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INTRODUCTION: Olive oil is a widely recognized and appreciated food commodity, its quality and health benefits can be compromised when the oil goes through oxidative processes that may occur during production and storage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the olive genotype on polar phenolic content after seven months of storage. METHODS: Oil produced from eight different olive cultivars (Leccino, Leccio del Corno, Moraiolo, Frantoio, Bianchera, Pendolino, Maurino, and Caninese) grown in southern Tuscany, Italy, were subjected to chemical analysis such as free fatty acids, peroxide value, K232 and K268, phenolics and UPLC-DAD at the beginning of the trial (Control) and seven months later (Stored). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Free fatty acids, peroxide values, K232 and K268, significantly increased, suggesting heightened hydrolysis and oxidation after storage. A cultivar effect was observed, with Leccino, Moraiolo, and Pendolino showing less susceptibility to oxidation (low differences between Control and Stored). In contrast, others (Bianchera and Caninese) are more affected (higher differences between Control and Stored). Phenolics analysis supports this observation, revealing that samples with higher resistance to oxidation exhibit elevated levels of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. Principal Component Analysis highlights that Bianchera and Caninese cultivars correlate with rutin, tyrosol, and pinoresinol. As this research delves into the intricate relationship between genotype diversity, phenolic composition, and oxidative stability, a nuanced understanding emerges, shedding light on how different cultivars may present varying compositions and concentrations of phenols, ultimately influencing the oils resistance to the oxidation that occurred during storage.

AIM: To translate and culturally adapt the FRAIL scale into Spanish and perform a preliminary test of diagnostic accuracy in patients admitted to intensive care units. DESIGN: Cross-sectional diagnostic study. METHODS: Five intensive care units (ICU) in Spain were participated. Stage 1: Three native Spanish-speaking bilingual translators familiar with the field of critical care translated the scale from English into Spanish. Stage 2: Three native English-speaking bilingual translators familiar with critical care medicine. Stage 3: Authors of the original scale compared the English original and back-translated versions of the scale. Stage 4: Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the comprehension and relevance of each of the items of the Spanish version in 30 patients of 3 different age ranges (65 years). RESULTS: The FRAIL scale was translated and adapted cross-culturally for patients admitted to intensive care units in Spain. The process consisted of four stages: translation, back translation, comparison and pilot test. There was good correspondence between the original scale and the Spanish version in 100% of the items. The participating patients assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of each of the items of the first Spanish version. The relevance of some of the items scored low when the scale was used in patients younger than 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: We have cross-culturally adapted the FRAIL scale, originally in English, to Spanish for its use in the critical care medical setting in Spanish-speaking countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS: Physicians and nurses can apply the new scale to all patients admitted to the intensive care units. Nursing care can be adapted according to frailty, trying to reduce the side effects of admission to these units for the most fragile patients. REPORTING METHOD: The manuscripts authors have adhered to the EQUATOR guidelines, using the COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on the measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: In a pilot clinical study, we applied the first version of the FRAIL-Spain scale to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of the five items of the first Spanish version. Relevance was assessed using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (no relevance) to 4 (high relevance), and comprehensibility was assessed as poor, acceptable or good. Each health professional applied the scale to three patients (total number of patients = 30) of three different age ranges (65 years) and recorded the time of application of the scale to each patient. Although the frailty scales were initially created by geriatricians to be applied to the elders, there is little experience with their application in critically ill patients of any age. Therefore, more information is needed to determine the relevance of using this scale in critical care patients. In this pilot study, we considered that nurses and critical care physicians should evaluate frailty using this adapted scale in adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units.

