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At present, the deficiency of β-cell function is progressive in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exenatide cannot only control blood glucose well, but also promotes the regeneration and proliferation of islet β-cells and improves the function of β cells. However, it needs to be given twice a day, and there are many adverse reactions such as nausea. PEGylated exenatide (study code: PB-119) needs to be administered only once a week. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an escalating dose regimen of subcutaneous PEGylated exenatide injections in healthy subjects. Twelve healthy young adult subjects in each group received once-weekly subcutaneous injections of 165 μg, 330 μg, and 660 μg PEGylated exenatide for 6 weeks. Plasma drug concentration was determined in venous blood collected across selected time points. Safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring adverse events, laboratory parameters, and electrocardiogram. Blood glucose, insulin, glucagon and C peptide were monitored at different time points to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of PEGylated exenatide. A total of 11, 10, and 12 subjects completed the study in 165 µg, 330 µg, and 660 µg dose groups, respectively. After 6 consecutive weeks of administration, the t1/2 in the 165 μg, 330 μg, and 660 µg dose groups was 55.67 ± 11.03 h, 56.99 ± 21.37 h, and 54.81 ± 13.87 h, respectively. The Cavg was 4.22 ± 0.78 ng/ml, 6.03 ± 1.43 ng/ml, and 10.50 ± 3.06 ng/ml, respectively. AUCss was 708.59 ± 131.87 h•ng/ml, 1012.63 ± 240.79 h•ng/ml, and 1763.81 ± 514.50 h•ng/ml, respectively. The accumulation index was 1.15 ± 0.07, 1.17 ± 0.11, and 1.14 ± 0.07. The CLss/F was 241.25 ± 51.13 ml/h, 341.53 ± 73.62 ml/h, and 450.06 ± 313.76 ml/h, respectively. A total of 10 of 36 (27.78%) subjects in the three dose groups developed specific antibodies after consecutive subcutaneous injections of PEGylated exenatide. The Cavg and Cmax were higher than those of antibody-negative subjects. Furthermore, in antibody-positive subjects, CLss/F, t1/2, AUCτ, accumulation index, MRT(0–inf) and other parameters were lower than those of antibody-negative subjects. In the 165 μg dose group, two subjects (16.67%) experienced 4 adverse events. In the 330 μg dose group, no subjects reported adverse events. In the 660 μg dose group, 8 subjects (66.67%) reported 16 adverse events, which were mostly gastrointestinal. There were no significant changes in the pharmacodynamic parameters except the glucagon level at day 36 in the 660 µg dose group, the 2h postprandial insulin and C peptide levels at day 36 and day 50 in the 165 μg dose group compared with baseline (− 1 day). A once-weekly subcutaneous injection of 165 µg and 330 µg PEGylated exenatide is safe. No significant effects on blood glucose or pancreatic hormone levels were observed in the subjects within these dose groups. The pharmacokinetic parameters of PEGylated exenatide may be affected by immunogenicity. The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (No. NCT03062774).

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone (TBN) in healthy Chinese volunteers. Methods A single-ascending-dose (SAD) study where 68 subjects were randomized to a single dose of placebo or TBN (50, 100, 200, 400, 700, 1,000, 1,400, or 1,800 mg) through IV infusion over 30 min. A multiple-ascending-dose (MAD) study where 24 subjects received TBN twice daily (with 12 hr interval) for total 6.5 days at doses of either 700 or 1,400 mg. Adverse events were recorded and pharmacokinetic samples were collected during the whole study period. Results No serious adverse events were found in the study. All of the observed adverse events, including increased white blood cell (4.4% subjects) and neutrophil counts (4.4% subjects), and decreased hemoglobin levels (4.2% subjects), were laboratory test abnormalities. All the adverse events were mild and tolerable, and returned to normal without any intervention. In the SAD study, linear Cmax values were observed in the dose interval of 50-1,800 mg. In the MAD study, the average steady-state concentrations (Cavg.ss ) of TBN in the 700 and 1,400 mg dose group were 2,407 and 5,837 ng/ml, respectively. No drug accumulation was observed in this study. Conclusions TBN is well tolerated in healthy volunteers. Linear Cmax values were observed in the interval of 50-1,800 mg, and target exposures of TBN were achieved without accumulation after twice daily administration to subjects. (This study has been registered at ChiCTR.org.cn. Identifier: ChiCTR1800016225 and ChiCTR1800019627.).

