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Over the past decade, there has been a decline in soil microorganism diversity, attributed mainly to using chemicals such as fungicides. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying concentrations of the compound fungicide containing 64% mancozeb and 8% cymoxanil on the diversity, pathogenicity, and antagonistic potential of potato rhizosphere fungi against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. The research was conducted from April to August 2023 and included a sampling of potato rhizosphere soil in Sumberbrantas, Batu City, followed by an exploration at the Plant Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. The exploration results identified 15 fungal isolates, of which 13 were successfully classified into the genera Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Scopulariopsis sp., and Cladosporium sp. The highest colony counts and diversity index (H') were observed in treatments with a fungicide concentration of 0.7 g/L and the control group. The pathogenicity tests revealed that none of the isolated potato rhizosphere fungi exhibited pathogenic potential. However, specific isolates, specifically Penicillium sp. 7, Penicillium sp. 5, and Penicillium sp. 3 demonstrated the potential to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymoxanil (CYM) is a widely used synthetic acetamide fungicide, but its biochemical mode of action remains elusive. Since CYM inhibits cell growth, biomass production, and respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we used this model to characterize the effect of CYM on mitochondria. We found it inhibits oxygen consumption in both whole cells and isolated mitochondria, specifically inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) activity during oxidative phosphorylation. Based on molecular docking, we propose that CYM blocks the interaction of cytochrome c with CcO, hampering electron transfer and inhibiting CcO catalytic activity. Although other targets cannot be excluded, our data offer valuable insights into the mode of action of CYM that will be instrumental in driving informed management of the use of this fungicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method was introduced for the detection of cymoxanil. The experimental parameters of the procedure were thoroughly evaluated. Cymoxanil was eluted by ammonium formate buffer (50.0 mM, pH 4.0):acetonitrile (55:45 v/v) as mobile phase. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were found as 7.4 – 24.8 µg kg-1, which allows trace determination of pesticides in food samples. Proposed method was then implemented for the determination of selected fungicide in potato flour samples with acceptable % recoveries in the range of 81.4–112.9%, while the values of relative standard deviation (RSD) were below 10% showing a satisfactory applicability for cymoxanil in such complex real samples matrix.

Cymoxanil (CYM) is one of the most important fungicides for various vegetables and fruits. However, its routine detection is still expensive due to high‐cost equipment. In this context, the silver nanoparticle‐based colorimetric probe was synthesized using triazole‐N‐acetamide thiazole (TAT) derivative as a stabilizer. The triazole‐N‐ acetamide thiazole (TAT) derivative functionalized silver nanoparticles (TAT‐AgNPs) were used as a probe for selective, efficient, rapid and quantitative determination of CYM in tap and river water. The characterization of TAT‐AgNPs was accomplished through UV‐visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Zetasizer analysis. Highly sensitive surface plasmonic resonance band at 400 nm indicated complete reduction of Ag+ by using 1 : 15 (v/v) (TAT: AgNO3). The limit of detection (LOD), which corresponds to signal‐to‐noise ratio 3, is 0.013 μmol L−1, showed a linear response as a function of CYM concentration from 1 to 100 μM. Furthermore, the probe shows good selectivity when exposed to a series of interfering pesticides. TAT‐AgNPs were also spiked with blood plasma and the effects of relevant interfering studies were evaluated. The nanosensor detects the CYM tap water and river water samples. It confirmed that nanosensor can detect CYM in biological and environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method was introduced for the detection of cymoxanil. The experimental parameters of the procedure were thoroughly evaluated. Cymoxanil was eluted by ammonium formate buffer (50.0 mM, pH 4.0):acetonitrile (55:45 v/v) as mobile phase. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were found as 7.4 – 24.8 µg kg-1, which allows trace determination of pesticides in food samples. Proposed method was then implemented for the determination of selected fungicide in potato flour samples with acceptable % recoveries in the range of 81.4–112.9%, while the values of relative standard deviation (RSD) were below 10% showing a satisfactory applicability for cymoxanil in such complex real samples matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the cymoxanil‐mancozeb (CM) toxicity and investigate the ameliorative effect of resveratrol (Res) against cymoxanil‐mancozeb toxicity. Forty rats were divided into four groups; the first group was used as a control group, the second group was exposed to Res only at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, and the third group was administered CM only at a dose of 799 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, The fourth group was co‐treated with Res+CM for 4 weeks. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. The comet assay was done on liver and blood specimens and histopathological examinations of the liver and intestine. The results demonstrated that CM exposure caused a significant increase in WBCs, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT, and total cholesterol and triglycerides levels accompanied by a decrease in HGB, HCT, RBCs and MCV, MCH, MCHC, HDL and glucose levels with no significant DNA damage in liver and blood. CM mixture induced severe pathological changes in small intestine and liver. Co‐treatment of Res with CM improved hematological picture, lipid and glucose profiles also liver enzymes and decreased changes in the architecture of the liver and intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the pesticides can be used with little risk if label directions were followed, while some are extremely toxic and require special precautions. This study aimed to determine the patho-biochemical toxicity of short-term exposure to repeated low oral doses of malathion, metalaxyl and cymoxanil pesticides on male rats. Results of the present study demonstrated that low doses of malathion, metalaxyl and cymoxanil pesticides was asymptomatic and mostly showed insignificant histopathological changes in treated rats. The observed values of biochemical enzymes with these low-doses were near to the control ones, whereas medium and high doses treated rats exhibited adverse signs and symptoms of toxicity. The results also depicted that cymoxanil was the most toxic of the tested pesticides, followed by Malathion and metalaxyl. The obtained histological lesions were correlated with the increased level of biochemical enzymes in target organs. Additionally, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were obvious in rats treated with cymoxanil, meanwhile, neuronal and pulmonary changes were nearly the same in all doses of the used pesticides. Taken together, our study recommends examining pesticides for their possible adverse effects on animals and humans in case of repeated use, even in small doses, before their application to agricultural fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the cymoxanil adsorption efficiency on carboxy-carbon nanotubes (CNT-COOH)/manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2)/iron(II,III) oxide(Fe3O4) nanocomposite. The optimum conditions were determined by studying the influence of pH (2-10), temperature (20-60 °C), initial cymoxanil concentration (7-20 mg L−1), adsorbent dose (0.5-5 g L−1) and contact time (2-30 min) on the adsorption process. The isotherm and kinetic models were used to analyze the experimental data. The Langmuir isotherm model was shown to provide the best fit with a 10.672 mg g−1 maximum adsorption capacity. Also, the cymoxanil adsorption follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. According to these results, the CNT-COOH/MnO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposite may be used for cymoxanil removal from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxadixyl and cymoxanil are widely used for controlling downy mildew in cucumber; however, there are few systematic studies on monitoring residue levels of these two pesticides in cucumber under greenhouse and open field conditions. In this study, a simplified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was applied to analyze target compounds in cucumber. The average recoveries of oxadixyl and cymoxanil in cucumber ranged from 96% to 102%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%–4.0%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for two pesticides were both 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipation of oxadixyl was in accordance with a first-order kinetics equation, with half-lives ranging from 1.8 to 3.1 days. At the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 or 5 days, the residue levels of oxadixyl in cucumber under open field conditions were higher than those under greenhouse conditions. Compared to oxadixyl, the cymoxanil degraded quickly, and its residues were below LOQ on the 3rd or 5th day after the last application. The terminal residues of oxadixyl and cymoxanil in the cucumber were both lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. The risk quotient (RQ) used for dietary risk assessment was 1.8%–3.5% and 0.26%–0.51% for oxadixyl and cymoxanil, respectively. The results showed that the risks of these two pesticides used on cucumber at the experimental dosages are comparably acceptable for Chinese consumers of different gender and age groups. This study provides a reference data to use oxadixyl and cymoxanil scientifically and rationally.

Results of two year field study on the effect of cymoxanil 8 per cent + mancozeb 64 per cent WP along with its 50 per cent WP, mancozeb, metiram+pyraclostrobin and zineb in reducing severity of downy mildew caused by Peronospora destructor, purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri and Stemphylium blight of onion revealed that the different tratments significantly reduced the disease severity. During the two season trials, cymoxanil+mancozeb at 3.5 g L-1 revealed respective per cent diseases index (PDI) values of 16.19 and 6.04;10.51 and 11.25, and 10.32 and 11.94 respectively against the three respective diseases, followed by the chemical treatment at 3 g L-1. The yield during the two seasons was 10.50 and 6.60 t ha-1 respectively at the 3.5 g dose. Overall, its different doses were either matching or superior than the other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposome nanocarriers can be used to solve problems of pesticide instability, rapid degradation and a short period of efficacy. Cymoxanil with antifungal activity requires an ideal drug loading system due to its degradation issues. In this paper, cholesterol and stearylamine were used to prepare non-phospholipid liposomes (sterosomes) as a pesticide nanocarrier, and were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, size distribution, and ζ-potential. The results showed sterosomes were successfully loaded with cymoxanil. The loading efficiency and the drug-to-lipid ratio were 92.6% and 0.0761, respectively. Prolonged drug release was obtained for 3 days, improving the short duration of the drug itself. The addition of cymoxanil-loaded sterosomes in culture medium effectively inhibited the growth of yeast cells, which serve as model fungal targets. Sterosomes as nanocarriers significantly improved the stability and efficacy of cymoxanil, thus introducing practical and economically desirable strategies for the preparation of novel pesticide formulations.