system

Author

Korsbäck, Anders, Morales, Laura Mercadé, Profatilova, Iaroslava, Djurabekova, Flyura, Castro, Enrique Rodriguez, Wuensch, Walter, Ahlgren, Tommy, and Calatroni, Sergio

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

Conditioning of a metal structure in a high-voltage system is the progressive development of resistance to vacuum arcing over the operational life of the system. This is, for instance, seen during the initial operation of radio frequency (rf) cavities in particle accelerators. It is a relevant topic for any technology where breakdown limits performance, and where conditioning continues for a significant duration of system runtime. Projected future linear accelerators require structures with accelerating gradients of up to 100 MV/m. Currently, this performance level is only achievable after a multi-month conditioning period. In this work, a pulsed DC system applying voltage pulses over parallel disk electrodes was used to study the conditioning process, with the objective of obtaining insight into its underlying mechanics, and ultimately, to find ways to shorten the conditioning process. Two kinds of copper electrodes were tested: As-prepared machine-turned electrodes ("hard" copper), and electrodes that additionally had been subjected to high temperature treatments ("soft" copper). The conditioning behaviour of the soft electrodes was found to be similar to that of comparably treated accelerating structures, indicating a similar conditioning process. The hard electrodes reached the same ultimate performance as the soft electrodes much faster, with a difference of more than an order of magnitude in the number of applied voltage pulses. Two distinctly different distributions of breakdown locations were observed on the two types of electrodes. Considered together, our results support the crystal structure dislocation theory of breakdown, and suggest that the conditioning of copper in high field systems such as rf accelerating structures is dominated by material hardening.

Published
2019
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9. High Frequency Nonlinear Response of Superconducting Cavity-Grade Nb surfaces

Author

Oripov, Bakhrom, Bieler, Thomas, Ciovati, Gianluigi, Calatroni, Sergio, Dhakal, Pashupati, Junginger, Tobias, Malyshev, Oleg B., Terenziani, Giovanni, Valente-Feliciano, Anne-Marie, Valizadeh, Reza, Wilde, Stuart, and Anlage, Steven M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity
Abstract

Nb Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) cavities are observed to break down and lose their high-Q superconducting properties at accelerating gradients below the limits imposed by theory. The microscopic origins of SRF cavity breakdown are still a matter of some debate. To investigate these microscopic issues temperature and power dependent local third harmonic response was measured on bulk Nb and Nb thin film samples using a novel near-field magnetic microwave microscope between 2.9K-10K and 2GHz-6GHz. Both periodic and non-periodic response as a function of applied RF field amplitude are observed. We attribute these features to extrinsic and intrinsic nonlinear responses of the sample. The RF-current-biased Resistively Shunted Junction (RSJ) model can account for the periodic response and fits very well to the data using reasonable parameters. The non-periodic response is consistent with vortex semi-loops penetrating into the bulk of the sample once sufficiently high RF magnetic field is applied, and the data can be fit to a Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) model of this process. The fact that these responses are measured on a wide variety of Nb samples suggests that we have captured the generic nonlinear response of air-exposed Nb surfaces.

Published
2019
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10. Laser-induced periodic surface structuring for secondary electron yield reduction of copper: dependence on ambient gas and wavelength

Author

JJ. Nivas, Jijil, Hu, Meilin, Valadan, Mohammadhassan, Salvatore, Marcella, Fittipaldi, Rosalba, Himmerlich, Marcel, Bez, Elena, Rimoldi, Martino, Passarelli, Andrea, Oscurato, Stefano L., Vecchione, Antonio, Altucci, Carlo, Amoruso, Salvatore, Andreone, Antonello, Calatroni, Sergio, and Rosaria Masullo, Maria

Published
2023
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11. Simple model for the RF field amplitude dependence of the trapped flux sensitivity in superconducting RF cavities

Author

Calatroni, Sergio and Vaglio, Ruggero

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

The improvement of the performance of RF superconducting cavities has recently motivated a considerable research effort in order to elucidate the effect of trapped magnetic flux on the surface resistance $R_{s}$. In this paper we show that by introducing a non-linear pinning force in the Gittleman-Rosenblum equations for the RF power dissipation due to a trapped magnetic flux in a superconductor, we can empirically describe the linear dependence on the RF field amplitude $B_{rf0}$ of the additional surface resistance $R_{fl}$. We also show that the proportionality between the RF-field dependent and independent terms $R_{fl}^{1}$ and $R_{fl}^{0}$, and the frequency dependence of $R_{fl}^{1}$ follow naturally from this approach.

