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Dairy production is a vital part of the Brazilian agri-food system, providing food security, employment, and income in rural areas. Nevertheless, rearing dairy cattle leads to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions which may contribute to global warming and consequently climate change. The remarkable heterogeneity among dairy farms as well as the lack of representative research pose constraints to the development of effective actions to reduce GHG emissions in emerging countries. In this study, we explore a large farm survey to group farms and derive their carbon footprint (CF). Cluster analysis and life cycle assessment are applied to a sample of 911 farms. The results of the analysis categorized the farms into four groups. Statistical comparisons indicated a significant difference in the CF between groups for producing one kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM). The mean CF results ranged from 1.75 kg CO2eq. (kg FPCM)−1 in Group 1 (G1) to 3.27 kg CO2eq. (kg FPCM)−1 in Group 4 (G4). While G1 was composed of larger farms, on average having more access to technologies and technical support, G4 was composed of less specialized producers, owning dual-purpose herds. We also identified and discussed key strategies and management practices that can be adopted by farmers for reducing the CF of dairy farming. Research and policy should strive to accelerate farmers’ adoption of intensification technologies and practices, though following sustainable intensification practices that also account for regional socioeconomic development.

About the ROADMAP research project The overall aim of ROADMAP is to foster transitions towards prudent use of antimicrobials (AMs) in animal production in different contexts to manage antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Prudent antimicrobial use (AMU) will be achieved by enhancing antimicrobial decision-systems along the food and drug supply chains. ROADMAP will focus on supporting animal health and welfare through prevention and health promotion actions. AMR is recognized as a significant threat to global public health and food security. Overuse and improper use of AMs in many parts of the world contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR. Although human and animal health require AMs, it has been estimated that two thirds of the future AMU growth worldwide will be in animal production. Improving the management of AMU in farm animals is therefore a critical component of dealing with AMR and optimizing production in the livestock sector. Nevertheless, the variety of contexts of AMU in the livestock sector is a major challenge to managing AMR. There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution to improve AMU and strategies must be contextually developed (for instance, strategies used in the Danish pig industry are difficult to adapt and adopt in the French free-range poultry farming). Successful solutions must be combined and tailored to the production systems and the social and economic context in which they operate. ROADMAP will meet three general objectives, in line with the EU AMR Action plan: i) Rethink AM decision-systems and animal health management; ii) Develop options for encouraging prudent AMU in animal production; iii) Engage all actors in the food and drug supply chains in fostering a more prudent use of AMs.

The overall aim of ROADMAP is to foster transitions towards prudent use of antimicrobials (AMs) in animal production in different contexts to manage antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Prudent antimicrobial use (AMU) will be achieved by enhancing antimicrobial decision-systems along the food and drug supply chains. ROADMAP will focus on supporting animal health and welfare through prevention and health promotion actions. AMR is recognized as a significant threat to global public health and food security. Overuse and improper use of AMs in many parts of the world contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR. Although human and animal health require AMs, it has been estimated that two thirds of the future AMU growth worldwide will be in animal production. Improving the management of AMU in farm animals is therefore a critical component of dealing with AMR and optimizing production in the livestock sector. Nevertheless, the variety of contexts of AMU in the livestock sector is a major challenge to managing AMR. There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution to improve AMU and strategies must be contextually developed (for instance, strategies used in the Danish pig industry are difficult to adapt and adopt in the French free-range poultry farming). Successful solutions must be combined and tailored to the production systems and the social and economic context in which they operate. ROADMAP will meet three general objectives, in line with the EU AMR Action plan: i) Rethink AM decision-systems and animal health management; ii) Develop options for encouraging prudent AMU in animal production; iii) Engage all actors in the food and drug supply chains in fostering a more prudent use of AMs.