Self-regulation strategies and behaviors are important aspects of instrumental music learning because they allow students to set learning goals by testing and controlling their cognition, motivation, behaviors, and emotions. This work investigates the self-regulation processes of four young instrumentalists (aged 10-11 years) in their initial stages of viola and violin learning, during practice with Plectrus, a real-time instrumental intonation training and assessment software. The qualitative-hermeneutical nature of this research employed a multiple case study design to investigate the construct of self-regulation within a software-supported instrumental learning process. Data were collected from the participants' practice diaries over a 4-week period. The final practice session was also analyzed from audio-visual recordings. The results indicate that, despite their limited experience, the students showed a diversity of strategies and behaviors with which they self-regulated their cognitions, motivations, behaviors, and emotions. However, not all the students employed the same processes, and there was variability in the frequency of their use. One of the students showed more self-regulatory processes than the rest and achieved the best scores, although it has not been possible to establish a relationship between the scores and self-regulation.

Abstract We assessed whether multiplex real-time PCR plus conventional microbiological testing is safe and more effective than conventional microbiological testing alone for reducing antibiotic use in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). In this randomised trial, we recruited adults hospitalised with CAP at four Spanish hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to undergo either multiplex real-time PCR in non-invasive respiratory samples plus conventional microbiological testing or conventional microbiological testing alone. The primary endpoint was antibiotic use measured by days of antibiotic therapy (DOT). Between February 20, 2020, and April 24, 2023, 242 patients were enrolled; 119 were randomly assigned to multiplex real-time PCR plus conventional microbiological testing and 123 to conventional microbiological testing alone. All but one of the patients allocated to multiplex real-time PCR plus conventional microbiological testing underwent PCR, which was performed in sputum samples in 77 patients (65.2%) and in nasopharyngeal swabs in 41 (34.7%). The median DOT was 10.04 (IQR 7.98, 12.94) in the multiplex PCR plus conventional microbiological testing group and 11.33 (IQR 8.15, 16.16) in the conventional microbiological testing alone group (difference −1.04; 95% CI, −2.42 to 0.17; p = 0.093). No differences were observed in adverse events and 30-day mortality. Our findings do not support the routine implementation of multiplex real-time PCR in the initial microbiological testing in hospitalised patients with CAP. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT04158492.

Abstract Background The promotion of daily breakfast consumption and the importance of making appropriate breakfast choices have been underscored as significant public health messages. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between breakfast frequency and life satisfaction in large and representative samples of school-going children and adolescents aged 10–17 years from 42 different countries. Methods This study used information from the 2017/2018 Health Behavior in School-aged Children study, comprising nationally representative samples of children and adolescents aged 10–17 years who were attending school. The total number of participants from the 42 countries included in the study was 155,451 (51.3% girls). The evaluation of breakfast consumption in this study involved a specific question: “How often do you typically have breakfast (more than a glass of milk or fruit juice)?”. To measure life satisfaction, a subjective assessment scale was used in the form of a ladder, visually spanning from 0 to 10. On this scale, the topmost point (10) denotes the highest conceivable quality of life, whereas the bottom point (0) represents the worst imaginable quality of life. Results After adjusting for several covariates, the lowest estimated marginal mean of life satisfaction was identified in those participants who skipped breakfast (mean [M] = 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.5 to 5.8). Conversely, the highest estimated marginal mean of life satisfaction was observed in those who had breakfast every day (M = 6.5, 95% CI 6.3 to 6.6). Overall, a nearly linear relationship between higher frequency of breakfast and greater life satisfaction in children and adolescents was identified (p-for-trend

Abstract Emergency general surgeons often provide care to severely ill patients requiring surgical interventions and intensive support. One of the primary drivers of morbidity and mortality is perioperative bleeding. In general, when addressing life threatening haemorrhage, blood transfusion can become an essential part of overall resuscitation. However, under all circumstances, indications for blood transfusion must be accurately evaluated. When patients decline blood transfusions, regardless of the reason, surgeons should aim to provide optimal care and respect and accommodate each patient’s values and target the best outcome possible given the patient’s desires and his/her clinical condition. The aim of this position paper was to perform a review of the existing literature and to provide comprehensive recommendations on organizational, surgical, anaesthetic, and haemostatic strategies that can be used to provide optimal peri-operative blood management, reduce, or avoid blood transfusions and ultimately improve patient outcomes.