In this study, we investigate atom--dimer scattering within the framework of the hyperspherical method. The coupled channel Schr\"odinger equation is solved using the R-matrix propagation technique combined with the smooth variable discretization method. In the matching procedure, the asymptotic wave functions are expressed in the rotated Jacobi coordinates. We apply this approach to the elastic scattering $^{3}$He(T$\uparrow$) + $^{4}$He$_{2}$ and H$\uparrow$ + H$\uparrow$Li processes. The convergence of the scattering length as a function of the propagation distance is studied. We find that the method is reliable and can provide considerable savings over previous propagators.

Exenatide promotes insulin secretion and inhibits postprandial glucagon secretion. Polyethylene glycolated exenatide injection (PB-119), a derivative obtained by modification of exenatide, is more stable in metabolic behavior than exenatide in vivo. Our study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of polyethylene glycolated exenatide as a single subcutaneous injection in healthy volunteers. Seventy subjects were randomly assigned to 8 incremental dosage groups (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg). The 2- to 50-µg groups had 8 subjects in each group (the ratio of test preparation to placebo was 3:1), and the 100- to 400-µg groups had 10 subjects in each group (the ratio of test preparation to placebo was 4:1). All the subjects received a single subcutaneous injection of polyethylene glycolated exenatide and placebo according to the dosage groups. The tolerability test was conducted in the 2- to 10-µg groups. The pharmacokinetic test was carried out in the 25- to 400-µg groups, and plasma samples were collected to determine the pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycolated exenatide. After medication, the vital signs of the subjects were monitored, and laboratory tests and electrocardiogram tests were carried out regularly in all the subjects. All 70 subjects completed the experiment. Except for the 5-µg and 10-µg groups, the safety and tolerability tests showed no adverse reactions in the 2-µg to 50-µg groups. Several subjects in the 100-µg and 200-µg groups had tolerable gastrointestinal tract reactions, and all subjects in the 400-µg group experienced adverse reactions, mainly gastrointestinal tract reactions and liver dysfunction. The pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycolated exenatide was studied in 36 subjects, which showed slow absorption, a mean peak time of 20–40 h, and a mean elimination half-life of 51–64 h. The administration of polyethylene glycolated exenatide injection at a single dose of 2–200 µg is safe and tolerable for healthy volunteers. Once-weekly polyethylene glycolated exenatide injection can be recommended. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (No. NCT02084251).

In this study, we investigate the three-body recombination (TBR) rates on both sides of the interspecies $d$-wave Feshbach resonance in the $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ -$^{87}\mathrm{Rb}\ensuremath{-}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ system using the $R$-matrix propagation method in the hyperspherical coordinate frame. Our calculations are based on the Lennard-Jones model potential for the Rb-Rb interaction. Two different mechanisms of recombination-rate enhancement for positive and negative $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ -$^{87}\mathrm{Rb} d$-wave scattering lengths are analyzed. On the positive-scattering-length side, recombination-rate enhancement occurs due to the existence of three-body shape resonance, while on the negative-scattering-length side, the coupling between the lowest entrance channel and the highest recombination channel is crucial to the appearance of the enhancement. In addition, our study shows that the intraspecies interaction has a significant role in determining the emergence of recombination-rate enhancements. Compared to the case in which the three pairwise interactions are in $d$-wave resonance, when the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}\ensuremath{-}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ interaction is near the $d$-wave resonance, the values of the interspecies scattering length that produce the recombination enhancement shift. In particular, when the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}\ensuremath{-}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ interaction is away from the $d$-wave resonance, the enhancement disappears on the side with negative interspecies scattering length.