Published
2018
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13. Terrestrial very-long-baseline atom interferometry: Workshop summary

Author

Abend, Sven, primary, Allard, Baptiste, additional, Alonso, Iván, additional, Antoniadis, John, additional, Araújo, Henrique, additional, Arduini, Gianluigi, additional, Arnold, Aidan S., additional, Asano, Tobias, additional, Augst, Nadja, additional, Badurina, Leonardo, additional, Balaž, Antun, additional, Banks, Hannah, additional, Barone, Michele, additional, Barsanti, Michele, additional, Bassi, Angelo, additional, Battelier, Baptiste, additional, Baynham, Charles F. A., additional, Beaufils, Quentin, additional, Belić, Aleksandar, additional, Beniwal, Ankit, additional, Bernabeu, Jose, additional, Bertinelli, Francesco, additional, Bertoldi, Andrea, additional, Biswas, Ikbal Ahamed, additional, Blas, Diego, additional, Boegel, Patrick, additional, Bogojević, Aleksandar, additional, Böhm, Jonas, additional, Böhringer, Samuel, additional, Bongs, Kai, additional, Bouyer, Philippe, additional, Brand, Christian, additional, Brimis, Apostolos, additional, Buchmueller, Oliver, additional, Cacciapuoti, Luigi, additional, Calatroni, Sergio, additional, Canuel, Benjamin, additional, Caprini, Chiara, additional, Caramete, Ana, additional, Caramete, Laurentiu, additional, Carlesso, Matteo, additional, Carlton, John, additional, Casariego, Mateo, additional, Charmandaris, Vassilis, additional, Chen, Yu-Ao, additional, Chiofalo, Maria Luisa, additional, Cimbri, Alessia, additional, Coleman, Jonathon, additional, Constantin, Florin Lucian, additional, Contaldi, Carlo R., additional, Cui, Yanou, additional, Ros, Elisa Da, additional, Davies, Gavin, additional, Rosendo, Esther del Pino, additional, Deppner, Christian, additional, Derevianko, Andrei, additional, Rham, Claudia de, additional, Roeck, Albert De, additional, Derr, Daniel, additional, Di Pumpo, Fabio, additional, Djordjevic, Goran S., additional, Döbrich, Babette, additional, Domokos, Peter, additional, Dornan, Peter, additional, Doser, Michael, additional, Drougakis, Giannis, additional, Dunningham, Jacob, additional, Duspayev, Alisher, additional, Easo, Sajan, additional, Eby, Joshua, additional, Efremov, Maxim, additional, Ekelof, Tord, additional, Elertas, Gedminas, additional, Ellis, John, additional, Evans, David, additional, Fadeev, Pavel, additional, Fanì, Mattia, additional, Fassi, Farida, additional, Fattori, Marco, additional, Fayet, Pierre, additional, Felea, Daniel, additional, Feng, Jie, additional, Friedrich, Alexander, additional, Fuchs, Elina, additional, Gaaloul, Naceur, additional, Gao, Dongfeng, additional, Gardner, Susan, additional, Garraway, Barry, additional, Gauguet, Alexandre, additional, Gerlach, Sandra, additional, Gersemann, Matthias, additional, Gibson, Valerie, additional, Giese, Enno, additional, Giudice, Gian F., additional, Glasbrenner, Eric P., additional, Gündoğan, Mustafa, additional, Haehnelt, Martin, additional, Hakulinen, Timo, additional, Hammerer, Klemens, additional, Hanımeli, Ekim T., additional, Harte, Tiffany, additional, Hawkins, Leonie, additional, Hees, Aurelien, additional, Heise, Jaret, additional, Henderson, Victoria A., additional, Herrmann, Sven, additional, Hird, Thomas M., additional, Hogan, Jason M., additional, Holst, Bodil, additional, Holynski, Michael, additional, Hussain, Kamran, additional, Janson, Gregor, additional, Jeglič, Peter, additional, Jelezko, Fedor, additional, Kagan, Michael, additional, Kalliokoski, Matti, additional, Kasevich, Mark, additional, Kehagias, Alex, additional, Kilian, Eva, additional, Koley, Soumen, additional, Konrad, Bernd, additional, Kopp, Joachim, additional, Kornakov, Georgy, additional, Kovachy, Tim, additional, Krutzik, Markus, additional, Kumar, Mukesh, additional, Kumar, Pradeep, additional, Lämmerzahl, Claus, additional, Landsberg, Greg, additional, Langlois, Mehdi, additional, Lanigan, Bryony, additional, Lellouch, Samuel, additional, Leone, Bruno, additional, Poncin-Lafitte, Christophe