IntroductionHistorically, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related pituitary adenomas (PAs) were considered more aggressive and treatment-resistant than sporadic PAs. However, recent studies suggest similarities in their behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of MEN1 PAs and identify predictive factors.MethodsNationwide multicenter retrospective cohort study of MEN1-related PAs with a minimum 1-year follow-up, collecting patient demographics, germline MEN1 pathogenic variants (PV), PA size, secretory profile, radiological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes.ResultsWe analyzed 84 PAs, 69%in females and 31% in males (P

Normal aging presents subtle cognitive changes that can be detected before meeting the criteria for Mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Older people with low cognitive reserve and who receive limited cognitive stimulation are at greater risk of deterioration. In this regard, cognitive stimulation (CS) has been identified as an intervention that reduces this risk, provided that its design takes into account the differences in the level of cognitive reserve (CR) acquired throughout life and the baseline level of cognitive functioning. The general objective of this study is to evaluate, through a randomized clinical trial, the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive stimulation program, designed and adapted from Occupational Therapy based on the level of cognitive reserve in older adults in Primary Care. 100 participants will be randomized in a stratified manner according to the level of cognitive reserve (low/moderate/high), assigning 50 participants to the control group and 50 participants to the intervention group. The intervention group will carry out a computerized cognitive stimulation intervention designed and adapted from occupational therapy according to the level of cognitive reserve, through the “stimulus” platform. The main result expected to be achieved is the improvement of higher brain functions. As secondary results, we expect that those cognitive aspects most vulnerable to aging will decrease more slowly (in areas such as memory, executive function, attention and processing speed), and that the cognitive reserve of the participants will increase, in addition to being able to balance gender differences in these aspects. We think that these results can have a positive impact on the creation of adapted, meaningful and stimulating CS programs in older adults to prevent MCI and experience healthier aging.

Abstract Aim To develop a conceptual framework for nurses' protocol‐based care decision‐making. Design Miles & Huberman's bottom‐up approach to developing conceptual frameworks was followed, using data collected from a multiple embedded case study examining protocol‐based decision‐making by nurses in three hospital wards within a university hospital in northern Spain. Methods The qualitative data from the case study, obtained through documentary analysis, observations, and interviews, underwent a secondary analysis consisting of four steps: data reduction, data display, comparison, and drawing conclusions. Results The framework for protocol‐based care decision‐making comprises four components: (1) protocol‐based care, as a balance between standardisation and individualised care, (2) the process, (3) the context, and (4) the elements of protocol‐based care decision‐making. These components and their relationship as a context‐dependent, linear, variable and multifactorial process, directly influenced by the perception of risk, are described and illustrated. Conclusions This study provides a rigorous bottom‐up framework for nurses' protocol‐based care decision‐making. The framework could be a valuable resource for managers, clinical nurses, educators, and researchers to guide and evaluate nurses' decision‐making, leading to improved care quality and reduced variability in clinical practice. Furthermore, the framework lays a foundation for further research and practical applications. Impact This study addressed the problem of understanding nurses' protocol‐based care decision‐making and the need for a specific conceptual framework. The main findings of the study contribute to the development of a rigorous bottom‐up framework comprising four components of protocol‐based care decision‐making. The framework has the potential to improve care quality, reduce variability, enhance patient safety, and increase healthcare efficiency by guiding nurses' decision‐making in various healthcare settings. No Patient or Public Contribution Patient or public contribution was not applicable since the study focused on nurses' decision making.

Grafting onto pepper rootstock NIBER® is an effective strategy to mitigate water stress effects on the grafted variety. In this work, we comparatively explored the metabolomic responses to water stress in the pepper variety “Maestral F1” (V) grafted onto NIBER® (V/N) and self-grafted (V/V) by untargeted metabolomics on leaves and roots. Leaf water status was also evaluated by relative water content (RWC) and gas exchange measurements. Under water stress, the V/N water use efficiency (WUE) and leaf RWC were higher than V/V, in agreement with major stomata closure and water retention in leaves. V/N showed a tolerance response, which was manifested in the untargeted metabolomic analysis. NIBER® modulated the grafted variety response to water stress as reflected in the differential metabolomic profiles in leaves and roots. The V/N-enriched metabolic pathways showed that the NIBER® response to water stress involved cutin and suberin biosynthesis, which act as protection layers, and jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonates biosynthesis to favor signaling pathways. NIBER® did not induce flavonols and chlorophyll b synthesis, but likely promoted anthocyanins biosynthesis and maintained an undisturbed chlorophyll a:chlorophyll b ratio. Moreover, NIBER® increased vitamin B6, anthocyanins and stearic acid concentration in the variety leaves, whereas siroheme content rose in roots to improve nitrogen assimilation. Further studies are required to understand the contribution of secondary metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids, glycoalkaloids, and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, to NIBER® water stress tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Women are at increased risk for psychosocial stress-related anxiety disorders, yet mechanisms regulating this risk are unknown. Psychosocial stressors activate microglia, and the resulting neuroimmune responses that females exhibit heightened sensitivity to may serve as an etiological factor in their elevated risk. However, studies examining the role of microglia during stress in females are lacking. METHODS: Microglia were manipulated in the stress-sensitive locus coeruleus (LC) of female rats in the context of social stress in two ways. First, intra-LC lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0 or 3 μg/side, n = 5-6/group), a potent TLR4 agonist and microglial activator, was administered. One hour later, rats were exposed to control or an aggressive social defeat encounter between two males (WS, 15-min). In a separate study, females were treated with intra-LC or intra-central amygdala mannosylated liposomes containing clodronate (m-CLD; 0 or 25 μg/side, n = 13-14/group), a compound toxic to microglia. WS-evoked burying, cardiovascular responses, and sucrose preference were measured. Brain and plasma cytokines were quantified, and cardiovascular telemetry assessed autonomic balance. RESULTS: Intra-LC LPS augmented the WS-induced burying response and increased plasma corticosterone and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Further, the efficacy and selectivity of microinjected m-CLD was fully characterized. In the context of WS, intra-LC m-CLD attenuated the hypervigilant burying response during WS as well as the accumulation of intra-LC IL-1β. Intra-central amygdala m-CLD had no effect on WS-evoked behavior. CONCLUSIONS: These studies highlight an innovative method for depleting microglia in a brain region specific manner and indicate that microglia in the LC differentially regulate hypervigilant WS-evoked behavioral and autonomic responses.

This work presents an analysis of the didactic literature for the initial learning of intonation on violin and viola. Analysis has been conducted through a document-analysis design of 86 methods. The chosen analytic categories were: (1) contents (number of pitches and sequence of pitches presentation); (2) pedagogy (teaching approach and use of pizzicato); and (3) auxiliary learning resources (written accompaniments and audio resources). The results of the analysis allowed us to conclude that there is a great disparity in the number of pitches, which is reduced with the passage of time. Different sequences coexist in practically all the materials, and the traditional teaching approach occurs the most frequently in the documents analyzed. A homogeneous teaching approach is adopted in most of the documents, especially with the violin. Pizzicato is scarcely used as a didactic resource. There is a wide inclusion of written (accompaniments) and recorded (minus-one) auxiliary resources in the most modern documents. Based on these results, a methodological proposal for the initial learning of intonation on these instruments is presented.

