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This paper introduces a methodology based on Python libraries and machine learning k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithms to create an interactive 3D HTML model (3D_Vertical_Sections_Faults_LRD.html) that combines 2D grain-size KNN-prediction vertical maps (vertical sections) from which syn-sedimentary faults and other features in sedimentary porous media can be delineated. The model can be visualized and handled with conventional web browsers. The grain-size physical parameter is measurable, constant over instrumental time, handleable mathematically, and its range can be associated to lithological classes. Grain-size input data comes from a public database of 433 boreholes in the Llobregat River Delta (LRD) in NE Spain. Four lithological classes were defined: Pre-Quaternary basement, and Quaternary gravel, sand, and clay–silt. Using a new KNN prediction algorithm, seven NW–SE (transversal) and three SW–NE (longitudinal) vertical sections were created following the orientation of faults identified in surface and detected in reflection seismic geophysical surveys. For exploratory K values in the 1–75 range were used. K around 25 provides the general and smoothy shape of the basement top surface, whereas K = 1 is a optimal value to represent the heterogeneity of the LRD at short distance. Using a new KNN-prediction confidence algorithm inspired in the Similarity Ratio algorithm for machine-learning KNN, the vertical sections overall confidence was evaluated as satisfactory. A general decreasing confidence trend according to the decreasing data density with depth and from inland to seaward was found. The vertical sections created with K = 1 show horizontal interruptions (displacements or vertical steps) in the basement continuity and in the Quaternary coarse bodies (gravel and sand) attributable to the action of Quaternary active faults. These faults have been linked or correlated with well-known active faults in the area related in much cases with the Valencia Trough op

Este ensayo modificado, permite una evaluación detallada de la capacidad de formación y degradación de la fibrina(1). Plasma libre de plaquetas (PLP) se mezcla con un activador de la coagulación, fosfolípidos y calcio para inducir la formación de fibrina. Simultáneamente se añade t-PA u otro activador del plasminógeno para inducir la lisis del coágulo. El ensayo utiliza el principio de turbidimetría para la detección, aumentando la turbidez de la muestra con la formación de fibrina y disminuyendo con su lisis. La absorbancia se registra a intervalos de tiempo continuos por un período determinado, resultando en la formación de una curva que permite la evaluación de la actividad fibrinolítica plasmática.

In a previous paper, the authors implemented a machine learning k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm and Python libraries to create two 3D interactive models of the stratigraphic architecture of the Quaternary onshore Llobregat River Delta (NE Spain) for groundwater exploration purposes. The main limitation of this previous paper was its lack of routines for evaluating the confidence of the 3D models. Building from the previous paper, this paper refines the programming code and introduces an additional algorithm to evaluate the confidence of the KNN predictions. A variant of the Similarity Ratio method was used to quantify the KNN prediction confidence. This variant used weights that were inversely proportional to the distance between each grain-size class and the inferred point to work out a value that played the role of similarity. While the KNN algorithm and Python libraries demonstrated their efficacy for obtaining 3D models of the stratigraphic arrangement of sedimentary porous media, the KNN prediction confidence verified the certainty of the 3D models. In the Llobregat River Delta, the KNN prediction confidence at each prospecting depth was a function of the available data density at that depth. As expected, the KNN prediction confidence decreased according to the decreasing data density at lower depths. The obtained average-weighted confidence was in the 0.44−0.53 range for gravel bodies at prospecting depths in the 12.7−72.4 m b.s.l. range and was in the 0.42−0.55 range for coarse sand bodies at prospecting depths in the 4.6−83.9 m b.s.l. range. In a couple of cases, spurious average-weighted confidences of 0.29 in one gravel body and 0.30 in one coarse sand body were obtained. These figures were interpreted as the result of the quite different weights of neighbors from different grain-size classes at short distances. The KNN algorithm confidence has proven its suitability for identifying these anomalous results in the supposedly well-depurated grain-size da

This paper introduces a Python application for visualizing the 3D stratigraphic architecture of porous sedimentary media. The application uses the parameter granulometry deduced from borehole lithological records to create interactive 3D HTML models of essential stratigraphic elements. On the basis of the high density of boreholes and the subsequent geological knowledge gained during the last six decades, the Quaternary onshore Llobregat River Delta (LRD) in northeastern Spain was selected to show the application. The public granulometry dataset produced by the Water Authority of Catalonia from 433 boreholes in this strategic coastal groundwater body was clustered into the clay–silt, coarse sand, and gravel classes. Three interactive 3D HTML models were created. The first shows the location of the boreholes granulometry. The second includes the main gravel and coarse sand sedimentary bodies (lithosomes) associated with the identified three stratigraphic intervals, called lower (>50 m b.s.l.) in the distal LRD sector, middle (20–50 m b.s.l.) in the central LRD, and upper (<20 m b.s.l.) spread over the entire LRD. The third deals with the basement (Pliocene and older rocks) top surface, which shows an overall steeped shape deepening toward the marine platform and local horsts, probably due to faulting. The modeled stratigraphic elements match well with the sedimentary structures reported in recent scientific publications. This proves the good performance of this incipient Python application for visualizing the 3D stratigraphic architecture, which is a crucial stage for groundwater management and governance.

