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11. Gyrodactylus in the spotlight: how exposure to light impacts disease and the feeding behavior of the freshwater tropical guppy (Poecilia reticulata).

Author

MacAulay, Scott and Cable, Jo

Subjects
*GUPPIES, *ANIMAL species, *ECOLOGICAL impact, *DISEASE outbreaks, *FRESH water
Abstract

Artificial light at night (ALAN) negatively impacts organisms in many ways, from their feeding behaviors to their response and ability to deal with disease. Our knowledge of ALAN is focused on hosts, but we must also consider their parasites, which constitute half of all described animal species. Here, we assessed the impact of light exposure on a model host–parasite system (Poecilia reticulata and the ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus turnbulli). First, parasite‐free fish were exposed to 12:12 h light:dark (control) or 24:0 h light:dark (ALAN) for 21 days followed by experimental infection. Second, naturally acquired G. turnbulli infections were monitored for 28 days during exposure of their hosts to a specified light regime (6:18 h, 12:12 h, or 24:0 h light:dark). Experimentally infected fish exposed to constant light had, on average, a greater maximum parasite burden than controls, but no other measured parasite metrics were impacted. Host feeding behavior was also significantly affected: fish under ALAN fed faster and took more bites than controls, whilst fish exposed to reduced light fed slower. Thus, ALAN can impact parasite burdens, even in the short term, and altering light conditions will impact fish feeding behavior. Such responses could initiate disease outbreaks or perturb food‐webs with wider ecological impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. Using eDNA to detect freshwater invasive non-native species under controlled conditions.

Author

James, Joanna, Moore, Emily M., Naden, Rachel, Aston, Ben, Bradbeer, Stephanie J., Masud, Numair, Cable, Jo, and Stebbing, Paul D.

Subjects
CRAYFISH, INTRODUCED species, FRESH water, ANIMAL housing, POPULATION density, SIGNAL sampling
Abstract

Invasive Non-Native Species (INNS) are a principal threat to global biodiversity and the early detection of new introductions is key to facilitate a rapid response to limit the risk of establishment and spread. Related to this, there is growing interest in using environmental DNA (eDNA) for INNS detection. The applied use of eDNA in ecology is, however, in its relative infancy with few species for which regulator-approved methods are available. Here, laboratory trials were conducted to investigate the use of commercially available eDNA assays for detecting two high priority INNS in the UK, killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus) and signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), at different population densities. For killer shrimp, DNA of the expected fragment size was detected from all three trials where animals were maintained at a density of 1 per 1 L but species confirmation by Sanger sequencing was only possible for one of these replicates. Whilst capillary electrophoresis detected DNA of the expected fragment size in serially diluted samples down to a density of 1 shrimp in 100 L, this could not be confirmed by sequencing. Signal crayfish DNA was detected by qPCR in all four trials where animals were housed at a density of 1 per 10 L. Using serial dilutions, it was possible to detect signal crayfish in samples representing a density of 1 per 1,000 L, however this was unreliable. These results demonstrate the potential for using eDNA as a detection method for killer shrimp and signal crayfish but also highlights that detectability is species/assay specific and dependant on population density. The insights gained will help inform decisions surrounding the appropriateness of using these eDNA assays, and improve interpretation of any results generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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36. Restless nights when sick: ectoparasite infections alter rest–activity cycles of diurnal fish hosts.

Author

Arapi, Elissavet A., Reynolds, Michael, Ellison, Amy R., and Cable, Jo

Subjects
ANIMAL behavior, CIRCADIAN rhythms, GUPPIES, ECTOPARASITES, ANIMAL health, ARRAY processing
Abstract

Circadian rhythms are timekeeping mechanisms responsible for an array of biological processes. Disruption of such cycles can detrimentally affect animal health. Circadian rhythms are critical in the co-evolution of host–parasite systems, as synchronization of parasite rhythms to the host can influence infection dynamics and transmission potential. This study examines the circadian rhythms in behaviour and activity of a model fish species (Poecilia reticulata) in isolation and in shoals, both when uninfected and infected with an ectoparasite (Gyrodactylus turnbulli). Additionally, the rhythmical variance of parasite activity under different light conditions as well as rhythmical variance in parasite transmissibility was explored. Overall, infection alters the circadian rhythm of fish, causing nocturnal restlessness. Increased activity of gyrodactylids on the host's skin at night could potentially contribute to this elevated host activity. Whilst migration of gyrodactylids across the host's skin may have caused irritation to the host resulting in nocturnal restlessness, the disruption in guppy activity rhythm caused by the expression of host innate immunity cannot be excluded. We discuss the wider repercussions such behavioural responses to infection have for host health, the implications for animal behaviour studies of diurnal species as well as the application of chronotherapeutic approaches to aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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39. Working for the environment: Farmer attitudes towards sustainable farming actions in rural Wales, UK

Author

Follett, Elizabeth, Davis, Lorna, Wilson, Catherine, and Cable, Jo

Subjects
Wales, public goods, environmental land management, land sparing, sustainable farming
Abstract

Recognition of land management impacts on water quality and flooding, and climate change induced increases in storm intensity and flood risk, have led to interest in farmer provision of ecosystem services alongside food production. However, pathways for practical design and funding of agroecological interventions are less well understood. Effective design and implementation of sustainable farming initiatives has been linked to human-centred aspects including stakeholder engagement and the provision of social and economic co-benefits. To deepening understanding of user approaches and perspectives, Welsh farmer perspectives on sustainable farming were obtained through discussion, online polls, and questionnaires. Participant-identified barriers to action included incorporation of return on initial time and cost investment in long-term farm budgets, occurrence of extreme weather events, and tenanted land. Decision-making processes were rooted in community discussion to balance perceived needs of the land and farm business, with communication preferences expressed for bilingual farm advice provision and support of farmer-to-farmer knowledge transfer pathways. Participants identified interdependent components of economic, social, cultural, and environmental sustainability necessary to achieve positive environmental outcomes, resembling Bourdieu social theory. Design of tree planting schemes was discussed as an example of this interlinkage, with positive attitudes expressed for land sharing at small spatial scales, but not at the whole-farm scale.

Published
2023
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43. The presence of territorial damselfish predicts choosy client species richness at cleaning stations

Author

Dunkley, Katie, Whittey, Kathryn E, Ellison, Amy, Perkins, Sarah E, Cable, Jo, Herbert-Read, James E, Dunkley, Katie [0000-0002-6032-6577], Whittey, Kathryn E [0000-0002-1557-757X], Ellison, Amy [0000-0003-3885-6077], Perkins, Sarah E [0000-0002-7457-2699], Cable, Jo [0000-0002-8510-7055], Herbert-Read, James E [0000-0003-0243-4518], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
cleaner fish, mutualism, biological market theory, Elacatinus evelynae, partner choice, Animal Science and Zoology, ecological networks, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Mutualisms are driven by partners deciding to interact with one another to gain specific services or rewards. As predicted by biological market theory, partners should be selected based on the likelihood, quality, reward level, and or services each partner can offer. Third-party species that are not directly involved in the interaction, however, may indirectly affect the occurrence and or quality of the services provided, thereby affecting which partners are selected or avoided. We investigated how different clients of the sharknose goby (Elacatinus evelynae) cleaner fish were distributed across cleaning stations, and asked what characteristics, relating to biological market theory, affected this distribution. Through quantifying the visitation and cleaning patterns of client fish that can choose which cleaning station(s) to visit, we found that the relative species richness of visiting clients at stations was negatively associated with the presence of disruptive territorial damselfish at the station. Our study highlights, therefore, the need to consider the indirect effects of third-party species and their interactions (e.g., agonistic interactions) when attempting to understand mutualistic interactions between species. Moreover, we highlight how cooperative interactions may be indirectly governed by external partners.

Published
2022
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