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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent and aggressive global malignancy. Conventional surgical treatments, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies often fall short in halting disease progression due to inherent limitations, resulting in suboptimal prognosis. Despite the advent of immunotherapy drugs offering new hope for NSCLC treatment, current efficacy remains insufficient to meet all patient needs. Therefore, actively exploring novel immunotherapeutic approaches to further reduce mortality rates in NSCLC patients has become a crucial focus of NSCLC research. This article aims to systematically review the anti-tumor effects of interleukin-21 and follicular helper T cells in NSCLC immunotherapy by summarizing and analyzing relevant literatures from both domestic and international sources, as well as exploring the potential for enhancing NSCLC treatment prospects through immune checkpoint regulation via immunotherapeutic means.
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Objective: To observe the effects of κ-opioid receptor agonist U50, 488H on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury and related mechanism., Methods: Rats were randomly divided into sham operation, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion(I/R, 30 min ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion), and MI/R+U50, 488H (1.5 mg/kg) and I/R+U50, 488H+ selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist Nor-BNI (2 mg/kg, n = 8 each). The infarction size and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias were observed.Real-time PCR and DAB staining were used to define the myocardium Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) expression. Myeloperoxidase level, TNF-α induction and the expression of NF-κB were also examined in rats., Results: After I/R, the expressions of myocardial TLR4 and NF-κB increased significantly both in ischemia area and area at risk. Compared with I/R, κ-opioid receptor stimulation with U50, 488H significantly attenuated the expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB and reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, myocardial TNF-α production, myocardial infarct sizes and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and arrhythmia score (2.9 ± 0.7 vs. 4.4 ± 0.9, P < 0.05) , above effects of U50, 488H were partly abolished by co-treatment with Nor-BNI., Conclusion: These data provide evidence for the first time that κ-opioid receptor stimulation could attenuate myocardial I/R injury via downregulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling in rats.

Objective: To investigate the influence of mTOR expression on prognosis of early stage NSCLC., Methods: One-hundred and thirty-eight patients who underwent radical surgery for early stage NSCLC in our hospital from Janurary 2002 to December 2006 were included in this study. There were 83 males and 55 females, in an average age of 65.8 years, for both genders). The influence of age, gender, tumor typing, pathological grading, pathological staging and mTOR expression on patients' survival were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses., Results: The 5-year survival rate of the 138 cases was 44.8%. Immunohistochemical examination showed that mTOR-positive cases accounted for 101 while mTOR-negative cases accounted for 37. The 5-year survival rate of mTOR-positive patients was 32.7% and that of mTOR-negative patients was 56.4% (P = 0.019). Univariate analysis showed that mTOR expression, pathological staging and N1 lymph node metastasis were identified as significant prognostic factors, and were correlated to prognosis (P < 0.05 for all). Multivaraite analysis showed that pathological staging, mTOR expression, N1 lymph node involvement were identified as independent prognostic factors for patients with early NSCLC (P < 0.05 for all)., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that overexpression of mTOR indicates a poor prognosis for NSCLC. mTOR, pathological stage and N1 lymph node metastasis are independent prognostic factors in early stage NSCLC.