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of fungicides, commonly used in vine cultures, on the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has been poorly studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of three viticulture fungicides (myclobutanil, cymoxanil, and azoxystrobin) on non-target organisms, the bacteria Rhodopirellula rubra, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Arthrobacter sp., the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, and the macrophyte Lemna minor. Fungicide toxicity was performed in acute cell viability assay for bacteria; 72-h and 7-day growth inhibition tests for R. subcapitata and L. minor, respectively. Contents of photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation in L. minor were evaluated. Arthrobacter sp. and P. putida showed resistance to these fungicides. Even though azoxystrobin affected R. rubra and E. coli cell viability, this effect was due to the solvent used, acetone. Cell viability decrease was obtained for R. rubra exposed to cymoxanil and E. coli exposed to myclobutanil (30 min of exposure at 10 mg/L and 240 min of exposure at 46 mg/L, respectively). R. subcapitata showed about 10-fold higher sensitivity to azoxystrobin (EC50-72h = 0.25 mg/L) and cymoxanil (EC50-72h = 0.36 mg/L) than L. minor to azoxystrobin and myclobutanil (EC50-72h = 1.53 mg/L and EC50-72h = 1.89 mg/L, respectively). No lipid peroxidation was observed in L. minor after fungicide exposure, while changes of total chlorophyll were induced by azoxystrobin and myclobutanil. Our results showed that non-target aquatic organisms of different trophic levels are affected by fungicides used in viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a practical and excellent method was used to determine the famoxadone and cymoxanil via high-performance liquid chromatography equipped utilizing ultraviolet detector lamp (HPLC-UV) for investigating the dissipation behavior and residue distribution of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber and soil ecosystem. The limit of quantification (LOQS) of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber were 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 0.05, 0.50, 1.00 mg kg−1 in soil, respectively. The limit of detection (LODS) of both famoxadone and cymoxanil were 8.0 ng. The average recoveries (n = 5) of the fungicide ranged from 84.10 to 108.02% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) typically < 9.23%. The fungicide was applied to cucumber and soil at the range of doses (275.6–413.4 g a.i.ha−1) three or four times. The half-lives of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber and soil were 1.34–16.12 days, which followed the first-order chemical reaction kinetics equation Ct = C0 × e-kt. The residues of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber at the pre-harvest interval (PHI, 3 days) were below 8.0 × 10−8 g and 8.0 × 10−9 g, respectively. Overall, this study evaluated the food safety and the environmental fate of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber and soil ecosystem. In addition, this study would promote the series of work on the pesticide exposure assessment of these fungicides as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of highly water‐soluble propamocarb and hydrophobic cymoxanil in potato tuber and tomato fruit. Residue behaviors of the fungicides in open field or greenhouse were investigated for the safety evaluation of these two pesticides, and the effects of cultivation conditions, fungicide exposure and fruit size of tomato on residue level are discussed. RESULTS: Vegetable samples were extracted with ammonia–acetonitrile, further purified with multiwall carbon nanotubes and analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated with fortified samples at different concentration levels (0.05–2.0 mg kg−1). Average recoveries ranged from 84 to 111% with relative standard deviations between 0.3 and 5.5%. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were set at the lowest spiking level of 0.05 mg kg−1. In tomato and cherry tomato, initial residue level of cymoxanil was below LOQ at recommended good agricultural practices. Propamocarb residues were affected by the cultivation conditions, with highest levels of 0.52 and 0.72 mg kg−1in open field and greenhouse, respectively. In addition, residues of propamocarb in cherry tomatoes were found to be present at 1.25 mg kg−1. CONCLUSIONS: The field trial results showed that propamocarb and cymoxanil residues in potato tubers were below LOQ due to the tubers not being exposed to sprayed pesticides. The unexpected high residue levels in cherry tomato seem to indicate that cherry tomato with small size presents certain accumulative effects of propamocarb. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene (NB-Gr) was obtained by the hydrothermal method using urea and boric acid as doping sources. According to XRD analysis, the NB-Gr sample was formed by five-layer graphene. In addition, the XPS analysis confirmed the nitrogen and boron co-doping of the graphene sample. After synthesis, the investigation of the electro-catalytic properties of the bare (GC) and graphene-modified electrode (NB-Gr/GC) towards cymoxanil detection (CYM) was performed. Significant differences between the two electrodes were noticed. In the first case (GC) the peak current modulus was small (1.12 × 10−5 A) and appeared in the region of negative potentials (−0.9 V). In contrast, when NB-Gr was present on top of the GC electrode it promoted the transfer of electrons, leading to a large peak current increase (1.65 × 10−5 A) and a positive shift of the peak potential (−0.75 V). The NB-Gr/GC electrode was also tested for its ability to detect cymoxanil from a commercial fungicide (CURZATE MANOX) by the standard addition method, giving a recovery of 99%.

Abstract The applicant DuPont de Nemours (Deutschland) GmbH submitted a request to the competent national authority in Austria to evaluate confirmatory data identified for cymoxanil in the framework of the maximum residue level (MRL) review under Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 and implemented in the EU MRL Regulation. To address the data gap on table and wine grapes, lettuce and spinach, the applicant submitted new residue trials for cymoxanil on these commodities. The data gap was considered satisfactorily addressed. Confirmatory data on analytical methods for enforcement in hops and herbal infusions (dried flower), and storage stability data in dry matrices were not submitted with the present application. Based on the available information, a revision of the existing MRLs for table and wine grapes, spinach and pulses should be considered by risk managers.

