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Coordinación: Eduardo Moyano Estrada; Tomás García Azcárate., This volume is focused on the axis “New foundations for a sustainable global society”, and refers to the important process of global change that affects all dimensions of society, disrupting the context in which scientific work has been developed in recent decades. It is a process of change not comparable to what happened decades ago, mainly due to its breadth, multidimensionality and interdependence, and also to the fact that this process manifests itself simultaneously in many areas, territories and social groups. Its analysis therefore requires carrying out a convergence exercise between areas and lines of research, betting on a multidisciplinary approach, since both “globalization” and “sustainability” are, concepts that affect society, as a whole.

Trabajo presentado en Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science, celebrado en modalidad virtual del 18 al 21 de agosto de 2020., Research evaluation practices are institutionalised and are therefore part of the academic culture in the Spanish research system. (Cañibano et al. 2018). The Spanish National Agency for the Evaluation of Quality and Accreditation establishes the criteria in all fields for obtaining a positive research evaluation to achieve individual career milestones (promotions, accreditations or economic rewards). Recently, the criteria have changed and incorporated new dimensions such as proven scientific leadership (RD 415/2015). According to the Agency, leadership isdemonstrated by being the principal investigator of a grant project. The criterion applies to all disciplines, having potential different effects and results according with disciplinary epistemic practices (Gläser et al. 2018). We explore the case of chemistry, in which achieving independence is particularly difficult, understanding independence as ¿being individually free to choose and pursue one¿s own research agenda and being trusted to manage the pattern of one¿s own working life and priorities¿ (Henkel 2005:169). We address whether leadership as understood by evaluators is compatible with ¿dependency¿ in academic careers in chemistry. We use data from 23 in-depth narrative interviews conducted in two chemistry university departments in Spain. Interviewees stated that demonstrating leadership often involves starting an independent career. Nonetheless, this is difficult. The narratives show how the pressure exerted by the evaluation system to demonstrate leadership contrasts with the epistemic characteristics of the field and its inter-dependent structures (Whitley 2003), which has an impact in the development of individual careers.

El objetivo del Libro Blanco del CSIC es situar al Consejo ante el reto de dar respuesta a los profundos cambios que están teniendo lugar en la actual sociedad española, valorando sus efectos con una perspectiva de 30 años, en el horizonte 2050. Para afrontar ese reto, la VICYT ha delimitado 14 Unidades Temáticas (UT), con las que procura cubrir, desde todas las áreas del CSIC y con una vocación transversal e integradora, el amplio y complejo panorama que conforma el actual proceso de cambio.

La Unidad de Mujeres y Ciencia del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación elabora y difunde desde 2007 un informe anual llamado “Científicas en cifras” que informa sobre la dimensión de género en la producción de conocimiento científico; este esfuerzo se suma a otras iniciativas a nivel europeo como el documento “She figures” que difunde periódicamente la D.G. de Investigación e Innovación de la Comisión Europea. Sin embargo, estos informes no incluyen datos sobre innovación, sino solo sobre producción tecnológica, aportando exclusivamente las ratios de patentes producidas por mujeres y hombres., El estudio descrito en este artículo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y, como se indicó al inicio, ha dado lugar al informe Mujeres e Innovación 2020, editado y publicado por el citado Ministerio (e-NIPO: 831200042). Las autoras agradecen al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación la citada financiación y su autorización para publicar este artículo.

The MORE dataset was presented at the Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy. We highlighted how MORE3 can be used to analyze career-progression. Our hazard model showed that international mobility can increase the rate of progression but that its effect is curvilinear.

Trabajo presentado en el II Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Feminismo y Masculinidades, celebrado en Valencia (España) del 28 al 29 de febrero de 2019.

Trabajo presentado en la 23rd International Conference and Innovation Indicators in Transition (STI 2018), celebrada en Leiden (Países Bajos) del 12 al 14 de septiembre de 2018., In this paper we assess the perceptions of five members from two very prestigious Spanish university departments in History regarding the effects of the research evaluation system upon their publication strategies and practices. We contrast their individual statements and perceptions with their actual publication productivity. We thus contrast individual perceptions regarding the effects of macro-intenventions with the actual micro-level observable affect. In this exploratory analysis focused on five highly productive Historians we do not find clear correspondance between individual perceptions and statements and actual individual productivity.