The k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a non-parametric supervised machine learning classifier; which uses proximity and similarity to make classifications or predictions about the grouping of an individual data point. This ability makes the KNN algorithm ideal for classifying datasets of geological variables and parameters prior to 3D visualization. This paper introduces a machine learning KNN algorithm and Python libraries for visualizing the 3D stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary porous media in the Quaternary onshore Llobregat River Delta (LRD) in northeastern Spain. A first HTML model showed a consecutive 5 m-equispaced set of horizontal sections of the granulometry classes created with the KNN algorithm from 0 to 120 m below sea level in the onshore LRD. A second HTML model showed the 3D mapping of the main Quaternary gravel and coarse sand sedimentary bodies (lithosomes) and the basement (Pliocene and older rocks) top surface created with Python libraries. These results reproduce well the complex sedimentary structure of the LRD reported in recent scientific publications and proves the suitability of the KNN algorithm and Python libraries for visualizing the 3D stratigraphic structure of sedimentary porous media, which is a crucial stage in making decisions in different environmental and economic geology disciplines.

In this paper we model and measure a relationship between female labor participation—both in executive and managerial positions and in the total number of employees—and the labor productivity of firms. Our hypothesis is that there are comparativeadvantages by gender based on the neurobiological and psychological differencesbetween men and women. We use data from the annual sector surveys of the INEC(2011 to 2015) that contain firm level quantitative and qualitative information. Wefocus on the Hotels, Restaurants and Services Sector, where we explore the existenceof comparative advantages for women. The results show a positive effect of femalelabor participation in productivity and suggest that optimal levels of productivitywould be reached with a female labor participation of 58%. Likewise, we find that iffemale participation in both employed and managerial positions would increase by10 points, productivity would rise by 3.5%., La presente investigación busca establecer y cuantificar una relación entre losniveles de participación laboral femenina —tanto en cargos ejecutivos y gerencialescomo en el total de empleados— y la productividad de las empresas. Para esto seplantea una hipótesis de ventajas comparativas por género basada en las diferenciasneurobiológicas y psicológicas entre hombre y mujer. Con base en datos de lasencuestas sectoriales anuales del INEC (2011 a 2015), que contienen informacióncuantitativa y cualitativa de las empresas, se examina en detalle el sector hoteles,restaurantes y servicios y se explora la existencia de ventajas comparativas de lamujer. Los datos evidencian un efecto positivo de la participación laboral femenina

This article reports the discursive constructions that social workers from children rights protection programs in the Región de la Araucania construct around the lesbigay parenthood and professional intervention in this field. The concept of parenthood is analyzed and its expression in lesbigay couples, realizing that the family structure itself does not constitutes risk to child rearing. However, due to institutions operating in the area of protection rights not have technical guidelines that recognize lesbigay parenthood, social workers do not have social political and institutional arrangements for making decisions about. Added to that the low theoretical support obtained during undergraduate training in this topic, could derive you can lead in the primacy of subjective theories that stress the ethical and political act according to the ethos of the profession., O presente artigo dá conta das construções discursivas que os/as trabalhadores/as sociais de programas de proteção de direitos da infância na região da Araucanía constroem em relação à parentalidade lesbigay e à intervenção profissional neste âmbito. Analisa-se o conceito de parentalidade e sua expressão em casais lesbigay, dando conta de que a estrutura familiar em si, não constitui um perigo para a criação das crianças. Entretanto, como as instituições que operam na área de proteção de direitos carecem de diretrizes técnicas que reconheçam a parentalidade lesbigay, os/as trabalhadores/as sociais não têm referentes político-institucionais pra tomada de decisões. Além disso, o insuficiente apoio teórico obtido durante a formação universitária neste tema pode derivar na primazia de teorias subjetivas, que forçam uma atuação ético-política correspondente ao ethos da profissão., El presente artículo da cuenta de las construcciones discursivas que los trabajadores(as) sociales de programas de protección de derechos de la infancia en la Región de la Araucanía, construyen en torno a la parentalidad lesbigay y a la intervención profesional en este ámbito. Se analiza el concepto de parentalidad y su expresión en parejas lesbigay, dando cuenta de que la estructura familiar en sí misma, no constituye riesgo para la crianza de los niños. Sin embargo, como las instituciones que operan en el área de protección de derechos carecen de lineamientos técnicos que reconozcan la parentalidad lesbigay, los trabajadores(as) sociales no cuentan con referentes político-institucionales para la toma de decisiones. Sumado a ello, el escaso soporte teórico obtenido durante la formación de pre grado en esta temática, puede derivar en la primacía de teorías subjetivas, que tensionan un actuarético-político acorde al ethos de la profesión

El presente trabajo monográfico se realiza bajo la mirada de las autoridades étnicas de los concejos comunitarios del municipio de Magüi Payán y los relatos de las matronas, sabedores, líderes y lideresas comunitarias, profesionales del municipio que prestan sus servicios en el mismo y la puesta en escena de la experiencia del investigador, quien es oriundo del municipio objeto de la presente investigación. Así entonces, la monografía comprender tres capítulos, donde el capítulo uno hará mención a la historia del municipio de Magüi Payán, en el cual las autoridades étnicas cumplen un papel significativo, ya que son ellas quienes nos refieren cómo era la vida en el territorio antes de la llegada de los actores armados y la vida de las comunidades y del territorio en medio del conflicto y la violencia. En el segundo capítulo, se hará una descripción de los diferentes impactos que ha sufrido el territorio, los recursos naturales y el derecho a la tierra de las comunidades ancestrales del municipio de Magüi Payán durante el periodo de 2000 al 2018. Y el en tercer capítulo, se analizará los impactos del conflicto armado a la vida de los miembros de las comunidades de los territorios colectivos y los instrumentos de violencia que utilizaron los actores armados en contra de las comunidades étnicas.