[Objective] The paper was to clarify the sensitivity and resistance of Pseudoperonospora cubensis to cymoxanil. [Method] A total of 69 strains were collected from 13 major cucumber producing areas in eight provinces and cities of Guangdong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Beijing, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang from 2012 to 2016, and their sensitivity and resistance to cymoxanil was determined using leaf disc floating method. [Result] The EC® of cymoxanil to P. cubensis were 0.006 8-0.134 1 p.g/mL and the average EC® was 0.062 4 |xg/mL. The sensitivity of P. cubensis to cymoxanil presented a single-peak curve, which was approximately normal distribution, and no strains with decreased sensitivity were found. The average EC® (0.062 4 p.g/mL) could be used as the sensitivity baseline of P. cubensis to cymoxanil. A mo ng the 69 strains, 16 were low-resistance strains, accounting for 23.19% of the total strains; 53 were sensitive strains, accounting for 76.81%, which were dominant populations; and no medium-resistance and high resistance strains were found. The resistance of P. cubensis to cymoxanil ranged from 0.11 to 2.15 times, and the average resistant level was 1.00 times. [Conclusion] Cymoxanil showed strong inhibitory effect against P. cubensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating potential adverse health impacts caused by pesticides is an important parameter in human toxicity. This study focuses on the importance of subchronic toxicity assessment of cymoxanil fungicide in rats with special reference to target biochemical enzymes and histopathological changes in different tissues. In this regard, a 21-day toxicity study with repeated cymoxanil oral doses was conducted. It has been shown that low doses (0.5 mg/kg) were less effective than medium (1 mg/kg) and high (2 mg/kg) doses. Moreover, high dose dose-treated rats showed piecemeal necrosis in the liver, interstitial nephritis and tubular degeneration in the kidneys, interstitial pneumonia and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia in the lungs, gliosis, spongiosis, and malacia in the brain, and testicular edema and degeneration in the testes. Cymoxanil significantly increased AST, ALT, and ALP in serum and liver, indicating tissue necrosis and possible leakage of these enzymes into the bloodstream. Creatinine levels increased, indicating renal damage. Similarly, significant inhibition was recorded in brain acetylcholinesterase, indicating that both synaptic transmission and nerve conduction were affected. Importantly, these histopathological and biochemical alterations were dose-dependent. Taken together, our study reported interesting biochemical and histopathological alterations in different rat tissues following repeated toxicity with oral doses of cymoxanil. Our study suggests future studies on different pesticides at different concentrations that would help urge governments to create more restrictive regulations concerning these compounds’ levels.

A simple and fast method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for cymoxanil residue analysis in grape. Sample preparation based on solid-liquid extraction was optimized without using adsorbent for purification. Recoveries were 79.8-109.5% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.5-9.4% at fortified levels from 0.001 to 0.50 mg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 μg/kg. Field trials were conducted to explore the dissipation and terminal residue behavior of cymoxanil in grape. Results showed that the half-lives of cymoxanil were from 0.5 to 0.7 days. Terminal residues were from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 0.363 mg/kg. Dietary exposure risk assessment revealed that the risk quotients (RQs) were much less than 1. It was concluded that cymoxanil in grape raised negligible concerns to human health under field conditions. Sixty grape samples from Guangzhou market were found to be free of cymoxanil. The proposed study would provide reference for appropriate use of cymoxanil in grape planting in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial potential of Controller, Impose, Phostrol, Ridomil Gold plus and Roxyl Plus was determined for Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Streptomyces scabies. The cidal effect against P. atrosepticum was only shown by the fungicide Controller. S. scabies was highly affected by Controller, Impose and Roxyl plus compared to RidomilGold plus and Phostrol that did not inhibit the growth. The MIC of Controller was found to be 4000 ppm for P. atrosepticum and S. scabies. On the other hand, the MICs of Impose and Roxyl Plus were found to be 4000 ppm and 3000 ppm respectively for S. scabies. Application of Controller against blackleg significantly decreased the incidence of the disease in potted potato plants. Application of Controller, Impose and Roxyl Plus at 3.0g/I to control common scab significantly decreased the disease. Conclusive results were obtained by the 4.0 g/I application. Residues of ingredients of these fungicides in potato tuber 60 day after application were below the approved maximum residue level (MRL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the competent national authority in Belgium, Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, submitted a request to modify the existing maximum residue level (MRL) for the active substance cymoxanil in beans without pods. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive a MRL proposal for beans without pods. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of cymoxanil in beans without pods at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of cymoxanil according to the reported agricultural practice is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.