Trabajo presentado a la 21st International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators: "Peripheries, frontiers and beyond", celebrada en Valencia (España) del 14 al 16 de septiembre de 2016., This paper presents an exploratory analysis of different typologies of researchers according to their traceable mobility using scientific publications covered in the Web of Science (WoS). We compare two populations of researchers, of the same ‘scientific age’, based in Spain and The Netherlands. To establish reasonable comparisons between researchers based in The Netherlands and Spain, we must first identify similar groups of researchers in each country. We only consider 'trusted' direct linkages between author and affiliation as reported in scientific publications and recorded by WoS. We establish three different study groups: Mobile versus non-mobile researchers, returned versus not returned researchers and, single versus multiple affiliations. We observe differences in the mobility patterns and their relation with production and citation impact between countries. Differences for each study group are found in the case of Spain but not as evident for The Netherlands. We conclude remarking the need to further analyse the institutional framework of each country to better understand how much do they influence research mobility and in what way., Nicolas Robinson-Garcia is currently supported by a Juan de la Cierva-Formación Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la 21st International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators: "Peripheries, frontiers and beyond", celebrada en Valencia (España) del 14 al 16 de septiembre de 2016., The rise in the cross-country mobility of researchers is explicitly linked to the successful construction of the European Research Area. In addition, mobility is becoming a requisite for promotion in academic careers. This paper focuses on patterns of gender and international mobility using data from the sample of 10547 European researchers who responded to the MORE21 survey in 2012. In this sample, 6571 researchers report that they have experienced some type of international mobility of either long-term or short-term. Women represent 36 % of mobile researchers and 48 % of immobile researchers. The survey offers the unique opportunity to study, for a large and international sample of researchers, the potential association between their personal status, among other factors, and their mobility experience. An initial exploratory analysis of the data shows that the likelihood of being internationally mobile is negatively correlated with being a female researcher at all career stages2 (R1 to R4) and with having children at all post-doctoral career stages (R2 to R4). In contrast, being in a couple is positively associated with international mobility. The paper also addresses whether The rise in the cross-country mobility of researchers is explicitly linked to the successful construction of the European Research Area. In addition, mobility is becoming a requisite for promotion in academic careers. This paper focuses on patterns of gender and international mobility using data from the sample of 10547 European researchers who responded to the MORE2 survey in 2012. In this sample, 6571 researchers report that they have experienced some type of international mobility of either long-term or short-term. Women represent 36 % of mobile researchers and 48 % of immobile researchers. The survey offers the unique opportunity to study, for a large and international sample of researchers, the potential association between their personal status, among other factors, and their mobility experience. An initial exploratory analysis of the data shows that the likelihood of being internationally mobile is negatively correlated with being a female researcher at all career stages (R1 to R4) and with having children at all post-doctoral career stages (R2 to R4). In contrast, being in a couple is positively associated with international mobility. The paper also addresses whether these results hold across institutional settings, defined in terms of the European Science Foundation classification of EU countries according to differences in prevailing attitudes toward gender roles (EFS, 2013).

This paper provides an analytical framework allowing the accommodation, comparison and classification of different economic theories and schools of economic thought. We provide the basic analytical elements to address the explanatory potential of economic models as well as a criterion for scientific progress. The starting point is that in “modern economic theory”, each particular theory –and all models derived- share a common structure. This common structure is formed by a set of statements S1 which characterize the agent (its properties and modes of interaction) and its action (including choice) space; a set of statements S2 regarding the economic behavior of the characterized agent, and a set of economic laws L which are logical co-implications of the systematic application of S2 over S1. This set or system of statements = {1, 2, } forms a theory. It is possible to address the explanation of new economic phenomena or processes by developing new economic models or theories T. This exercise is made possible by adding properties, qualifications or new information to the statement systems S1 and S2 that lead to new laws L. The approach proposed is useful for classifying different economic theories as illustrated by an analysis and characterization of the Neoclassical, Austrian and Keynesian theoretical frameworks.

Trabajo presentado a la 21st International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators: "Peripheries, frontiers and beyond", celebrada en Valencia (España) del 14 al 16 de septiembre de 2016., This paper introduces the research infrastructure for rsearch and innovation policy studies (RISIS) and its ongoing work on the development of indicators for research careers. The paper first describes the rationale for developing an information system on research careers. It then uses and example to demonstratate the possibilities arising from aggregating open data from different datasets within the RISIS platform to create new information and monitoring possibilies with regard to research careers., This paper was developed as part of the RISIS project funded through the 7th Framework Program (DOW RISIS (313082) 2013-11-20-1). Funding from RISIS made possible the travel and workshops that allowed the paper‟s collaborative development. RISIS also directly funded some of the research time devoted to the development of this work.

Trabajo presentado a la EU-SPRI Conference: "Science and Innovation Policy: Dynamics, Challenges, Responsibility and Practice", celebrada en Manchester (UK) del 18 al 20 de junio de 2014.

This paper questions the conceptualisation of human capital as an aggregative commodity that mainstream economics provides and argues there are developments in the literature that provide the bases for interesting alternative developments. The paper reviews the neoclassical conceptualisation of knowledge and human capital's economic properties to point out certain inconsistencies. Human capital is conceptualised by certain neoclassical authors as bearing the properties of rivalry and appropriability that characterize private goods. Other authors however, point to its external effects and increasing returns, which make it non-rival and non-excludable to a certain extent. We argue that in neoclassical economics, the properties of human capital are addressed from two different perspectives that are not made explicit in the theory: that of the >owner> and that of the >buyer>. Additionally the perfect rivalry and excludability of (scientific) human capital claimed by mainstream economics is put into question by building on contributions from sociology and evolutionary economics. Since the deployment of scientific human capital is highly context dependent as well as dependent on the availability of complementary assets, its perfect tradability (therefore transferability) in labour markets is under question. We argue that far from being perfectly private or just subject to some >external effects>, scientific human capital is a >distributed> good whose economic properties are highly variable depending on the networks in which it is embedded. The discussion closes by proposing a list of fundamental characteristics of embodied knowledge conceptualised from an evolutionary economics perspective., Trabajo presentado a la 15th Conference of the Association for Heterodox Economics celebrada en Londres (Inglaterra) del 4 al 6 de Julio de 2013.

Resumen extendido del trabajo presentado al EU-SPRI Forum Conference: Management of Innovation Policies: new forms of collaboration in policy design, implementation and evaluation, celebrado en Madrid (España) del 10 al 12 de Abril de 2013., International mobility of researchers is a key factor supporting the internationalization of research systems, encouraging trans-national flows of knowledge, and enriching professional careers and networks (Edler et al. 2011). International mobility enhances all dimensions of scientific and technical human capital, conceptualized by Bozeman and colleagues (2001). Mobility contributes to the transfer of technical and scientific knowledge but also, and sometimes most importantly, to the development of social knowledge. Recently, scholars and policy makers have addressed forms of international scientific mobility that are clearly distinct from migration, namely, ‘shuttle stays’ (CEC 2008) and temporary research visits (Ackers 2010; MORE 2010) that are often repetitive and circulatory (Jöns 2007). In this paper, we analyze women’s, compared to men’s, temporary mobility patterns, by discipline – testing the hypothesis that women’s mobility is particularly characterized by shorter visits and closer destinations. Prior research points to women scientists’ decline in migration in the postdoctoral period, even if they are as likely as their male counterparts to migrate in earlier career-stages (Acker, 2004). However, to the best of our knowledge, gender and temporary migration have not been addressed previously. In this paper, the data are based on the population of a regional research system, namely all PhD holders registered in the Scientific Information System of Andalusia (SICA), and specifically, international research visits from researchers’ electronic curricula vitae (CVs). The population under study includes approximately 5,000 mobile PhD holders, of whom 38% are women. The total population sums over 10,300 research visits. Previous research using this database allowed us to identify different temporary mobility profiles according to discipline (Cañibano et al., 2011). Following Edler’s et al (2011) terminology, we distinguished between disciplines seemingly characterized by mobility frequency (higher number of short visits) and those characterized by mobility intensity (few longer visits). The human and social sciences were among the former, and the biological and mathematical sciences among the latter. With this approach, the paper presents a systematic analysis of internationalization rates (ratio of time spent abroad) by gender, as well as age and career phase (pre/post doctoral). It also analyzes frequency of visits, duration of stays, and the distribution of geographical destinations, by gender, for the Andalusian research system. Findigs have implications for policy in human resources for research and development.

Trabajo presentado al Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), celebrado en Copenhague (Dinamarca) del 17 al 20 de Octubre de 2012., Scientific research collaborations are attracting increasing interest from both academia and policy in terms of their potential to contribute to scientific progress. In particular, special attention has been placed on two research collaboration practices: cross-sectoral research collaborations and cross-disciplinary research collaborations. Despite the numerous policy initiatives to stimulate these two modes of scientific research organisation, scientists exhibit dramatic differences in their collaborative patterns to organise research, and in their attitudes to form these types of partnerships. This study takes a Scientific and Technical Human Capital (S&T human capital) approach to examine the influence of two characteristics of research careers that are likely to influence scientists’ engagement in cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary collaborations. S&T human capital is the sum of skills, knowledge and social relations needed to participate in science (Bozeman & Corley, 2004). A researcher’s S&T human capital is constantly evolving throughout her professional life cycle (Bozeman, 2008). We consider here two career characteristics that are likely to affect this evolution substantially: inter-sectoral job mobility and scientific excellence measured in terms of publication productivity. We examine data from 1593 employed at CSIC - the Spanish National Research Council – who responded to a survey conducted in 2011 covering all fields of science. The resulting dataset includes 285 CSIC researches who declared professional experience in industry, 157 CSIC researchers with previous experience in other non research oriented governmental organisations, and 396 who had professional experience in either of the two former sectors. Additionally, we use respondents’ publication records to distinguish individuals with high publication productivity. We examine the influence of excellence and mobility career backgrounds on the development of cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary collaborations.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the theoretical discussion of scientific mobility in order to progress understanding of the role it plays in shaping and fostering knowledge transfers, which in turn could benefit the scientific and technological advancement of developing countries. We use Callon's socioeconomics of scientific research (1994, 2002) as the theoretical basis for posing the question: to what extent are the components of scientific knowledge embodied in scientific human capital (tacit knowledge, scientific skills, problem solving capabilities, etc.) actually appropriable and rival? Mainstream economics assumes that rivalry and appropriability are intrinsic properties of human capital. We argue, however, that 'external' factors, particularly the configuration of networks, play a role in determining the degree of rivalry and appropriability of knowledge embodied in scientific human capital, turning therefore these characteristics into extrinsic (and not intrinsic) ones. This has important consequences for the analysis of economic allocation and distribution of human capital and for the understanding of scientific mobility and the circulation and replication of knowledge. Callon's framework forces us to think about scientific mobility and its role in the diffusion of scientific knowledge in a different way, using the language of networks and emergent and consolidated configurations.

59 págs., 21 cuadros, 7 figuras, Este trabajo aborda la descripción y estudio comparado del Sistema Español de Innovación. El análisis revela que España ha hecho un esfuerzo significativo por poner su sistema científico a la altura de los de los países de nuestro entorno europeo más desarrollado y ha cosechado algunos éxitos como el crecimiento de los recursos de I+D y el crecimiento en volumen y producción de calidad del sistema científico. El esfuerzo realizado en la formación de recursos humanos y, por tanto, en dotar al sistema de innovación de una buena capacidad de absorción y difusión de conocimiento, ha sido también notable. En el otro lado de la balanza, encontramos, sin embargo, el bajo nivel educativo de una proporción todavía demasiado alta de la población y un tejido empresarial español con características estructurales que lo predisponen a una dinámica innovadora deficiente como el reducido tamaño de la mayoría de las empresas o la estructura productiva. Los datos ponen de manifiesto que los esfuerzos realizados desde las políticas públicas no se ven reflejados, al menos no de momento, en un incremento significativo de actividades innovadoras en ninguno de los sectores económicos clave (ni el industrial, ni el de la construcción, ni el de los servicios). La canalización de estos esfuerzos y de la inversión pública en I+D hacia rendimientos innovadores es pues una de las principales tareas pendientes dentro del Sistema Español de innovación.

Trabajo presentado al 8th Globelics International Conference: "Making Innovation Work for Society: Linking, Leveraging and Learning" celebrada en Kuala Lumpur (Malasia) del 1 al 3 de Noviembre de 2010.

The temporary international mobility of researchers is a key mechanism for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the creation and development of scholarly collaborative networks. However, empirical knowledge about international research visits is very limited due to an overall lack of data in most countries. In this paper we use curriculum vitae data contained in the Scientific Information System of Andalusia to study the dynamics of the temporary mobility of Andalusian researchers. We analyse a population of more than 6,000 mobile researchers and almost 18,000 international research visits, over the period 1961-2009. The analysis reveals significant changes over time in the frequency, duration, geographical destination and gender distribution of visits. It also shows important differences in temporary mobility patterns among research disciplines. The study makes a methodological contribution to the literature, as it applies electronic curriculum data to the analysis of trends in this type of mobility for the first time. La movilidad temporal internacional de los investigadores es un importante mecanismo de difusión de conocimiento y emergencia y desarrollo de redes de colaboración científica. El conocimiento empírico de este tipo de flujos geográficos es, sin embargo, muy limitado, debido a una generalizada escasez de datos en la mayoría de los países. En este trabajo recurrimos a la información de los currículos contenidos en el Sistema de Información Científica de Andalucía para analizar las dinámicas de movilidad temporal internacional de los investigadores andaluces. Estudiamos a una población de más de 6.000 investigadores móviles y casi 18.000 estancias realizadas entre 1961 y 2009. El análisis revela significativas tendencias de cambio a lo largo del tiempo en la frecuencia, duración y destino de las estancias, así como en las diferencias por género. Asimismo, pone de manifiesto marcadas diferencias en los perfiles de movilidad por área de conocimiento. El trabajo constituye una contribución metodológica en la medida en que emplea por primera vez datos curriculares electrónicos para el estudio del fenómeno de la movilidad y de este tipo de tendencias.

SIN FINANCIACIÓN No data 2007

Agents’ knowledge combines their perception of what reality is with their conception of what reality should be. “Ethical dynamics” refers to the evolution in the latter conception. This is a key element to explain changes in agents’ objectives of action, which usually do not result simply from interaction or “cognitive dynamics”. “Ethical novelties” are important sources of economic change. They consist of changes in the structure of action objectives which result from ethical dynamics.