As multiple invaders co-occur in similar habitats, understanding the interactions between different invasive species is very important. Invasional meltdown and neutral and interference relationships have been reported. However, interspecific interactions may vary with environmental change due to the different responses of various invaders. To better understand the interaction of notorious invasive alien plants under global climate change, the growth characters of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were compared when they were planted in monoculture or mixed culture under four environmental treatments: elevated CO2, enriched N, elevated CO2 + enriched N and a control. The results showed that 1) the plant height, basal stem diameter, and shoot, root, and total biomass of common ragweed all consistently increased in response to the treatments, while the growth traits of redroot pigweed were all inhibited. A significant CO2×N interaction was found only for the shoot and total biomass of common ragweed. 2) Invasional interference between these two notorious alien invasive plants was discovered. Common ragweed consistently displayed an obvious competitive advantage over redroot pigweed regardless of treatment. 3) Elevated CO2 and enriched N obviously changed the seed mass frequency distribution of common ragweed: elevated CO2 increased the proportion of small seeds, while enriched N increased the proportion of large seeds. We conclude that common ragweed can outcompete redroot pigweed; moreover, elevated CO2 and N addition hasten this competitive advantage.

Holotype depository was not indicated for the new species, Stenus (Hypostenus) primivenatus and Stenus (Hypostenus) yiae, described as new in the publication Zhao & Zhou (2008). Missing this important message made these two species-group names unavailable according to the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code, ICZN, 1999: Article 16.4). This problem was first denoted by Schülke, M. & Smetana, A. (2015).

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a natural product with certain antitumor activity. In order to enhance the cytotoxicity, a total of eighteen derivatives of GA were designed and synthesized. Their cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231cells (human breast cancer cells) and HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cells), were evaluated by the MTT method (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The results indicated that these target compounds have a wide molar activity range and some of them show better activity than the commercial drugs gefitinib and doxorubicin. Compound 6g induces apoptosis of 7, 10 and 44% of MDA-MB-231 cells at 5, 10, and 20 µM, respectively. ispartof: BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN vol:43 issue:1 pages:102-109 ispartof: location:Japan status: published

Genetic variation and population structure may reflect important information for invasion success of exotic plant species and thus help improve management of invasive plants. Spartina alterniflora is an invasive plant that is a major threat to the economy and environment of the coastal regions in China. We analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of six populations of S. alterniflora differing in invasion histories in Guangxi, China. A total of 176 individuals from the six populations produced 348 AFLP fragments. The average heterozygosity was significantly lower than in the native population. And genetic bottlenecks were also detected in most populations. Standardized FST statistics (Φpt = 0.015) and AMOVA results indicated weak genetic differentiation. Genetic admixture and obviously isolation by distance indicated populations in Guangxi come from a pre-admixed population by a single introduction. High phenotypic variations of S. alterniflora in Guangxi influenced by soil salinity and temperature might be an important reason for the successful invasion.

Objective: The objective of this trial is to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of benapenem administrated by single or multiple intravenous infusions in healthy Chinese volunteers. Methods: The trial was divided into 3 parts. Part A: 94 subjects were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, sequential ascending single-dose study. The subjects were randomly assigned to groups receiving placebo or benapenem for injection at doses of 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 or 3000 mg, respectively. The effects of intravenous infusion time on the subjects of 250, 500 and 1000 mg group were explored. Part B: 12 subjects were enrolled in a single-dose PK study under fasting conditions receiving 250, 500 or 1000 mg of benapenem for injection. Part C: 36 subjects were given 250, 500 and 1000 mg of benapenem for injection once daily for 7 consecutive days. Findings: The results showed that benapenem for injection was well tolerated during the studies. The major observed adverse events were mild and all were resolved spontaneously without any medical intervention. Benapenem was mainly excreted through the kidneys in the form of parent molecule and metabolites. Implications: The PK and safety profiles of benapenem in healthy Chinese volunteers support its once-daily dosing in future clinical investigations. (Part A, Part B & Part C has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT03588156, NCT03578588 & NCT03570970, respectively.)

In this study, headspace solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and GC-olfactometry were used to analyze the key aroma compounds in three types of rose-based products, including low-temperature extracts (LTEs), high-temperature extracts (HTEs), and rose drinks (RDs). In combination with the Guadagni theory, it was confirmed that the key aroma components of LTE were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, and eugenol. The main aroma compounds in HTE were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, eugenol, linalool, and rose oxide. The four key aroma compounds in RDs were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, eugenol, geraniol, and linalool.