According to European statistics, Italy is in the group of EU countries with the highest antimicrobials use (AMU) in livestock farming and this may increase the risks to spread pathogens developing antimicrobialresistance (AMR) in the environment and along the agri-food supply chain. However, in the country, public institutions and private operators are taking actions to improve this situation and relevant changes are happening. One example comes from the poultry industry that achieved important advancements in farms’ animal welfare and biosecurity and scaled up production of labelled antibiotic-free meat and eggs by obtaining more than 80% reduction in AMU. But, how much more are the Italian consumers willing to pay for chicken meat produced without the use of antibiotics? You can download the article inItalian version here:https://www.roadmap-h2020.eu/uploads/1/2/6/1/126119012/italy_wp1_pa_very-final_mc_italiano2_1.pdf You can download the article inSpanishversion here: https://www.roadmap-h2020.eu/uploads/1/2/6/1/126119012/italy_wp1_pa_very-final_mc_es_fv_1.pdf

While facing a growing domestic demand of milk and milk products, the Brazilian dairy industry is far behind in terms of competitiveness and sustainability when compared to other national agricultural sectors. Nonetheless, in Germany the leading dairy companies mainly pushed by a saturated domestic market, EU agriculture policy oriented to liberalization of markets, and increasing political and social demands are looking at markets beyond EU. In the context of the increasing globalization of agricultural supply chains, the issue of sustainability gains particular importance in companies’ internationalization strategies. By using expert interviews, this paper investigates strategies for integrating Brazilian and German dairy supply chains and how both sides can benefit from this situation also in terms of sustainability. The analyses show that problems of the industries in both countries basically complement each other at different levels and positive synergies for both sides exist when it comes to sustainable issues, positioning themselves competitively for the future and creating a good position for conquering market shares in a globally growing milk market. This paper proposes an approach for the challenges of such integration, as well as viable solutions to sustainability issues.

Measures to increase technical efficiency in emerging and developing economies’ agriculture receives great attention by governments, NGOs, private firms and researchers in times of urgent need for poverty reduction and growing resource rivalry in the world. In this regard, there have been a large number of research studies analysing the determinants of technical efficiency (TE) in agricultural production. Some of these studies point on the role of contract farming (CF) participation as an important facilitator of technical efficiency. This study aims at evaluating the influence of CF participation on farming technical efficiency and productivity in a developing country context. A cross sectional sample of 246 Vietnamese export-oriented rice households of the Mekong River Delta is used to provide empirical evidence of the effects of contractual farming (CF) schemes on technological adoption and technical efficiency. Propensity score matching and stochastic frontier model with correction for sample selection are used to control for potential bias arising from observable and unobservable variables respectively. Subsequently we used a meta-frontier framework in order to estimate the effects of contractual schemes on the farms’ technology gap ratio, their group technical efficiency and their meta-technology technical efficiency. Our results show that CF has a positive impact in the adoption of better technologies and inputs improving the overall productivity. The group specific technical efficiency is lower for CF farmers in the short run, likely still in the learning process of those new technologies and inputs. This study contributes to the literature of impact evaluation by showing how the integration via contractual schemes can enhance farmers’ productivity and consequently their livelihoods.

Measures to increase technical efficiency in emerging and developing economies’ agriculture receives great attention by governments, NGOs, private firms and researchers in times of urgent need for poverty reduction and growing resource rivalry in the world. A cross sectional sample of 246 Vietnamese export-oriented rice households is used to provide empirical evidence of the effects of contractual farming (CF) schemes on technological adoption and technical efficiency using a meta-frontier framework. Propensity score matching and stochastic frontier model with correction for sample selection are used to control for potential bias arising from observable and unobservable variables respectively. Our results show that CF has a positive impact in both the adoption of better technologies and in the management characteristics that affect the technical efficiency. This study contributes to the literature of impact evaluation by showing how the integration via contractual schemes can enhance farmers productivity and consequently their livelihoods.