Le, additional, Lewicki, Marek, additional, Leykauf, Bastian, additional, Lezeik, Ali, additional, Lombriser, Lucas, additional, Luis Lopez-Gonzalez, J., additional, Lopez Asamar, Elias, additional, Monjaraz, Cristian López, additional, Luciano, Giuseppe Gaetano, additional, Mahmoud, M. A., additional, Maleknejad, Azadeh, additional, Marteau, Jacques, additional, Massonnet, Didier, additional, Mazumdar, Anupam, additional, McCabe, Christopher, additional, Meister, Matthias, additional, Menu, Jonathan, additional, Messineo, Giuseppe, additional, Micalizio, Salvatore, additional, Millington, Peter, additional, Milosevic, Milan, additional, Mitchell, Jeremiah, additional, Montero, Mario, additional, Morley, Gavin W., additional, Müller, Jürgen, additional, ioğlu, Özgür E. Müstecapl, additional, Ni, Wei-Tou, additional, Noller, Johannes, additional, Odžak, Senad, additional, Oi, Daniel K. L., additional, Omar, Yasser, additional, Pahl, Julia, additional, Paling, Sean, additional, Pandey, Saurabh, additional, Pappas, George, additional, Pareek, Vinay, additional, Pasatembou, Elizabeth, additional, Pelucchi, Emanuele, additional, Pereira dos Santos, Franck, additional, Piest, Baptist, additional, Pikovski, Igor, additional, Pilaftsis, Apostolos, additional, Plunkett, Robert, additional, Poggiani, Rosa, additional, Prevedelli, Marco, additional, Puputti, Julia, additional, Veettil, Vishnupriya Puthiya, additional, Quenby, John, additional, Rafelski, Johann, additional, Rajendran, Surjeet, additional, Rasel, Ernst M., additional, Sfar, Haifa Rejeb, additional, Reynaud, Serge, additional, Richaud, Andrea, additional, Rodzinka, Tangui, additional, Roura, Albert, additional, Rudolph, Jan, additional, Sabulsky, Dylan O., additional, Safronova, Marianna S., additional, Santamaria, Luigi, additional, Schilling, Manuel, additional, Schkolnik, Vladimir, additional, Schleich, Wolfgang P., additional, Schlippert, Dennis, additional, Schneider, Ulrich, additional, Schreck, Florian, additional, Schubert, Christian, additional, Schwersenz, Nico, additional, Semakin, Aleksei, additional, Sergijenko, Olga, additional, Shao, Lijing, additional, Shipsey, Ian, additional, Singh, Rajeev, additional, Smerzi, Augusto, additional, Sopuerta, Carlos F., additional, Spallicci, Alessandro D. A. M., additional, Stefanescu, Petruta, additional, Stergioulas, Nikolaos, additional, Ströhle, Jannik, additional, Struckmann, Christian, additional, Tentindo, Silvia, additional, Throssell, Henry, additional, Tino, Guglielmo M., additional, Tinsley, Jonathan N., additional, Tintareanu Mircea, Ovidiu, additional, Tkalčec, Kimberly, additional, Tolley, Andrew. J., additional, Tornatore, Vincenza, additional, Torres-Orjuela, Alejandro, additional, Treutlein, Philipp, additional, Trombettoni, Andrea, additional, Tsai, Yu-Dai, additional, Ufrecht, Christian, additional, Ulmer, Stefan, additional, Valuch, Daniel, additional, Vaskonen, Ville, additional, Vázquez-Aceves, Verónica, additional, Vitanov, Nikolay V., additional, Vogt, Christian, additional, Klitzing, Wolf von, additional, Vukics, András, additional, Walser, Reinhold, additional, Wang, Jin, additional, Warburton, Niels, additional, Webber-Date, Alexander, additional, Wenzlawski, André, additional, Werner, Michael, additional, Williams, Jason, additional, Windpassinger, Patrick, additional, Wolf, Peter, additional, Woerner, Lisa, additional, Xuereb, André, additional, Yahia, Mohamed E., additional, Cruzeiro, Emmanuel Zambrini, additional, Zarei, Moslem, additional, Zhan, Mingsheng, additional, Zhou, Lin, additional, Zupan, Jure, additional, and Zupanič, Erik, additional

Published
2024
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17. A Proposal for a Low‐Frequency Axion Search in the 1–2 μ$\umu$ eV Range and Below with the BabyIAXO Magnet

Author

Ahyoune, Saiyd, primary, Álvarez Melcón, Alejandro, additional, Arguedas Cuendis, Sergio, additional, Calatroni, Sergio, additional, Cogollos, Cristian, additional, Devlin, Jack, additional, Díaz‐Morcillo, Alejandro, additional, Díez‐Ibáñez, David, additional, Döbrich, Babette, additional, Galindo, Javier, additional, Gallego, Juan Daniel, additional, García‐Barceló, Jose María, additional, Gimeno, Benito, additional, Golm, Jessica, additional, Gu, Yikun, additional, Herwig, Louis, additional, Garcia Irastorza, Igor, additional, Lozano‐Guerrero, Antonio Jose, additional, Malbrunot, Chloé, additional, Miralda‐Escudé, Jordi, additional, Monzó‐Cabrera, Juan, additional, Navarro, Pablo, additional, Navarro‐Madrid, Jose Ramón, additional, Redondo, Javier, additional, Reina‐Valero, José, additional, Schmieden, Kristof, additional, Schneemann, Tim, additional, Siodlaczek, Marc, additional, Ulmer, Stefan, additional, and Wuensch, Walter, additional

Published
2023
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18. Measurement of the dynamic response of the CERN DC spark system and preliminary estimates of the breakdown turn-on time

Author

Shipman, Nicholas, Calatroni, Sergio, Jones, Roger M., and Wuensch, Walter

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

The new High Repetition Rate (HRR) CERN DC Spark System has been used to investigate the current and voltage time structure of a breakdown. Simulations indicate that vacuum breakdowns develop on ns timescales or even less. An experimental benchmark for this timescale is critical for comparison to simulations. The fast rise time of breakdown may provide some explanation of the particularly high gradients achieved by low group velocity, and narrow bandwidth, accelerating structures such as the T18 and T24. Voltage and current measurements made with the previous system indicated that the transient responses measured were dominated by the inherent capacitances and inductances of the DC spark system itself. The bandwidth limitations of the HRR system are far less severe allowing rise times of approximately 12ns to be measured.

Published
2012

23. In-situ plasma treatment of Cu surfaces for reducing the generation of vacuum arc breakdowns.

Author

Saressalo, Anton, Kilpeläinen, Aarre, Mizohata, Kenichiro, Profatilova, Iaroslava, Nolvi, Anton, Kassamakov, Ivan, Tikkanen, Pertti, Calatroni, Sergio, Wuensch, Walter, and Djurabekova, Flyura

Subjects
VACUUM arcs, PARTICLES (Nuclear physics), PARTICLE accelerators, ELECTRIC fields, VACUUM circuit breakers, ELECTRIC arc, VACUUM
Abstract

High electric fields are present in a rapidly growing number of applications, which include elementary particle accelerators, vacuum interrupters, miniature x-ray sources, and satellites. Many of these applications are limited by the breakdown strength of the materials exposed to electric fields. Different methods have been developed to improve the quality of metal electrode surfaces, aiming to increase their breakdown strength. Not many systematical studies have been performed to provide a proper understanding of what contributes to the correlation between the breakdown strength and the quality of the surface. In this work, we apply a novel method for reducing vacuum arc breakdowns by cleaning the electrode surfaces with O and Ar plasma. The method can be used to alter the surfaces of the Cu electrodes in situ, i.e., without exposing them to air between the measurements. This plasma cleaning treatment is shown to reduce the number of surface impurities and to speed up the conditioning process of the samples under high-voltage pulses. Specifically, the first breakdown field was observed to increase by more than 90% after the plasma cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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25. Pulsed DC High Field Measurements of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Electrodes of Different Materials

Author

Peacock, Ruth, Bellodi, Giulia, Burt, Graeme, Calatroni, Sergio, Da Palma Serafim, Catarina, Grudiev, Alexej, Lombardi, Alessandra, Perez Fontenla, Ana Teresa, Ramberger, Suitbert, Sargsyan, Edgar, Sgobba, Stefano, and Wuensch, Walter

Subjects
Accelerators and Storage Rings, Proton and Ion Accelerators and Applications, Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Beam loss occurs in Radio Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ), and has been observed in the H⁻ linear accelerator Linac4 (L4) at CERN. To determine if beam loss can induce breakdowns, and to compare the robustness of different materials, tests have been done using pulsed high-voltage DC systems. Electrical breakdown phenomena and conditioning processes have been studied using these systems. Cathodes of different materials were irradiated with 1.2x10¹⁹ H⁻ p/cm², the estimated beam loss of the L4 RFQ over 10 days. The irradiated electrodes were installed in a system to observe if the irradiated area coincided with the breakdown locations, with pulsing parameters similar to the RFQ. Tests of irradiated and non-irradiated electrodes of the same material were done for comparison. The main difference observed was an increase in the number of breakdowns during the initial conditioning that returned to non-irradiated sample values with further running. Visual observations after irradiation show the beam centre and a halo the same diameter of the beam pipe. Breakdown clusters occur in the centre and halo regions, suggesting irradiation is not the only factor determining the breakdown probability., Proceedings of the 31st International Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC2022, Liverpool, UK

Published
2022
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26. Microscopy Investigation on Different Materials After Pulsed High Field Conditioning and Low Energy H$^{-}$ Irradiation

Author

Da Palma Serafim, Catarina, Bellodi, Giulia, Calatroni, Sergio, Djurabekova, Flyura, Grudiev, Alexej, Lombardi, Alessandra, Peacock, Ruth, Perez Fontenla, Ana Teresa, Ramberger, Suitbert, Sargsyan, Edgar, Sgobba, Stefano, and Wuensch, Walter

Subjects
Proton and Ion Accelerators and Applications, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract

During operation the LINAC4 RFQ (Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole) is exposed to high electric fields which can lead to vacuum breakdown. It is also subject to beam loss that can cause surface modification, including blistering, which can result in reduced electric field handling and an increased breakdown rate. An experimental study has been made to identify materials with high electric field capability and robustness to low-energy irradiation. In this paper we briefly discuss the selection criteria and we analyze these materials investigating their metallurgical properties using advanced microscopic techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Back Scattered Diffraction, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and conventional optical microscopy. These allow to observe and characterize the different materials on aμand a nano-scale, allowing us to compare results before and after irradiation and breakdown testing., Proceedings of the 31st International Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC2022, Liverpool, UK

Published
2022

28. Design of New Resonant Haloscopes in the Search for the Dark Matter Axion: A Review of the First Steps in the RADES Collaboration

Author

Díaz-Morcillo, Alejandro, primary, García Barceló, José María, additional, Lozano Guerrero, Antonio José, additional, Navarro, Pablo, additional, Gimeno, Benito, additional, Arguedas Cuendis, Sergio, additional, Álvarez Melcón, Alejandro, additional, Cogollos, Cristian, additional, Calatroni, Sergio, additional, Döbrich, Babette, additional, Gallego-Puyol, Juan Daniel, additional, Golm, Jessica, additional, Irastorza, Igor García, additional, Malbrunot, Chloe, additional, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, additional, Peña Garay, Carlos, additional, Redondo, Javier, additional, and Wuensch, Walter, additional

Published
2021
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29. First results of the CAST-RADES haloscope search for axions at 34.67 μeV

Author

Álvarez Melcón, Alejandro, Arguedas Cuendis, Sergio, Baier, Justin, Barth, Klaus, Bräuninger, Heinrich, Calatroni, Sergio, Cantatore, Giovanni, Caspers, Fritz, Castel Pablo, Juan Francisco, Cetin, Serkant Ali, Cogollos Triviño, Cristian, Dafni, Theopisti, Davenport, Martyn, Dermenev, Alexander, Desch, Klaus, Díaz-Morcillo, Alejandro Benedicto, Döbrich, Babette, Fischer, Helene, Funk, Wolfgang, Gallego Puyol, Juan Daniel, García Barceló, José María, Gardikiotis, Antonios, Gracia Garza, Javier, Gimeno Martínez, Benito, Gninenko, Sergei, Golm, Jessica, Hasinoff, Michael D., Hoffmann, Dieter H.H., García Irastorza, Igor, Jakovčić, Krešimir, Kaminski, Jochen, Karuza, Marin, Lakic, Biljana, Laurent, Jean Michel, Lozano Guerrero, Antonio José, Luzón Marco, Gloria, Malbrunot, Chloé, Moroudas, Marios, Miralda Escudé, Jordi, Mirallas Sánchez, Héctor, Miceli, Lino, Navarro Lorente, Pedro Javier, Ozbey, Aydin, Özbozduman, Kaan, Peña Garay, Carlos, Pivovaroff, ‪Michael James, Redondo Martín, Javier, Ruz Armendáriz, Jaime, Ruiz Chóliz, Elisa, Schmidt, Sebastian, Schumann, Marc, Semertzidis, Yannis K., Solanki, Sami Khan, Stewart, L., Tsagris, Ioannis, Vafeiadis, Theodoros, Vogel, Julia Katharina, Wuensch, Walter, and Zioutas, Konstantin

Subjects
CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST), Teoría de la Señal y las Comunicaciones, Magnetic field, Relic Axion Dark-Matter Exploratory Setup (RADES), Axions, Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay (experiments), Dark matter, Sun, 21 Astronomía y Astrofísica
Abstract

We present results of the Relic Axion Dark-Matter Exploratory Setup (RADES), a detector which is part of the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST), searching for axion dark matter in the 34.67μeV mass range. A radio frequency cavity consisting of 5 sub-cavities coupled by inductive irises took physics data inside the CAST dipole magnet for the first time using this filter-like haloscope geometry. An exclusion limit with a 95% credibility level on the axion-photon coupling constant of gaγ & 4 × 10−13 GeV−1 over a mass range of 34.6738μeV < ma < 34.6771μeV is set. This constitutes a significant improvement over the current strongest limit set by CAST at this mass and is at the same time one of the most sensitive direct searches for an axion dark matter candidate above the mass of 25μeV. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of exploring a wider mass range around the value probed by CAST-RADES in this work using similar coherent resonant cavities We wish to thank our colleagues at CERN, in particular Marc Thiebert from the coating lab, as well as the whole team of the CERN Central Cryogenic Laboratory for their support and advice in speci c aspects of the project. We thank Arefe Abghari for her contributions as the project's summer student during 2018. This work has been funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) under project FPA-2016-76978-C3-2-P and PID2019-108122GB-C33, and was supported by the CERN Doctoral Studentship programme. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council and BD, JG and SAC acknowledge support through the European Research Council under grant ERC-2018-StG-802836 (AxScale project). BD also acknowledges fruitful discussions at MIAPP supported by DFG under EXC-2094 { 390783311. IGI acknowledges also support from the European Research Council (ERC) under grant ERC-2017-AdG-788781 (IAXO+ project). JR has been supported by the Ramon y Cajal Fellowship 2012-10597, the grant PGC2018-095328-B-I00(FEDER/Agencia estatal de investigaci on) and FSE-GA2017-2019-E12/7R (Gobierno de Aragón/FEDER) (MINECO/FEDER), the EU through the ITN \Elusives" H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015/674896 and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under grant SFB-1258 as a Mercator Fellow. CPG was supported by PROMETEO II/2014/050 of Generalitat Valenciana, FPA2014-57816-P of MINECO and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreements 690575 and 674896. AM is supported by the European Research Council under Grant No. 742104. Part of this work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344.

