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In recent years, cities all over the world have begun to compete for the title of the most "influential" city or "metropolitan" area. Although there is great concern to evaluate the economic consequences of mega-events, their social impacts and social sustainability are rarely investigated. In China, studies on the social impacts and social sustainability of mega-events are comparatively scarce. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively retrieve and undertake statistical and thematic analysis of relevant foreign literature. A total of 161 articles available from several important and authoritative international journals of events and tourism studies (such as Tourism Management, International Journal of Event Management Research, Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, Event Management) are analyzed. Results suggest that most of the literature in this field were published recently, within the last 10 years, with a majority of empirical studies and major sport events being the most frequent examples. The impact articles of mega-events, event tourism, resident's perceptions, city image, organizer's and attendee's perceptions, festivals and social impacts are the main six keywords. Researchers tend to choose Europe, North America and Australia as study areas. This study also made an in-depth analysis from the micro perspective. The focus on several aspects: the social role of mega-events from different theoretical views, mega-event social impact analysis (positives, negatives, reasons for impact, impacts at different stages and their influences on different groups of people) and evaluation, the relationship between social impact of mega-events and social sustainability, stakeholders' roles (governments, associations, corporates) in achieving the goal of social sustainability and measures to be taken to achieve the goal, and insights about these issues in China, and lastly, the identification of how planners or governments can effectively organize future events to maximize their positive social impacts. Several implications can be reached from the above analysis in this paper. Mega-event studies should pay more attention to the long term (more than 5 years) impacts of a certain event and the interaction effects of different mega-events upon each other. Quantitative methods should be carefully used for impacts measurement. It is important to improve the methods used to study the social impact of mega-events from a multi-disciplinary perspective (cultural studies, anthropology, sociology). Finally, there should be clearly differentiation of impact areas (local community, host city, nearby city, etc) and groups, to improve the research accuracy. A comprehensive evaluation framework for mega-events' impacts in China, should be built in the near future. Researchers should not only pay attention to the economic impacts, but also to intangible social impacts and social sustainability. Mega-events' impacts on residents are usually circulated and interactive, so resident's satisfaction, participation and support are essential to the research of mega-events ' social impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the recently detected ENE-trending Xingcheng-Taili ductile strike-slip shear zone, which is an important Mesozoic low- to middle-grade tectonic element formed during the reactivation of the North China Craton (NCC) at the eastern termination of the Yanshanian orogenic belt. Within the Xingcheng-Taili ductile shear zone, the degree of deformation weakens gradually from NW to SE. Three main types of banded granitic gneisses represent low- to middle-grade metamorphic tectonites. New U–Pb zircon dating gives a wide range of protolith ages. Neoarchean granitic rocks with an emplacement age of 2498.4 ± 6.3 Ma have obvious E–W trending banded structures. Upper Triassic granitic rocks with U–Pb zircon ages of 219.7 ± 1.1 Ma, 218.74 ± 0.61 Ma, 212.1 ± 1.6 Ma and 212.3 ± 1.9 Ma are considered to relate to the collision of the NCC and Yangtze craton in early Mesozoic times. The emplacement of biotite adamellite bodies with ages of 159.0 ± 0.8 Ma and 152.4 ± 1.9 Ma is related to the thinning of the NCC's continental crust. An ENE-trending sinistral ductile shear zone developed within these granites. The strongly deformed biotite adamellite bodies bear a gneissosity with S–C fabrics, ENE-trending sinistral shear zones and show the deformation characteristics of a shallow crustal level, reflecting decratonization of the NCC. Crystal lattice preferred orientations (LPO) of quartz, determined by electron back-scatter diffraction, suggest sinistral strike-slip shear and a deformation temperature at about 400 to 500 °C. Quartz mainly shows low-temperature fabrics with a dominant {0001}-slip system similar to the temperature estimated by the micro-structural characteristics of quartz and feldspar. This deformation event might have occurred in Early Cretaceous times and is related to the lithospheric thinning and extension of the North China Craton triggered by an ongoing roll-back of the Pacific Plate beneath the eastern North China Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following ultrafast laser machining of fused silica, post-processing such as polishing and honing are typically required for edges. In this study, we employed a spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate the 2D Airy-Gaussian beam to prepare the convex edges in fused silica by using a single pass of a picosecond laser. It is found that, if the speed exceeds 5 mm/s, there would be plasma interference which is unfavorable for the separation process. A filament effect was observed when the internal laser peak power exceeds the damage threshold of fused silica. The shape of the convex edges was consistent with the propagation path of the 2D Airy-Gaussian beam inside the fused silica before separation. The inclination angle was 17° and 13°, respectively, on the upper and lower end of the edges. The results of this study provide a new, to our knowledge, method for the preparation of curved structures with different curvatures in transparent materials.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication of the central nervous system (CNS) in elderly patients after surgery, showing cognitive changes such as decreased learning and memory ability, impaired concentration, and even personality changes and decreased social behavior ability in severe cases. POCD may appear days or weeks after surgery and persist or even evolve into Alzheimer's disease (AD), exerting a significant impact on patients' health. There are many risk factors for the occurrence of POCD, including age, surgical trauma, anesthesia, neurological diseases, etc. The level of circulating inflammatory markers increases with age, and elderly patients often have more risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, resulting in an increase in POCD incidence in elderly patients after stress responses such as surgical trauma and anesthesia. The current diagnostic rate of POCD is relatively low, which affects the prognosis and increases postoperative complications and mortality. The pathophysiological mechanism of POCD is still unclear, however, central nervous inflammation is thought to play a critical role in it. The current review summarizes the related studies on neuroinflammation-mediated POCD, such as the involvement of key central nervous cells such as microglia and astrocytes, proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, inflammatory signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB. In addition, multiple predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for POCD, the risk factors, and the positive effects of anti-inflammatory therapy in the prevention and treatment of POCD have also been reviewed. The exploration of POCD pathogenesis is helpful for its early diagnosis and long-term treatment, and the intervention strategies targeting central nervous inflammation of POCD are of great significance for the prevention and treatment of POCD., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objective: To observe the effect of adenosine A1 receptor in the hippocampus of mice on GSK-3 β phosphorylation level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture pretreatment by activating Α1 receptor mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury., Method: The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established and grouped into electroacupuncture pretreatment group (EA group), MCAO group, and sham-operated group (Sham group). The neurobehavioral manifestation, the volume of cerebral infarction, and its related protein changes in mice in each group were observed. Then, adenosine Α1 receptor antagonist and agonist were injected intraperitoneally to observe the effects of A1 receptor on the phosphorylation level of GSK-3 β phosphorylation level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture pretreatment by activating Α1 receptor mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury., Results: (1) Compared with the MCAO group (24 hours after reperfusion), the infarct size in the EA group decreased significantly, and the Garcia neurological score and phosphorylation level of GSK-3 β phosphorylation level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture pretreatment by activating Α1 receptor mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. β phosphorylation level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture pretreatment by activating Α1 receptor mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. β phosphorylation level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture pretreatment by activating Α1 receptor mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury., Conclusions: Electroacupuncture pretreatment can increase GSK-3 β phosphorylation level via activating A1 receptor, to protect neurons in ischemia-reperfusion injury. β phosphorylation level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture pretreatment by activating Α1 receptor mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wujun Geng et al.)