The Three-Body Parameter(3BP) $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-}$ is crucial to understanding Efimov physics, and a universal 3BP has been shown in experiments and theory in ultracold homonuclear gases. The 3BP of heteronuclear systems was predicted to possess much richer properties than the homonuclear counterparts for the large parameter space. In this work, we investigate the universal properties of $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-}$ for the Heavy-Heavy-Light(HHL) system with negative intraspecies scattering length $a_{\scriptscriptstyle HH}$. We find that $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-}$ follows a universal behavior determined by the van der Waals(vdW) interaction and the mass ratio. An analytic formula of $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-}$ is given as a function of $a_{\scriptscriptstyle HH}$, which allows an intuitive understanding of how does $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-}$ depend on the mass ratio and the vdW length $r_{\scriptscriptstyle vdW}$. In a special case, when the two heavy atoms are in resonance, $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-}$ is approximately a constant: $a^{\scriptscriptstyle(1)}_{\scriptscriptstyle-} = -(6.3\pm0.6)\, r_{\scriptscriptstyle vdW,HL}$.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.

Chinfloxacin hydrochloride is a novel tricyclic fluorinated quinolone in development for treatment of conventional and biothreat infections. This first-in-human randomized study in Chinese healthy subjects was divided into 5 parts. Part A was a single-ascending-dose study to assess safety and tolerability of chinfloxacin. The single-dose pharmacokinetic study, a food effect study, and a multiple-dose pharmacokinetics study were conducted in parts B, C, and D, respectively. Part E was a randomized, placebo-controlled and positive-control single-dose, crossover study to evaluate the effect of chinfloxacin on thorough electrocardiographic QT/corrected QT (QTc) interval. The results suggest that single and multiple oral administrations of chinfloxacin were well tolerated. The observed adverse events (AEs) were dizziness, nausea, weakness, photosensitive dermatitis, and increased frequency of defecation. All AEs were mild and were resolved spontaneously without any treatment. The time to peak plasma concentration (T(max) and C(max), respectively) was about 2 h, and the half-life was 14 to 16 h. Food slightly affected the drug’s rate and extent of absorption, increasing the T(max) from 1.60 to 2.59 h and reducing the C(max) by 13.6% and area under the concentration-time curve by 8.95%. Chinfloxacin at 400 mg had no effect on prolongation of QT/QTc intervals. Although 600 mg chinfloxacin had a mild effect on the prolongation of the QT/QTc interval, the effect was less pronounced than that of the positive control, 400 mg moxifloxacin. The pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of chinfloxacin in healthy Chinese volunteers support its once-daily dosing in future clinical investigations. (This study has been registered at www.ChiCTR.org.cn under identifiers ChiCTR-TRC-10001619 for parts A to D and ChiCTR1800015906 for part E.)

This paper treats the S. cephalotes group and S. indubius group (Coleoptera: Steninae) from China and includes description of one new species: Stenus wujiei Lv, Zhao & Zhou, sp. nov. from Hubei, China. S. detestabilis Puthz and S. hui Tang & Puthz are newly recorded to Hubei Province. Their diagnostic characters are illustrated.

This is a taxonomic study on the genus Stenus Latreille (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) from China and includes descriptions of three new species: Stenu s renjiafenicus Lv et Zhou, sp. nov., from Yunnan, Stenus longchishanicus Lv et Zhou, sp. nov., from Sichuan, and Stenus napoensis Lv et Zhou, sp. nov., from Guangxi, with illustrations and photos of the taxonomic characters. A latest key to all Chinese species of Stenus tenuimargo group is modified to include the new species. The following 4 Stenus species, S. feae Fauvel, 1895, S. claritarsis Puthz, 1971 S. malickyi Puthz, 2008, and S. iustus Puthz, 1976 are newly recorded to China and are redescribed, with illustrations and photos of the taxonomic characters.

This paper treats the Stenus tenuimargo group (Coleoptera: Steninae) from China and includes descriptions of two new species: Stenus nabanhensis Lv et Zhou, sp. nov., from Yunnan Province and Stenus zhangyejunianus Lv et Zhou, sp. nov., from Sichuan Province. Their diagnostic characters are illustrated and a key to all Chinese species of the group is provided.

We compared the ground-dwelling beetle assemblages under four scenarios in which transgenic Bt (Cry 1Ac) cotton (33B), transgenic Bt (Cry 1Ac)+CpTI cotton (SGK321), conventional cotton (33), conventional cotton (Shiyuan 321) in North China. During the survey in two years (2009–2010), 24 ground beetle species were captured with pitfall traps in 20 plots which included five replicates for each cotton type. No significant difference was observed in the number of ground beetle species captured, activity density, evenness and Shannon-Wiener diversity among the four cotton varieties. Chlaenius posticalis was less abundant in transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton (SGK321) fields than its conventional cotton (Shiyuan 321), but more abundant in transgenic Bt cotton (33B) fields compared with its conventional cotton (33). There was no significant difference for other abundant species between in transgenic cotton and in conventional cotton fields. Based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis, ground-dwelling beetle assemblages were similar in transgenic and conventional cotton over the two years, but the ground-dwelling beetle assemblages in transgenic cotton 33B significantly differed from that in the conventional cotton (strain 33) in 2010. No strong evidence that the transgenic cotton effect on ground-dwelling beetle assemblages was found in this study.

Purpose Nemonoxacin, a nonfluorinated quinolone, has been approved in Taiwan and mainland China for the treatment of bacterial infection. Whether nemonoxacin is associated with the adverse events of other quinolones, such as the risk for QT-interval prolongation, which has led to the withdrawal of several fluoroquinolones from the market, needs to be elucidated. Methods The effects of nemonoxacin on thorough QT/QTc interval was investigated in this randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled crossover study conducted according to the International Conference on Harmonisation E14 guideline. Forty-eight healthy adults received a single oral dose of nemonoxacin 500 mg (therapeutic dose), nemonoxacin 750 mg (supratherapeutic dose), moxifloxacin 400 mg (positive control), or placebo in 1 of 4 cohorts (Williams Latin square design) in the fasted condition. After a 7-day washout, 6 male and 6 female subjects were orally administered a 500-mg dose of nemonoxacin after high-fat food intake. The primary end point was the change in QT interval corrected for heart rate using the Fridericia formula (QTcF). The secondary end point was the change in QT interval corrected for heart rate using the Bazett formula (QTcB). Findings The study revealed that nemonoxacin was classified as not likely dangerous at the therapeutic dose (500 mg) and as potentially dangerous at the supratherapeutic dose (750 mg). The Tmax of nemonoxacin was 1 to 2 hours after administration, and the elimination half-life was 5 to 7 hours, in the fasted conditions. High-fat food intake had significant effects on the Tmax, Cmax, AUC0–∞, and QT/QTc interval of nemonoxacin compared with these values in the fasted condition. A correlation between QTcF and the plasma drug concentration of nemonoxacin was not observed. Implications Nemonoxacin at the clinically therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses had a prolongation effect on QT/QTc. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03362853.