Published
2021

30. Measurements of Field Emission Induced Optical Spectra

Author

Peacock, Ruth, Burt, Graeme, Calatroni, Sergio, and Wuensch, Walter

Subjects
MC7: Accelerator Technology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Field emission induced optical spectra in a dc electrode system have been measured using a spectrometer and CCD camera system in order to gain insight into the nature of field emissions sites. Spectra were measured from between 2 ridged parallel copper electrodes with a gap ranging from 60µm to 100µm and a bias voltage of up to 8000V under high vacuum conditions. A strong correlation between the light intensity of the spectra and the measured field emitted current was observed as a function of applied voltage. A characteristic broadband spectrum ranging from 550nm and 850nm wavelength was observed but there were important features which varied as a function of observation angle, polarity, and conditioning state and also with time. Possible causes of the optical spectra being considered include black body radiation, optical transition radiation and cathode luminescence of copper. Further experiments are ongoing with an improved optical setup to increase optical alignment for measurements with different materials of electrodes, developing further understanding of the cause of the optical spectra, to provide understanding into characteristics and evolution of emission sites., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Published
2021

31. Shielded Pair Method for Cylindrical Surface Resistance Measurement at Cryogenic Temperature

Author

Brunner, Kristóf, Barna, Daniel, Calatroni, Sergio, and Caspers, Fritz

Subjects
MC7: Accelerator Technology, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract

The shielded pair resonator method was already used in the past at CERN to measure the surface resistivity of the LHC beam screen both at room temperature and cryogenic temperature. We have refined and adapted the measurement to be able to measure other types of beam screens and also to operate in a strong dipolar magnetic field. This is necessary for testing the properties of HTS coated beam screens or the possible effects of coatings and surface treatments for e-cloud suppression. Several calibration runs were done at cryogenic temperatures (4.2 K) measuring the surface resistivity of a copper pipe to identify the precision, stability and reproducibility achievable using this method. This work describes the challenges of the measurement and ways to mitigate them., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Published
2021
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32. RF characterisation of new coatings for future circular collider beam screens

Author

Krkotić, Patrick, Calatroni, Sergio, Granados, Xavier, Gutierrez, Joffre, Hannah, Adrian, Malyshev, Oleg, O'Callaghan Castella, Juan, Pérez, Francis, Pont, Montserrat, Puig, Teresa, Romanov, Artur, Tagdulang, Nikki, Telles, Guilherme, Valizadeh, Reza, Whitehead, David, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones

Subjects
MC7: Accelerator Technology, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Accelerators and Storage Rings, Col·lisionadors (Física nuclear), Accelerator Physics
Abstract

For the future high energy colliders being under the design at this moment, the choice of a low surface impedance beam screen coating material has become of fundamental importance to ensure sufficiently low beam impedance and consequently guaranteed stable operation at high currents. We have studied the use of high-temperature superconducting coated conductors as possible coating materials for the beam screen of the FCC-hh. In addition, amorphous carbon coating and laser-based surface treatment techniques are effective surface treatments to lower the secondary electron yield and minimise the electron cloud build-up. We have developed and adapted different experimental setups based on resonating structures at frequencies below 10 GHz to study the response of these coatings and their modified surfaces under the influence of RF fields and DC magnetic fields up to 9 T. Taking the FCC-hh as a reference, we will show that the surface resistance for REBCO-CCs is much lower than that of Cu. Further we show that the additional surface modifications can be optimised to minimise their impact on the surface impedance. Results from selected coatings will be presented., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Published
2021
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34. A Mathematica Notebook for the calculation of the anomalous skin effect in copper

Author

Calatroni, Sergio

Subjects
Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

This Mathematica Notebook allows calculating the RF surface impedance of copper, in the normal and anomalous skin effect regimes, for any value of frequency, temperature and magnetic field (thus including magnetoresistance effects). The anomalous skin effect appears when the electron mean free path is larger than the electromagnetic skin depth calculated from Maxwell’s equations, where the relationship between fields and current becomes non-local. This happens either at low temperatures, or for large frequencies. Formulas for calculating all relevant material quantities for copper are included in the Notebook.

