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Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a lung infection that can be acquired during day-to-day activities in the community (not while receiving care in a hospital). Community-acquired pneumonia poses a significant public health burden in terms of mortality, morbidity, and costs. Shorter antibiotic courses for CAP may limit treatment costs and adverse effects, but the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment is uncertain. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of short-course versus longer-course treatment with the same antibiotic at the same daily dosage for CAP in non-hospitalised adolescents and adults (outpatients). We planned to investigate non-inferiority of short-course versus longerterm course treatment for efficacy outcomes, and superiority of short-course treatment for safety outcomes. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, which contains the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group Specialised Register,MEDLINE, Embase, five other databases, and three trials registers on 28 September 2017 together with conference proceedings, reference checking, and contact with experts and pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing short- and long-courses of the same antibiotic for CAP in adolescent and adult outpatients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We planned to use standard Cochrane methods. MAIN RESULTS: Our searches identified 5260 records. We did not identify any RCTs that compared short- and longer-courses of the same antibiotic for the treatment of adolescents and adult outpatients with CAP.We excluded two RCTs that compared short courses (five compared to seven days) of the same antibiotic at the same daily dose because they evaluated antibiotics (gemifloxacin and telithromycin) not commonly used in practice for the treatment of CAP. In particular, gemifloxacin is no longer approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate CAP due to its questionable risk-benefit balance, and reported adverse effects. Moreover, the safety profile of telithromycin is also cause for concern.We found one ongoing study that we will assess for inclusion in future updates of the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found no eligible RCTs that studied a short-course of antibiotic compared to a longer-course (with the same antibiotic at the same daily dosage) for CAP in adolescent and adult outpatients. The effects of antibiotic therapy duration for CAP in adolescent and adult outpatients remains unclear. pre-print 547 Kb

The first objective of this research was to obtain a consensual picture of research, development, innovation and transfer issues and priorities in the national RDI system relating to the olive oil sector in Spain. A second objective was to design a structured series of strategic recommendations to improve that system. The results obtained from three in-person expert panels applied a sequence of social research techniques based on Metaplan methodology were analysed. Focus groups and strategic participation workshop techniques were employed to achieve these objectives. The three panels broached the following areas of knowledge: i) olive growing and olive oil by-products; ii) olive oil technology, health and new products; and iii) Agro-food Social Sciences. The experts concluded that there was a pressing need to remedy the current general lack of innovation and knowledge transfer from the National System to businesses ad farmers. They also agreed on the need to broach RDI activities from interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary angles.

A wide range of global biodiversity is concentrated in rural landscapes. Indeed, many wild species and natural habitats are directly or indirectly associated with agricultural systems. In turn, some genomes of wild species can contribute, on one hand, to agricultural productivity and quality and, on the other, to ongoing biological control of crop-specific pests. Thus, management of these landscapes should consider applying agricultural practices adapted to biodiversity conservation, which will also result in enhanced production levels. One way to infer the state of conservation of biodiversity in rural landscapes is through knowledge of their spatial structure, i.e., the configuration and composition of different land uses and remnant natural vegetation. This knowledge can serve to evaluate the behavior of the ecological processes associated with the above mentioned structure and to assess the integrity of the landscape and its potential biodiversity. The current spatial pattern of the landscape is the result of changes in land uses and management practices therein throughout time, essentially as a result of socioeconomic changes. Study of these changes enables us to propose future scenarios based upon the design and implementation of management policies that consider the history of the aforementioned changes Moreover, it is interesting to note the growing interest of agricultural policies, at different levels (for example, the Common Agriculture Policy at European level), in ecological compensation measures for agricultural areas (specific subsidies) involving conservation and improvement of biodiversity. The receiving of certain subsidies depends on the correct application of feasible agro-environmental models. In this sense, spatial analysis of the landscape and changes therein can be useful for more effective conservation of biodiversity while maintaining an optimum level of productivity, which can be seen in the diverse models applied in different regions. The present study, conducted in Andalusia in southern Spain,consisted of analysing the structure of a rural landscape of olive groves, as well as the dynamics of change in land uses and land cover over a period of 50 years. The study results show a trend towards intensification of olive cultivation (mainly irrigation and increased energy inputs), a greater area occupied by these crops and maintenance of the area covered by natural vegetation and even an increase therein. As a result of these processes, the landscape has maintained an acceptable level of connectivity,diversity of land uses and spatial heterogeneity.This situation enabled us to infer a good situation for biodiversity conservation and for the potential restoration of the rural landscape studied. Our results highlight the need for an agro-environmental model at landscape-scale for the conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of a reasonable level of profitable productivity. We therefore recommend the abandonment of less productive farmland and a spatial landscape configuration based upon the ‘land sparing’ alternative. This alternative involves the persistence of remnants of useful native vegetation such as:natural or semi-natural habitats (essential for species specialised in agricultural systems); discontinuous corridors (stepping stones) and the potential restoration of native vegetation., This study was supported by the research project of the National Plan (R + D + i) of the Government of Spain (CSO2009-08154 2010/2013, PI Sanz-Cañada, J): Territorial Externalities in local agro-food systems: rural development, landscapes and public goods in olive oil designations of origin (EXTERSIAL).

PROPÓSITO: El GIST es un tumor perteneciente a los sarcomas de partes blandas y aunque su localización más frecuente es el tracto gastrointestinal se ha descrito fuera de ésta a pesar de lo cual persiste esa denominación, lo que es, en bastantes casos, motivo de confusión. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de un varón de 57 años diagnosticado, en principio, de "tumor de músculo liso de potencial maligno incierto" en base a su localización retroperitoneal. Tras la revisión y determinación de c-kit (CD-117), se hizo el diagnóstico definitivo de "tumor estromal de localización retroperitoneal". CONCLUSIONES: Proponemos el término menos confuso de "tumor estromal con fenotipo de células intersticiales de Cajal". PURPOSE: GIST is a soft tissue sarcoma with preferential location for the gastrointestinal tract. However, it has been described in extragastrointestinal tissues. The persistence of the denomination may eventually lead to confusion, because the abbreviation refers to the gastrointestinal tract MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present the case of a 57 year old man with initial diagnosis of suffering from a "smooth muscle tumor with uncertain malignant potential", based on its retroperitoneal location. After medical examination and c-kit (CD-117) determination, the definitive diagnosis of "stromal tumor of retroperitoneal location" was made. CONCLUSIONS: We propose the term "stromal tumor with Cajal's interstitial cells phenotype".