This study is aimed to explore the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined application on the active components of Rhodiola crenulata. R. crenulata was used as the research object, "3414" fertilization experiment were conducted with regular fertilization of NPK(N 60 kg·hm⁻², P₂O₅ 100 kg·hm⁻²,KCl 160 kg·hm⁻²) to study the effect of different rates of NPK fertilization on the total amount of 4 phenolic constituents of gallic acid, salidroside, tyrol and ethyl gallate through field test. The results show that the content of salidroside was higher in the treatment of N₁P₂K₁ and N₁P₂K₂, andthe total amount of four phenols was higher in the treatment of N₁P₂K₂ and N₂P₂K₂. The suitable level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium promoted the accumulation of the 4 kinds of phenols.The amount of fertilizer recommended by the three factor fertilizer effect equation,(N 0 kg·hm⁻²,P₂O₅ 150 kg·hm⁻²,KCl 31.71 kg·hm⁻²) obtained the highest content of salidroside, and it was 1.54%.（N 35.54 kg·hm⁻²,P₂O₅ 150 kg·hm⁻²,KCl 237.73 kg·hm⁻²）obtained the highest content of 4 kinds of phenolic compounds, and it was 1.93%. This study provides a reference for the standardization of artificial planting of endangered Tibetan medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support system (TCMISS, V2.5) was used in this study to analyze the common medicines, frequency of medicine combination, core herbal combinations and new prescriptions for the treatment of plateau disease from the Four-Volume Medical Code, Mannose Herbal Mirror and other related books. TCMISS V2.5 software was used to construct the database of drug treatment for plateau disease. The frequency analysis and association rules apriori algorithm, improved mutual information method and other data mining methods were used to explore the law of drug compatibility. After the analysis of 531 prescriptions for plateau disease, 20 common symptoms of plateau disease were summarized such as insomnia and tinnitus. There were 539 kinds of herbs in the plateau disease prescriptions, including 33 kinds of herbs whose medicinal frequency=50, such as Terminalia chebula and Myristica fragrans, and T. chebula had the highest medicinal frequency; 14 commonly used herbal combinations, and "Aucklandia lappa-T. chebula" had the highest frequency; 13 core herbal combinations were obtained after entropy clustering analysis, including 8 combinations of three herbs such as "Allium sativum-Carum carvi-Ferula sinkiangensis" and 5 combinations of four herbs such as "A. lappa-Aquilaria sinensis-Ewgewia caryophyllata-Myristica fragrans", and 5 new prescriptions such as "A. sativum-C. carvi-F. sinkiangensis-A. lappa-Choerospondia axillaris-A. sinensis-M. fragrans". The main symptom of "insomnia" was chosen to analyze the treatment of insomnia, and the core herbal combinations mainly including A. sinensis, T. chebula, and C. axillaris as well as the new prescriptions mainly containing Carthamus tinctorius, Meconopsis horridnla, and Punica granatum were obtained. The prescriptions for the treatment of plateau disease were clarified by TCM inheritance system, and the clinical prescription regularity and characteristics of the combination of common medicines were summarized, to provide reference and new ideas for its clinical application and development of new drug research.

With the rapid development of Tibetan medicine industry, the study on plateau medicinal plants' endangered status is not enough, measures to protect is weak and the plateau ecological environment' inherent vulnerability, resulted in the shortage of Tibetan medicinal resources and affect the sustainable development . According to the existing endangered information of Tibetan medicine resources, how to formulate feasible protection plan, is an urgent problem of the rational development and utilization of Tibetan medicine resources to be solved. To find out the endangered Tibetan medicines in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the Grade division method of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants was applied, the endangered species were sorted out, which divided into class one (threatened) eleven species, class two (rare) twenty-one species, and class three (fading) forty-two species,a total of seventy-four species.In addition to national protection list in "Chinese rare and endangered plants". It's proposed to increase the endangered Tibetan medicinal species. Finally, according to the endangered status of the resources,from the survey of endangered Tibetan medicinal species regularly, the germplasm repository establishment of endangered Tibetan medicine, in situ conservation, artificial cultivation research and renew the idea, reasonable development and utilization, a total of 5 aspects to discussed the protection strategy, to provide a scientific basis for the protection and sustainable utilization of Tibetan medicine resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The study aims at providing a new suitable way to promote artificial cultivation, solving the problem of resources increasingly endangered wild medicine, and protecting the wild resources of Tibetan medicine. The content of quercetin,kaempferol and isorhamnetin was determined by HPLC. The correlation between flavonoids components and ecological factors was analyzed using partial least-squares regression (PLSR). Based on Maxent model combining using ArcGIS software, suitable regionalization for H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis was studied.The results showed that the difference of quercetin,kaempferol and isorhamnetin content in samples from different regions were obvious. The main factors effecting quercetin content accumulation were the altitude andthe average monthly precipitation in January and August. The main factors effecting kaempferol accumulation were the altitude andthe average monthly precipitation in the coldest quarter and December. The main factors effecting isorhamnetin accumulation were the average monthly precipitation in August, January and the coldest quarter.The regional distribution suitability index for H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis was 0-0.708. The suitable area 590 500 km², accounting for 6.13% of the total area. The preferably suitable area was 552 500 km², accounting for 5.73% of the total area.The methods used in the study is simple and feasible, the result is reliable which provide a new approach for Tibetan medicine resources sustainable exploitation and utilization.