Colletotrichum sp. is an important pathogen on pepper and caused losses up to 50-100% in rainy season. The objectives of this study is to examine the ability of Curxanil 8/64WP (mixed fungicides between cymoxanil and mancozeb 8/64) in controlling Colletotrichum sp., and to know the resistance of the pathogen against fungicides in vitro. Field experiment was arranged in Complete Randomized Block Design with five treatments i. e. 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% of each tested fungicide, compared with 0.2% mancozeb, with four replications. Fungicides toxicity were tested in vitro using Poisoned Food Technique. This experiment was arranged in Complete Randomized Design with eight treatments i.e. 0, 50, 100, 200, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm of mancozeb, cymoxanil, and curxanil with four replications. Fungicides resistance assay of Colletotrichum sp. against Curxanil was tested using the same method with gradually increasing fungicide concentrations.The results showed that in the field, anthracnose disease of red pepper can be controlled with 0.2% Curxanil. In vitro test showed that mancozeb at 800 ppm inhibited 98.8% colony diameter of Colletotrichum sp., while cymoxanil at 2000 ppm only reduced 37.2%. Colletotrichum sp. treated with gradually increasing concentration of Curxanil showed that its colony diameter could not be reduced and still grew 52.6% compared with one time treatment. This showed that Colletotrichum sp. had a potency to be resistant against cymoxanil. This problem can be avoided by mixing cymoxanil and mancozeb fungicides. Colletotrichum sp. adalah jamur patogen penting pada cabai merah. Kehilangan hasil mencapai 50-100% pada musim hujan. Pengendalian yang selama ini dilakukan adalah dengan fungisida. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menguji kemampuan fungisida Curxanil 8/64 WP (campuran simoksanil dengan mankozeb 8/64 WP) di lapangan dalam mengendalikan Colletotrichum spp. Penelitian lapangan disusun berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan yaitu Curxanil dengan konsentrasi 0, 0,1, 0,2, 0,3, 0,4 %, dan mankozeb 0,2 % sebagai pembanding, dengan 4 ulangan. Percobaan di laboratorium bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan fungisida Curxanil dengan mankozeb terhadap perkembangan koloni jamur patogen dan menguji ketahanan Colletotrichum spp. terhadap fungisida. Uji daya racun fungisida in vitro dirancang dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 8 perlakuan yaitu 0, 50, 100, 200, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm dengan menggunakan Teknik Makanan Beracun. Uji ketahanan Colletotrichum spp. terhadap fungisida dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan patogen pada PDA dengan konsentrasi Curxanil yang dinaikkan secara bertahap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fungisida Curxanil mampu mengendalikan patogen pada konsentrasi 0,2 % di lapangan. Mankozeb 800 ppm dapat menghambat perkembangan koloni Colletotrichum spp., 98,8%. Campuran simoksanil dengan mankozeb pada 50 ppm sudah dapat menghambat 100%, sedangkan simoksanil tidak dapat menghambat perkembangan koloni Collletotricum spp. Sampai dengan 2000 ppm diameter koloni hanya terhambat 32,7%. Jamur Colletotrichum spp. menunjukkan kecenderungan ketahanan terhadap simoksanil setelah diperlakukan berulang kali dan masih dapat tumbuh 52,6%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan strain Colletotrichum spp. tahan simoksanil dapat dihambat dengan fungisida campuran simoksanil dengan mankozeb.

For four years (2012–2015), pesticides were analyzed in atmospheric samples in the Centre of Reims (France). Among the analyzed substances, 28 have been quantified at least one time during the 4 sampling years. The annual cumulated pesticide concentrations were respectively 158.8, 38.5, 84.5 and 86.6 ng m −3 from 2012 to 2015, showing a great variability in the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere of the Centre of Reims. The top nine pesticides quantified in the atmosphere were cymoxanil, chlorothalonil and prosulfocarb reaching concentrations up to 13–14 ng m −3 and folpel, cyazofamid, fluazinam, pendimethalin, fenpropidin and spiroxamine reaching concentrations between 1 and 5 ng m −3 . Among the nine predominant pesticides, seven of them were fungicides especially used against septoriose, mildew and oïdium occurring as well in vineyard and arable crops. Herbicides quantified were those which are used in arable crops. Insecticides especially carbaryl, chlorpyrifos ethyl and lindane were negligible in the atmosphere. The role of meteorological conditions in the development of diseases and the application rates of pesticide was related to the presence of pesticide in the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the competent national authority in Belgium, Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, submitted a request to modify the existing maximum residue level (MRL) for the active substance cymoxanil in beans without pods. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive a MRL proposal for beans without pods. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of cymoxanil in beans without pods at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short-term and long-term intake of residues resulting from the use of cymoxanil according to the reported agricultural practice is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes a novel solid phase extraction method based on the MCM-41 sorbent for the pre-concentration of eight pesticides with different polarity (including organophosphates, carbamates and triazoles) in environmental waters. A microflow liquid chromatography-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used for the determination and extra-confirmation of the pesticides in the water. Variables affecting the retention (pH and ionic strength) and elution (type and volume elution solvent) of the analytes, the sorbent amount and the breakthrough volume were optimized. The effect of the matrix components in the response of the pesticides was investigated in two types of environmental water (river and dam waters). Signal suppression, which was found in all cases depends on the analyte and the kind of the sample; therefore, quantification was carried out using the standard addition approach. Detection and quantification limits achieved in environmental samples were lower than 0.01 μg L − 1 and 0.05 μg L − 1 , respectively (with the exception of cymoxanil in dam water, which showed a quantitation limit of 0.16 μg L − 1 ). Accuracy and precision in environmental samples, at two concentration levels, ranged from 65% to 126% (relative standard deviation ≤ 14%), except for methomyl with recoveries lower than 60%. The method developed herein was applied to the analysis of several environmental waters from Spain in which pesticides were not found in any case. Diffusion NMR methods and 13 C CP/MAS NMR were applied in order to establish that MCM-41 selectively interacts in different extent with pesticides of different polarity such as cymoxanil or phosalone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most devastating disease of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) and causes important economically losses if not properly controlled. Control is achieved mainly by preventive fungicide applications. However, even if curative applications are discouraged because they increase the risk of resistance development in the target pathogens, in practice fungicides may be applied also when the disease is already present, a situation that commonly occurs in the field. The aim of this work was to study the curative activity of several fungicides toward P. infestans to determine their efficacy when applied after the infection process. Nine trials were performed in greenhouse using potted tomato plants that were treated 24 h after inoculation. Disease severity was assessed three times from the development of the symptoms on the untreated plants and data analysed using a linear mixed model. Differences in post-infection control between the different chemical classes were found. Metalaxyl-M and cymoxanil showed the best curative activity while among the CAA fungicides, a good efficacy was expressed by dimethomorph. Interestingly, evidence of synergy between active ingredients having different modes of action was observed such as in the mixtures containing dimethomorph + ametoctradin, dimethomorph + pyraclostrobin and fosetyl-Al + propamocarb. This study provided useful information on the post-infection activity of some fungicides used to control tomato late blight and should be taken into account to perform more in depth studies at the field level and to improve the management strategies of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study has been conducted on the leaching of two fungicides, tebuconazole and cymoxanil, in a soil amended with spent mushroom substrate (SMS), with an evaluation of how different factors influence this process. The objective was based on the potential use of SMS as a biosorbent for immobilizing pesticides in vulnerable soils, and the need to know how it could affect the subsequent transport of these retained compounds. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) for 14 C-fungicides, non-incubated and incubated over 30 days, were obtained in columns packed with an unamended soil (S), and this soil amended with SMS at rates of 5% (S + SMS5) and 50% (S + SMS50) under saturated and saturated-unsaturated flows. The highest leaching of tebuconazole (> 50% of the total 14 C added) was found in S when a saturated water flow was applied to the column, but the percentage of leached fungicide decreased when a saturated-unsaturated flow was applied in both SMS-amended soils. Also a significant decrease in leaching was observed for tebuconazole after incubation in the column, especially in S + SMS50 when both flows were applied. Furthermore, cymoxanil leaching was complete in S and S + SMS when a saturated flow was applied, and maximum peak concentrations were reached at 1 pore volume (PV), although BTCs showed peaks with lower concentrations in S + SMS. The amounts of cymoxanil retained only increased in S + SMS when a saturated-unsaturated flow was applied. A more relevant effect of SMS for reducing the leaching of fungicide was observed when cymoxanil was previously incubated in the column, although mineralization was enhanced in this case. These results are of interest for extending SMS application on the control of the leaching of fungicides with different physicochemical characteristics after different ageing times in the soil and water flow conditions applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most restrictive disease of this crop in Colombia , where environmental conditions are optimal conditions for its epidemic development. This situation leads to an excessive use of fungicides by farmers, which besides representing near 10% of production costs, causes a serious damage of environment and public health. This research pretends to support IPM programs by monitoring the sensitivity levels of 15 isolates of P. infestans obtained from crops in Antioquia, Cundinamarca and Boyacá, to fungicides Ridomil® Gold, Curzate® M-8, Previcur® N SL and Mildex® 711 WG as a tool of the risk analysis that permit to offer to the farmers the technical recommendations based on the generation of sensitivity lines. Evaluations of sensitivity were carried out using the immersion of leaf discs methodology with seven doses of each commercial product. Results show that the studied population presents high levels of sensitivity to these fungicides. In the case of Curzate® M-8, the average EC50 value was 0.28 mg·L-1, while the EC50 for Previcur® N SL reached 0.71 mg·L- . Intests with fungicides Ridomil® Gold and Mildex® 711 WG, these values were 0.62 and 0.54 mg·L-1, respectively. Finally, sporangia production decreased from an average of 41,181 sporangia/mL in control treatment to less than 500 sporangia/mL when the maximum doses of four fungicides were evaluated.

La gota de la papa causada por Phytophthora infestans es la enfermedad más limitante de este cultivo en Colombia, donde la mayor parte de regiones productoras presentan condiciones óptimas para su desarrollo epidémico. Esta situación conduce a los agricultores a la utilización excesiva de diferentes fungicidas, lo que además de representar cerca del 10% de los costos de producción, causa un grave deterioro ambiental y de salud pública. Esta investigación pretende apoyar los programas de M.I.E. a partir del monitoreo de los niveles de sensibilidad de 15 aislamientos de P. infestans obtenidos en Antioquia, Cundinamarca y Boyacá a los fungicidas Ridomil® Gold, Curzate® M-8, Previcur® N SL y Mildex® 711 WG, como una herramienta de análisis de riesgos que permita ofrecer a los agricultores de papa recomendaciones técnicas basadas en la generación de líneas de sensibilidad. Las evaluaciones se realizaron utilizando la metodología de inmersión de discos de hoja con siete dosis de producto comercial. Los resultados indican que la población estudiada presenta altos niveles de sensibilidad a los cuatro fungicidas. Para el caso del Curzate® M-8, se alcanzaron valores promedio de EC50 de 0,28 mg·L-1, mientras que la EC50 para Previcur® N SL fue de 0,71 mg·L- 1. Para los fungicidas Ridomil® Gold y Mildex® 711 WG estos valores alcanzaron 0,62 y 0,54 mg·L- 1, respectivamente. Por otra parte, la producción de esporangios se redujo de 41.181 esporangios/mL obtenidos como promedio de todos los aislamientos en el tratamiento control, a menos de 500 esporangios/mL cuando se evaluaron las dosis máximas de los cuatro fungicidas.

Bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians , constitutes a major disease on commercial lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) production in south Florida. Under greenhouse conditions, resorcinol, two antioxidants, and various sugar alcohols such as mannitol, were evaluated alone, and in combination with Tanos ® 50DF (25% a.i. of each component cymoxanil and famoxadone, E.I du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE) for control of bacterial leaf spot. Among the compounds evaluated, resorcinol (35–50% disease control) and mannitol (9–45%) were the most effective. In field trials, different mixtures containing propionic acid, mannitol, resorcinol, Tanos and or copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000 ® , 46.1%, 30% copper equivalent) were evaluated for the control of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce. Field data support a moderate impact of Tanos in disease reduction. Both greenhouse and field data support a synergistic interaction between Tanos and the compounds including copper, in disease reduction. The mixture Tanos + resorcinol, or copper/resorcinol, Tanos + copper provided better or similar disease control than copper alone. No phytotoxicity was observed in our trials. In an integrated management program for bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, Tanos may be useful in tank mixes with these compounds and copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a carbon fibre rod electrode (CFRE) and a capillary carbon paste electrode (CPE) have been used for the determination of pesticides cymoxanil and famoxadone, respectively. In the cathodic potential range, optimum conditions were found for the determination of cymoxanil by DPV at CFRE at pH 4 with limit of quantification ( LQ) of 5.9×10−7 mol L−1. In the anodic area, determination of famoxadone by DPV at CPE was performed at optimum pH 2 with LQ=1.4×10−7 mol L−1. Practical applicability of the newly developed methods was verified on spiked samples of river water and soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical methods to immobilize pesticides in vulnerable soils are currently being developed to prevent water contamination. Some of these methods include the use of different organic residues to modify soils because they could limit the transport of pesticides and/or facilitate their dissipation. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) may be used for these purposes. Accordingly a study was conducted under laboratory conditions to know the dissipation and bioavailability of the fungicides cymoxanil and tebuconazole over time in a vineyard soil amended with two rates of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (5% and 50% ( w / w )), selected to prevent the diffuse or point pollution of soil. The dissipation of cymoxanil was more rapid than that of tebuconazole in the different soils studied. The dissipation rate was higher in the amended soil than in the unamended one for both compounds, while no significant differences were observed between the amended soils in either case. An apparent dissipation occurred in the amended soil due to the formation of non-extractable residues. Bound residues increased with incubation time for tebuconazole, although a proportion of this fungicide was bioavailable after 303 days. The major proportion of cymoxanil was tightly bound to the amended soil from the start, although an increasing fraction of bound fungicide was bioavailable for mineralization. Soil dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by SMS application and incubation time; however, it was not significantly modified by fungicide application. The significance of this research suggests that SMS applied at a low or high rate to agricultural soil can be used to prevent both the diffuse or point pollution of soil through the formation of non-extractable residues, although more research is needed to discover the time that fungicides remain adsorbed into the soil decreasing either bioavailability (tebuconazole) or mineralization (cymoxanil) in SMS-amended soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada; serada saksı koşullarında yetiştirilen domates Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. bitkisine, Equation Pro % 22.5 Famoxadone + % 30 Cymoxanil fungisiti uygulanmış ve bu fungisitin domates bitkisinin stomaları üzerine olası etkileri incelenmiştir. Equation Pro uygulamaları, etikette önerilen 40 g/ 100 L suya ve önerilenin iki katı 80 g/ 100 L suya dozlarında yapılmıştır. Uygulama gruplarının stoma indeksi değerleri, kontrole göre azalmaktadır. Yaprağın üst yüzündeki stoma en-boy değerleri kontrole göre artmakta, yaprağın alt yüzünde ise azalmaktadır. Anormal stoma sayıları ile kapalı stoma sayılarında doz artışına paralel olarak bir artış dikkati çekmektedir. Bu da, elde edilecek ürün miktarı üzerinde dolaylı olarak olumsuz bir etki oluşturabilir

According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has reviewed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance cymoxanil. In order to assess the occurrence of cymoxanil residues in plants, processed commodities, rotational crops and livestock, EFSA considered the conclusions derived in the framework of Directive 91/414/EEC as well as the European authorisations reported by Member States (incl. the supporting residues data). Based on the assessment of the available data, MRL proposals were derived and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. Although no apparent risk to consumers was identified, some information required by the regulatory framework was missing. Hence, the consumer risk assessment is considered indicative only and some MRL proposals derived by EFSA still require further consideration by risk managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The level of sensibility towards cymoxanil was quantified by oospore germination assays in 28 populations of Plasmopara viticola (Berk. et Curt.) Berlese and De Toni sampled from different Italian regions from 2009 to 2012. RESULTS: The populations showed good sensitivity levels, with EC50 values often lower than 10mg AI L-1 and percentages of resistant individuals lower than 16%. Only three populations, sampled at the end of the 2012 grapevine growing season, were characterised by high resistance levels. Field trials carried out in two of these vineyards showed that, at the beginning of the 2013 grapevine growing season, the EC50 values of P. viticola populations as measured in the sporangial assaywere higher than those observedwith oospores. At the end of the season, inplots where cymoxanilwas not applied, the populations fully reverted to sensitivity, while the EC50 values remained high where 3-6 applications were performed. CONCLUSION: Oospore germination assays provide valuable information on the sensitivity of populations in vineyards also at the quantitative level. The results obtained during the grapevine growing season confirm those obtained on the oospores, and that cymoxanil resistance is unstable, indirectly suggesting that the application of the fungicide according to antiresistance strategies can lead to good disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The