En la investigación se determinan los aspectos esenciales del pensamiento de Bonifati Kedrov, desde la perspectiva marxista ciencia, tecnología y sociedad, como representante de la tradición europea ex socialista, a partir de sus obras con el objetivo de determinar su contribución a estos estudios; pues precisamente, desde la perspectiva de la integración ciencia-tecnología-sociedad, se continua el reto de nuevos estudios multidisciplinarios para profundizar de forma teórica y práctica en cómo lograr una sociedad científica y tecnológica más humanizada, capaz de rebasar la crisis de los paradigmas actuantes. Kedrov es considerado el más prestigioso de los teóricos soviéticos de la ciencia, resulta insuficiente la delimitación de las principales características de aquellas zonas de su quehacer científico que expresan una marcada contribución a los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología. En resumen, la atención al problema del contexto, así como, sus influencias en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología, constituye quizás la más cercana particularidad y aporte teórico de su pensamiento. Palabras clave: Kedrov, Tradición marxista, Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología. ABSTRACT The research determines the essential aspects of Bonifati Kedrov`s thought, from the Marxist perspective science, technology and society, as a representative of the ex-socialist European tradition, from his works with the aim of determining his contribution to these studies; Well, precisely, from the perspective of science-technology-society integration, the challenge of new multidisciplinary studies continues to deepen in a theoretical and practical way how to achieve a more humanized scientific and technological society, capable of overcoming the crisis of the acting paradigms. Kedrov is considered the most prestigious of the Soviet theorists of science, it is insufficient to delimit the main characteristics of those areas of his scientific work that express a marked contribution to the social studies of science and technology. In summary, attention to the problem of context, as well as its influences on the development of science and technology, constitutes perhaps the closest particularity and theoretical contribution of his thought. Keywords: Kedrov, Marxist tradition, Social Studies of Science and Technology

Highly efficient IR-blue light up-converting NaYF4: Yb3+, Eu2+ phosphors have been prepared by a template-free hydrothermal method under mild and reductive experimental conditions. It has been demonstrated that for a fixed reaction time and temperature (150 °C/4 h), the α → β NaYF4 conversion can be accurately controlled by modifying the F/Y ratio. UC emission spectroscopy reveals that IR-blue light emission efficiency is greatly improved when β-NaYF4 phase predominates. Under the experimental conditions set in this work, reaching full α → β conversion just by increasing fluoride content entails the co-crystallization of the secondary phase YF3 1.5NH3, but far from causing a detrimental effect on the optical properties, it has been found that the samples where both β-NaYF4 and YF3 1.5NH3 phases coexist, exhibit outstanding optical properties. Resumen: Fósforos anti-Stokes NaYF4: Yb3+, Eu2+ de alta eficiencia para la conversión de radiación infrarroja en luz azul han sido satisfactoriamente sintetizados mediante un procedimiento hidrotermal en medio reductor, en ausencia de «template» y bajo condiciones experimentales suaves. Se ha demostrado que, para un tiempo y temperatura de reacción dados (150 °C/4 h), el equilibrio entre las fases polimórficas α→β del NaYF4 puede ser controlado de manera precisa mediante la modificación de la relación F/Y en el medio de reacción. Los resultados obtenidos mediante espectroscopía de fluorescencia revelan que la eficiencia con la que los fósforos sintetizados transforman radiación IR en luz azul aumenta significativamente cuando la fase predominante es β-NaYF4. Bajo las condiciones experimentales establecidas en esta investigación, alcanzar una conversión α→β completa modificando únicamente el contenido de iones fluoruro conlleva la co-cristalización de la fase secundaria YF3 1.5NH3 pero, lejos de entrañar un efecto negativo, se ha comprobado que los materiales luminiscentes donde ambas fases β-NaYF4 e YF3 1.5NH3 coexisten, exhiben propiedades ópticas excepcionales.

Abstract Inferring relations from correlational data allows researchers across the sciences to uncover complex connections between variables for insights into the underlying mechanisms. The researchers often represent inferred relations using Gaussian graphical models, requiring regularization to sparsify the models. Acknowledging that the modular structure of these inferred networks is often studied, we suggest module-based regularization to balance under- and overfitting. Compared with the graphical lasso, a standard approach using the Gaussian log-likelihood for estimating the regularization strength, this approach better recovers and infers modular structure in noisy synthetic and real data. The module-based regularization technique improves the usefulness of Gaussian graphical models in the many applications where they are employed.

Abstract Forest soils harbor hyper-diverse microbial communities which fundamentally regulate carbon and nutrient cycling across the globe. Directly testing hypotheses on how microbiome diversity is linked to forest carbon storage has been difficult, due to a lack of paired data on microbiome diversity and in situ observations of forest carbon accumulation and storage. Here, we investigated the relationship between soil microbiomes and forest carbon across 238 forest inventory plots spanning 15 European countries. We show that the composition and diversity of fungal, but not bacterial, species is tightly coupled to both forest biotic conditions and a seven-fold variation in tree growth rates and biomass carbon stocks when controlling for the effects of dominant tree type, climate, and other environmental factors. This linkage is particularly strong for symbiotic endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi known to directly facilitate tree growth. Since tree growth rates in this system are closely and positively correlated with belowground soil carbon stocks, we conclude that fungal composition is a strong predictor of overall forest carbon storage across the European continent.

Introduction: Healthcare advances have allowed an increase in the survival of paediatric patients with neurological diseases. As a result, it is increasingly common to find these patients in adult neurology consultations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current level of consensus on the transition of neuropaediatric patients among neurology and paediatric professionals in the Balearic Islands. Material and methods: We conducted an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study through an anonymous questionnaire consisting of 27 questions, which was distributed to neurologists, paediatric neurologists, hospital paediatricians, and primary care paediatricians in the healthcare network of the Balearic Islands. It was developed using Google Forms and distributed by the competent professional societies. Consensus was considered to exist for answers with 70% or more agreement. Results: Responses were received from 58 professionals; 46.6% were hospital paediatricians, 29.9% were neurologists, 13.8% were paediatric neurologists, and 13.8% were primary care paediatricians. Among other issues, consensus was observed on the need for a transition programme for patients with neurological diseases. No consensus was observed regarding the duration of the transition (P=.029) and how long simultaneous follow-up must last after the transfer (P=.09). Conclusions: Due to increased survival rates, there is a need to create transition programmes for paediatric patients with neurological diseases. In our study, more than 70% of professionals believed that it would be beneficial to create such programmes. Resumen: Introducción: Los avances sanitarios han permitido un aumento de la supervivencia de pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades neurológicas. Por ello, cada vez es más frecuente encontrarlos en consultas de neurología de adultos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el nivel de consenso actual sobre la transición del paciente neuropediátrico entre los profesionales de la neurología y de la pediatría de nuestra comunidad autónoma. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal a través de una encuesta anónima que consta de 27 preguntas realizada a neurólogos, neuropediatras, pediatras hospitalarios y pediatras de atención primaria de la red sanitaria de las Islas Baleares. Se ha llevado a cabo mediante un formulario Google y la difusión se ha realizado a través de las sociedades profesionales correspondientes. Se considera que existe consenso en aquellas respuestas que han obtenido el 70% o más de coincidencia. Resultados: Han respondido 58 participantes, donde el 46,6% son pediatras hospitalarios, 29,9% neurÓlogos, 13,8% neuropediatras y 13,8% pediatras de atención primaria. Se ha alcanzado consenso, entre otras cuestiones, en la necesidad de un programa de transición para pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas. No se ha alcanzado en la duración de la transición (p = 0,029) y cuánto tiempo tiene que durar el seguimiento simultáneo tras la transferencia (p = 0,09). Conclusiones: Debido a la mayor supervivencia de los pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades neurológicas se plantea la necesidad de crear programas de transición para estos pacientes. En nuestro estudio más del 70% de los profesionales cree que sería beneficioso formar programas de transición.