To determine the inhibitory potential of 2 new fluoroquinolones, caderofloxacin and antofloxacin, together with 4 marketed fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, on the activity of cytochrome P450 isoforms 1A2 (CYP1A2) and 2C9 (CYP2C9).Probe substrates, phenacetin (CYP1A2), and tolbutamide (CYP2C9) were incubated with human liver microsomes and the metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization in positive or negative mode. Glipizide was used as the internal standard in both modes. The inhibitory potential of fluoroquinolones on CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 was investigated.The IC50 values (micromol/L) determined with the cocktail were in agreement with individual probe substrates (alpha-naphthoflavone: 0.27 vs 0.26; sulfaphenazole: 0.49 vs 0.37). Ciprofloxacin showed weak inhibition on both the activity of CYP1A2 (IC50 135 micromol/L) and CYP2C9 (IC50 180 micromol/L), whereas levofloxacin inhibited only CYP2C9 (IC50 210 micromol/L). Caderofloxacin, antofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin showed little or no inhibition on the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2C9 when tested at comparable concentrations (0-200 mg/L).Caderofloxacin, antofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin are negligible inhibitors to CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The in vitro system can be used as a high-throughput model to screen similar compounds for the early identification of drug-drug interaction potential.

We study the Stenus cicindeloides species group in China, which belongs to the subgenus Hypostenus Rey 1884 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Steninae). This species group is defined and some characters like the inner structures of aedeagus are emphasized. Two new species of this group are described: Stenus (Hypostenus) primivenatus n. sp. and S. (H.) yiae n. sp. A key to all species of the cicindeloides group of China is preposed. Important morphological characters like those of 8th and 9th abdominal sternites of male, aedeagus, spermatheca and hind wings are illustrated.

Two new species of the genus Stenus Latreille (subgenus Stenus s. str.) are described: Stenus (s. str.) affinisecretus, sp. n., from Beijing, and S. (s. str.) guandiensis, sp. n., from Shanxi, China. These two new species were collected in the mountain areas. Important morphological characters, like those of hind wings, 8th and 9th abdominal sternites of male, and the aedeagus are illustrated for the new species. All the types are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.

With the development of Tibetan medicine industry, the demands for Tibetan medicine were rising sharply. In addition, with the eco-environment vulnerability of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region and the phenomenon of synonymies and homonymies in Tibetan medicine, there were a lack of resources and varieties in the clinical application of Tibetan medicine. At present, the shortage of Tibetan medicine and the inadequacy of its quality standard have become the two major problems that seriously restricted the sustainable development of Tibetan medicine industry. Therefore, it is important to develop the resources investigation and quality evaluation for Tibetan medicine, which were contribute to its resources protection and sustainable utilization. In this paper, current status of resources investigation, quality standardization, artificial breeding and germplasm resources of Tibetan medicine were presented by the integrated application of the new technologies, such as DNA barcoding and 1H-NMR, which provided a reference information for resources protection, sustainable utilization, variety identification and quality standardization of Tibetan medicine resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Three new species of the genus Stenus Latreille (subgenus Stenus) are described: Stenus (s. str.) asprohumilis, sp. n., from Shanxi, S. (s. str.) conseminiger, sp. n., from Shaanxi and S. (s. str.) ambiseminiger, sp. n., from Heilongjiang province. In addition, the paper reviews the history of exploration of the Chinese species of the subgenus Stenus. Some important morphological features like hind wing, the male eighth and ninth abdominal sternites, the aedeagus and the spermatheca are illustrated for the new species. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

This paper describes a new species, Micropeplus dentatus, sp. nov., of the rove beetle subfamily Micropeplinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Zhejiang Province, China. The new species belongs to tesserula group of the genus Micropeplus and is characterized mainly by two discal costae on elytron and no punctures on dorsal surface, strong carina on vertex, strong pseudepipleura and its special genitalia. It is similar to Micropeplus sharpi Sawada from Japan. The type specimens are deposited at the Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

China is one of the origin centers of rice (Oryza sativa), with a distribution of abundant wild rice germplasm resources. Since the biosafety certificates were issued to Bt transgenic rice containing cry1Ac gene against lepidopteran pests, concerns are raised on the gene flow from transgenic rice to its wild relatives. This paper reviewed the occurrence of transgenic rice gene flow and its potential ecological consequences. Most studies suggested that transgenic rice could successfully hybridize with cultivated rice, wild rice (O. rufipogon), red rice (O. sativa f. spontanea), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa caudata), and the gene flow from transgenic rice had a lower occurrence frequency and was highly variable. Once the gene flow successfully occurred, the transgenes could introgress into a wild population within only a few generations because of the fitness advantage of transgenic rice due to the new selective traits of transgenes. When the transgenic plants invaded and persisted in a wild population, the dynamic changes of the mixed population would depend on the relative fitness and competition capability. To study the effects of the gene flow of transgenic rice and its long-term ecological consequences would have significance in rationally protecting and utilizing wild rice germplasm resources in China.

In view of the over- and under-segmentation problems existed in the conventional image segmentation based on rough-set theory, an novel color image segmentation approach based on Rough-Set theory is presented in this paper. Firstly, the new distance has been defined by using the vector angle and Euclidean distance. And then according to the new distance, the space binary matrixes that represent the similar color sphere and the Histon of each color component are calculated. Finally, the color image segmentation is implemented by selection of threshold values and region merging through introducing a histogram based on roughness. The analysis of experimental results show that the proposed approach yields better segmentation which is more intuitive to human vision compare with the conventional image segmentation based on rough-set theory.

The traditional CBIR is sequential retrieval. However, for large and high-dimension image databases, it is obvious that this retrieval method has been unable to meet efficiency. It is more important that the image database should be preprocessed and establish indexing to improve retrieval efficiency. Focus on the hierarchical clustering algorithm's high computational complexity, this paper introduces ART2 clustering algorithm for image database preprocessing, which reduces the computational complexity, and makes the Algorithm more efficient. In order to avoid the clustering center offset of ART2, K-means algorithm is used to calculate the pattern center, improving the accuracy of clustering. Compared by retrieval efficiency and retrieval result, it is convincingly proved that hierarchical index structure based on clustering is efficient and applicable in CBIR.

By using pitfall trapping, the species composition and quantitative distribution of ground-dwelling beetles in man-made plantations in forest farm (MPFF), secondary natural forests in farmland (SFF), and man-made plantations in farmland (MPF) on northern slope of Daba Mountain were analyzed, and detrended correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were adopted to study the similarity of the species composition and quantitative distribution of the beetles among the three forest types. 1094 individuals of ground-dwelling beetles were captured in August 9-13th, 2002. Of these beetles, Staphylinidae and Chrysomelidae accounted for 40.59% and 33.18% of the total, respectively, and Carabidae, Leiodidae, Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae, Ptiliidae, and Pselaphidae each took more than 1% of the total. These eight families were considered as the common-occurring groups in the study area. The individuals of ground-dwelling beetles decreased from MPFF to SFF to MPF, and the family richness was obviously lower in MPF than in MPFF and SFF. The family composition and abundance of the beetles were significantly different between MPFF and SFF, but partial similarity was observed between MPF and other two forest types.

Stenus (Hemistenus) uncinulatus Zhao & Zhou, sp. n. is described from Sichuan, China. Stenus (H.) guenai Rougemont is recorded from China for the first time. For some species new records and illustrations of spermatheca are presented. A revised key to the Chinese species of the viridanus group is provided.

Two new Hypostenus species, Stenus (Hypostenus) trifurcatus sp. n. (apterous) and S. (H.) cuneatus sp. n. (brachypterous), are described from Hubei Province, China. Important morphological characters, such as 8th and 9th abdominal sternites of male, aedeagus and spermatheca are illustrated. Key to Chinese species of micuba group is provided.