Background Global consumption of antibiotics in animal farming largely exceeds human health care usages by representing a major threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria spreading in the environment and along the agri-food supply chain: thus, health institutions, policy makers and private stakeholders multiply the initiatives promoting a more prudent use. In Italy, since 2016, the main supermarket chains have been proposing lines of animal products obtained without or with a reduced use of antibiotics in farms, which tripled sales between 2017 and 2019. In the poultry meat market, about 40% of total sales originate from certified production obtained without using antibiotics. Our study intends to quantify the current willingness to pay of Italian consumers for such goods. Methods Data on prices and marketing characteristics of broiler breast were collected in supermarkets of three towns in Northern Italy. 173 observations led to identify 75 different product attributes related to price: production systems (e.g. organic, without antibiotics, improved animal welfare, etc.), types of cuts (slices, thin slices, etc.), size and types of packaging, brands, supermarket chains, shop size and location (city center, suburbs, etc.). A hedonic price model was developed by aggregating the identified attributes into 14 binary variables. The aggregation was validated by interviews to marketing experts from two big companies of the poultry industry. Results The hedonic price analysis assumes a condition of competitive market equilibrium and that the price of one good results from consumer preferences for its specific attributes. In our model, broiler breast produced without antibiotics and with improved animal welfare standards benefits on average a 14.6% price increase with respect to similar products not claiming this characteristic. The attribute showing the higher impact on price is the “organic product” certification (66.4% increase on average). Other characteristics originating remarkable price increases are the cut in slices (+15.6%) and thin slices (+21.4%), producer brands (+18.6%) compared to supermarket and discount brands, and shop location in a metropolitan city centre (+12.4%). Conclusions The 14.6% average price increase for “antibiotic-free” products in the Italian competitive market of broiler breast is justified by the greater utility perceived by consumers. However, such an increase is about of the same size obtained by other more conventional marketing attributes, like the type of cut and brands. The rapid growth of “antibiotic-free” poultry meat supply in Italy may have already led consumers to consider this attribute as an almost ordinary feature of the product. The significantly higher prices paid for “organic” broiler breast is supposedly due to higher production costs and its destination to more willing-to-spend consumers. But it may also be assumed that consumers consider organic products as “antibiotic-free”, which is not true under the current EU regulations. These aspects should be further investigated.

Mesorregiao Grande Fronteira do Mercosul (GFM) in southern Brazil is the country’s largest dairy production area. This region has the highest concentration of dairy cooperatives of small and medium-sized producers in the country. Nevertheless, the traditional policies and practices of Brazilian cooperatives no longer align with market realities and the exclusion of less efficient cooperatives from the market affects many small family farms. This study about the development of dairy cooperatives located in the GFM aims to identify these cooperatives’ vulnerabilities and improvements that can increase their competitiveness. Using Cook’s (1995) life cycle approach, we describe the evolution of cooperatives in the dairy industry in this region. The results indicate the necessity of new designs for GFM dairy cooperatives’ business models and strategies in order to disconnect them from government aid. Measures to enhance their market competitiveness are necessary to promote self-sufficiency in this growing sector and maintain family farms’ continued existence.

Prod 2018-156 équipe EA équipe SPE GESTAD AGROSUP; International audience; The green revolution laid the foundations of modern agriculture, by using science and technology to produce more from sameresources. The pesticides contributed to agricultural output in the last decades; however, their use has resulted in environmentalpollution, health problems, soil and water contamination and negative impact on biota. The impacts of agricultural activities to the environment depended on the practices adopted during the production process. Measurement tools to assess the impacts of those practices are necessary to improve agricultural systems and must be evaluated in different ecosystems. Different soils, climates and crops impose many phytosanitary arrangements. This complex network and the fact that most of the indicators and measurement tools are developed for temperate climates makes it difficult to quantify the environmental impacts under subtropical regions. The I-Phy index is a predictive indicator that assesses the risks of pesticide usage in agriculture and identifies as to which practices generate the main environmental impacts of pesticides. The objective of this study was to test the suitability of the I-Phy index for subtropical conditions and, if suitable, compare the pesticide risk between two regions. Five crops were assessed under three different cropping systems: no-tillage, minimal tillage and conventional tillage. The I-Phy index was sensitive in both regions and capable of identifying that no-tillage generally presented risks of environmental pollution slightly lower than the other tillage systems. The results of I-Phy index showed that high environmental vulnerability of the fields and the numerous applications of active ingredients with high risks resulted in high risks of general contamination. The application of I-Phy on these two case studies showed the indicator can be useful as a support tool to farmers, research and extension institutions pursuing management practices with lower impact on the environment.