level of sensibility towards cymoxanil was quantified by oospore germination assays in 28 populations of Plasmopara viticola (Berk. et Curt.) Berlese and De Toni sampled from different Italian regions from 2009 to 2012. RESULTS: The populations showed good sensitivity levels, with EC50 values often lower than 10 mg AI L-1 and percentages of resistant individuals lower than 16%. Only three populations, sampled at the end of the 2012 grapevine growing season, were characterised by high resistance levels. Field trials carried out in two of these vineyards showed that, at the beginning of the 2013 grapevine growing season, the EC50 values of P. viticola populations as measured in the sporangial assay were higher than those observed with oospores. At the end of the season, in plots where cymoxanil was not applied, the populations fully reverted to sensitivity, while the EC50 values remained high where 3-6 applications were performed. CONCLUSION: Oospore germination assays provide valuable information on the sensitivity of populations in vineyards also at the quantitative level. The results obtained during the grapevine growing season confirm those obtained on the oospores, and that cymoxanil resistance is unstable, indirectly suggesting that the application of the fungicide according to antiresistance strategies can lead to good disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora infestans causes potato late blight, an important and costly disease of potato and tomato crops. Seven clonal lineages of P. infestans identified recently in the United States were tested for baseline sensitivity to six oomycete-targeted fungicides. A subset of the dominant lineages (n = 45) collected between 2004 and 2012 was tested in vitro on media amended with a range of concentrations of either azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, or mefenoxam. Doseresponse curves and values for the effective concentration at which 50% of growth was suppressed were calculated for each isolate. The US-8 and US-11 clonal lineages were insensitive to mefenoxam while the US-20, US-21, US-22, US-23, and US-24 clonal lineages were sensitive to mefenoxam. Insensitivity to azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, or mandipropamid was not detected within any lineage. Thus, current U.S. populations of P. infestans remained sensitive to mefenoxam during the displacement of the US-22 lineage by US-23 over the past 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was validated for the simultaneous analysis of the residues of dimethomorph, famoxadone and cymoxanil in grape and raisin matrix by ethyl acetate based extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the dissipation rate kinetics and processing factor (PF) for these pesticides during raisin making. Residue data during the drying process were best fitted to 1st + 1st order rate kinetics with half-life ranging between 8–9 days for dimethomorph, 12–13 days for famoxadone and 9–10 days for cymoxanil at single dose (SD) and double dose (DD), respectively. PF values calculated were 1.03 and 1.14 for dimethomorph, 1.95 and 2.09 for famoxadone, and 1.99 and 1.35 for cymoxanil at SD and DD, respectively. PF value >1 indicates concentration of the residues during raisin making. The residues of detected pesticides in market samples of raisins were devoid of any risk of acute toxicity related to dietary exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of plant protection products in urban and rural pest control obliges to develop valid analytical methods for their successful and reliable quality control. An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of famoxadone and cymoxanil, by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography based on the use of a monolithic C18 column has been developed and validated. The method involved the extraction of the active ingredients by sonication of the sample with acetonitrile and direct injection on a reversed phase liquid chromatographic system. The repeatability of the method expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD), was lower than 1 % for both compounds. The limits of quantification for famoxadone and cymoxanil were 10 and 16 µg mL respectively. The new method involves a considerable reduction in time for both sample preparation and analysis. The proposed analytical procedure is accurate and precise . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and accurate method of determining metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil was developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection. The limits of detection were 0.015 mg/kg for metalaxyl and 0.003 mg/kg for cymoxanil. The limits of quantification were 0.05 mg/kg for metalaxyl in pepper and soil as well as 0.01 mg/kg for cymoxanil in pepper and soil. Recoveries of pepper and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and ranged within 77.52 to 102.05 % for metalaxyl and 87.15 to 103.21 % for cymoxanil, with relative standard deviations below 9.30 %. For field experiments, the half-lives of metalaxyl were 3.2 to 3.9 days in pepper and 4.4 to 9.5 days in soil at the three experimental locations in China. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain metalaxyl and cymoxanil well below the maximum residue limit MRLs of the European Union (EU) following the recommended dosage and the interval of 21 days after last application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A total of 134 Czech Pseudoperonospora cubensis isolates originating from Cucumis sativus were used for fungicide resistance screening. Efficacy of six commonly used and registered fungicides was screened in Czech P. cubensis populations. The investigations covered the frequency and occurrence of sensitive, moderately resistant and resistant isolates to the individual fungicides during the period 2005–2010. Fosetyl-Al (Aliette 80 W) and propamocarb (Previcur 607 SL) were the most effective fungicides. All tested isolates were sensitive on all tested fosetyl-Al concentrations. However, some isolates expressed resistance (profuse sporulation) or moderate resistance (limited sporulation) to lower and/or even to recommended concentrations of propamocarb in the years 2006 and 2008–2010. Metalaxyl (Ridomil PLUS 48 WP) and metalaxyl-M (Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP) were ineffective. Isolates collected in 2008 and 2009 showed large variation in moderate resistance or resistance even at high fungicide dosages. However, this result was not confirmed in 2010, when efficacy of these fungicides increased slightly, and 69% and 43% of isolates were controlled at the recommended concentration of metalaxyl-M and metalaxyl, respectively. Limited or profuse sporulation was observed only sporadically at high concentrations. Sensitivity of isolates to cymoxanil (Curzate K) differed among the studied years. While cymoxanil was ineffective in the years 2005–2008 and in 2010, 68% of isolates were controlled at the recommended concentration in 2009. During the years 2005 through 2010, a shift towards higher sensitivity to dimethomorph was observed at all screened concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]