Published
2020

38. Resistivity Characterization of Molybdenum-Coated Graphite-Based Substrates for High-Luminosity LHC Collimators

Author

Accettura, Carlotta, Amorim, David, Antipov, Sergey, Baris, Adrienn, Bertarelli, Alessandro, Biancacci, Nicolo, Calatroni, Sergio, Carra, Federico, Caspers, Fritz, Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso, Elisa, Guardia Valenzuela, Jorge, Kurtulus, Adnan, Mereghetti, Alessio, Metral, Elias, Redaelli, Stefano, Salvant, Benoit, Taborelli, Mauro, Vollenberg, Wilhelmus, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
beam stability, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, cavity, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, beam: coupling: impedance, eddy current, law.invention, molybdenum, Coating, law, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, Materials Chemistry, MoGr, grain size, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), graphite, collimator, Collimator, Surfaces and Interfaces, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, resistivity, SEM, LHC, collimators, performance, HL-LHC, safety, Materials science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], microstructure, engineering.material, collimator: design, Collimated light, FIB, Optics, four-probe, 0103 physical sciences, surface, 010306 general physics, Electrical impedance, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, carbon, beam: stability, Direct current, Accelerators and Storage Rings, lcsh:TA1-2040, impedance, engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), business, molybdenum coatings, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project aims at extending the operability of the LHC by another decade and increasing by more than a factor of ten the integrated luminosity that the LHC will have collected by the end of Run 3. This will require doubling the beam intensity and reducing the transverse beam size compared to those of the LHC design. The higher beam brightness poses new challenges for machine safety, due to the large energy of 700 MJ stored in the beams, and for beam stability, mainly due to the collimator contribution to the total LHC beam coupling impedance. A rich research program was therefore started to identify suitable materials and collimator designs, not only fulfilling impedance reduction requirements but also granting adequate beam-cleaning and robustness against failures. The use of thin molybdenum coatings on a molybdenum&ndash, graphite substrate has been identified as the most promising solution to meet both collimation and impedance requirements, and it is now the baseline choice of the HL-LHC project. In this work we present the main results of the coating characterization, in particular addressing the impact of coating microstructure on the electrical resistivity with different techniques, from Direct Current (DC) to GHz frequency range.

Published
2020

39. Behaviour of copper during initial conditioning in the pulse DC system

Author

Profatilova, Iaroslava, Wuensch, Walter, and Calatroni, Sergio

Subjects
Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

Conditioning is a process that is used to improve the quality of RF accelerating structures before starting operation at full field and power. Initial conditioning is based on a feedback algorithm that starting from reduced settings progressively brings operational parameters up to nominal conditions. The pulsed DC system at CERN has flat electrodes with large diameter, and one of its aims is to study initial conditioning with short DC pulses at high repetition rate, in order to compare the different preparation methods used for prototype RF accelerating structures. This report presents the results of the initial conditioning of OFE-copper electrodes which underwent different high-temperature heating cycles.

Published
2019

44. Resistivity Characterization of Molybdenum-Coated Graphite-Based Substrates for High-Luminosity LHC Collimators

Author

Accettura, Carlotta, primary, Amorim, David, additional, Antipov, Alekseyevichx, additional, Baris, Adrienn, additional, Bertarelli, Alessandro, additional, Biancacci, Nicolò, additional, Calatroni, Sergio, additional, Carra, Federico, additional, Caspers, Fritz, additional, García-Tabarés Valdivieso, Elisa, additional, Valenzuela, Jorge, additional, Kurtulus, Adnan, additional, Mereghetti, Alessio, additional, Métral, Elias, additional, Redaelli, Stefano, additional, Salvant, Benoit, additional, Taborelli, Mauro, additional, and Vollenberg, Wilhelmus, additional

Published
2020
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