39. World Congress of Vine and Wine, 2016/10/24-28, Bento Gonçalves (Brésil); International audience; In a global market, food companies engaged in sustainable development must now integrate the economic and social component. However the tools to assess it are lacking. Several theoretical frameworks have been developed to define social sustainability and its implementation. The attributional approaches, pathways or capabilities methods have emerged, based on a functional unit of a good or service along the supply chain. This paper proposes a new method to assess social economic and territorial performances of a food chain as a whole on a Territory. It is divided into four components: (i) dignity and well-being of workers, (ii) contribution to local life, (iii) fairness and integrity of business practices, and (iv) creation of material and intangible wealth. 50 criteria are used according to international, national or sectoral references. This generic method applicable to any sector of processed food products aims to identify where are the areas of improvement to qualify the sector as socially sustainable. An application to the wine Beaujolais and Burgundy wine was performed from surveys of 35 production and trade operators in 2014. The results show that the sector is particularly effective for the promotion of the territory, local life participation, loyalty and integrity of business practices; some improvement is still possible for the welfare of workers and the creation of material wealth. This method can be coupled with the environmental performance determined by the life cycle analysis in order to assess the sustainability in its entirety.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological and chemical attributes of a soil with a seven‑year history of urea and swine manure application. In the period from October 2008 to October 2009, soil samples were collected in the 0-10 cm layer and were subjected to the treatments: control, without application of urea or manure; and with the application of urea, pig slurry, and deep pig litter in two doses, in order to supply one or two times the recommended N doses for the maize (Zea mays)/black oat (Avena strigosa) crop succession. The carbon of the microbial biomass (MB‑C) and the basal respiration (C‑CO2) were analyzed, and the metabolic (qCO2) and microbial quotient (qmic) were calculated with the obtained data. Organic matter, pH in water, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg were also determined. The application of twice the dose of deep pig litter increases the MB‑C and C‑CO2 values. The qmic and qCO2 are little affected by the application of swine manure. The application of twice the dose of deep pig litter increases the values of pH in water and the contents of available P and of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the soil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos microbiológicos e químicos de um solo com histórico de sete anos de aplicação de ureia e dejetos de suínos. No período de outubro de 2008 a outubro de 2009, foram coletadas amostras de solo na camada de 0-10 cm, as quais foram submetidas aos tratamentos: controle, sem aplicação de ureia ou dejetos; e com a aplicação de ureia, dejetos líquidos e cama sobreposta de suínos em duas doses, para suprir uma ou duas vezes a dose de N recomendada para a sucessão milho (Zea mays)/aveia‑preta (Avena strigosa). O carbono da biomassa microbiana (C‑BM) e a respiração basal (C‑CO2) foram analisados, e o coeficiente metabólico (qCO2) e o microbiano (qmic) foram calculados com os dados obtidos. Também foram determinados matéria orgânica, pH em água, P e K disponíveis, e Ca e Mg trocáveis. A aplicação do dobro da dose de cama sobreposta de suínos aumenta os valores de C‑BM e C‑CO2. O qmic e o qCO2 são pouco afetados pela aplicação de dejetos de suínos. A aplicação do dobro da dose de cama sobreposta de suínos aumenta os valores de pH em água e os teores de P disponível e de Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo.