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1. A Behavioral Approach to Water Conservation : Evidence from Costa Rica

Author

Datta, Saugato, Miranda, Juan José, Zoratto, Laura, Calvo-Gonzalez, Oscar, Darlingm, Matthew, and Lorenzana, Karina

Subjects
WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER USAGE, MUNICIPAL WATER DEPARTMENTS, HIGH WATER CONSUMPTION, ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER, WATER GOVERNANCE, USE OF WATER, WATER PRODUCTION, PROGRAMS, WATER SOURCES, WATER, AVERAGE WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER DEPARTMENTS, POPULATION GROWTH, COMMUNITY WATER, MUNICIPAL WATER, PRICE OF WATER, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS, MUNICIPALITIES, CHARGES – FOR WATER, WATER CONSUMERS, TOWNS, STATISTICS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, WATER DEMAND, HOUSEHOLD WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER ASSESSMENT, PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND, CUBIC METERS OF WATER, FRESH WATER, WATER BILLS, WATER MANAGEMENT, CONSERVATION, HOUSEHOLD WATER, WATER USE PATTERNS, BROAD RANGE, WATER SITUATION, SANITATION SECTOR, BASIC SANITATION, MUNICIPAL UTILITIES, POWER UTILITY, TOWN, BILLING, METERS, WATER SYSTEM, WATER SUPPLIES, FIXED CHARGES, DRINKING WATER, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, LARGE CITIES, SCIENCES, MUNICIPAL WATER DEPARTMENT, WATER SAVINGS, WATER DEFICIT, WASHING, MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY, WATER SCARCITY, MONTHLY WATER BILL, DOMESTIC WATER, WATER SHORTAGES, GLOBAL WATER CRISIS, DEMAND FOR WATER, GROUNDWATER, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, WATER CONSERVATION, PRICE ELASTICITY, CONSUMERS, WATER BILL, RESEARCH, WATER DEPARTMENT, PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION, WATER METERS, SANITATION SERVICES, WATER DEVELOPMENT, WATER RATIONING, HOUSEHOLD WATER USE, URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT, DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER CRISIS, COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY, WATER BOARD, URBAN DWELLERS, HOUSEHOLDS, LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, POTABLE WATER, WATERING, WASTEWATER, SERVICE PROVISION, URBAN WATER, CUBIC METERS, POTABLE WATER SYSTEM, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, UTILITIES, SYSTEMS, WATER SERVICE, WATER RATES, WATER PRICING, HIGH WATER, FRESHWATER RESOURCES, WATER UTILITIES, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, WATER SUPPLY, WATER USE, HAND WASHING, SMALL TOWN, WATER RESOURCES, URBAN AREAS
Abstract

This paper presents the design a set of three simple and replicable behavioral interventions, which use stickers that can be added to water bills at low cost, and test their impact on water consumption in Belen, Costa Rica, using a randomized control trial. Two of the three interventions were found to decrease water consumption significantly in the months following the intervention. A descriptive social norm intervention using neighborhood comparisons reduces consumption by between 3.7 and 5.6 percent relative to a control group, while a plan-making intervention reduces consumption by between 3.4 and 5.5 percent. While the two interventions have similar results, they are effective on different subpopulations, with the plan-making intervention being most effective for low-consumption households, while the neighborhood comparison intervention is most effective for high-consumption households. The results demonstrate that behavioral interventions, which have hitherto utilized sophisticated software to deliver customized messages, can be effectively implemented by local governments in developing countries, where technology and resource constraints render the sorts of customized messaging that has typically been used to deliver them in developed countries unfeasible. The results further confirm that raising awareness about how much water an individual consumes, and comparing this consumption level with peers, can go a long way in helping change individuals’ behavior regarding the use of a finite resource such as water.

Published
2015

2. Nicaragua : The Cost of Inadequate Sanitation

Author

Larsen, Bjorn

Subjects
CHLORINATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, RURAL POPULATION, SANITATION FACILITIES, DRAINS, URBAN POPULATION, ACCESS TO SANITATION, INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SAFE WATER SUPPLY, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, SUPPLY OF WATER, CHILD HEALTH, LACK OF SANITATION, PERSONAL HYGIENE, HYGIENE PRACTICES, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, WATER SOURCES, CITIZENS, SANITATION SERVICES, SUSTAINABLE ACCESS, MUNICIPAL WATER, IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT, SAFE WATER, TYPHOID, SANITATION ACCESS, WATER CRISIS, WASHING HANDS, DISSEMINATION, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, TOILETS, HEALTH PROBLEMS, INVESTMENTS IN SANITATION, CLEAN WATER SUPPLY, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, SANITATION COVERAGE, WATER TREATMENT, DISEASES, SAFETY, SAFE DRINKING WATER, PUBLIC HEALTH, HYGIENE, INTERVENTION, CUBIC METERS OF WATER, HANDWASHING, HUMAN EXCRETA, WATER COST, HANDS WITH SOAP, SAFE DRINKING, POLLUTION, SANITARY FACILITIES, SANITATION, FORMULATION OF POLICIES, RURAL AREAS, PURCHASING POWER, INADEQUATE SANITATION, PROGRESS, HYGIENE PROMOTION, HEALTH RISKS, MORTALITY RATE, MORTALITY, DRINKING WATER, NATIONAL POLICIES, SUBSISTENCE FARMING, SANITATION SYSTEMS, WATER QUALITY, WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION PROGRAM, SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE, BETTER HYGIENE, ACCESS TO WATER, CLEAN WATER, HEALTH SERVICES, SEWER CONNECTION, SANITATION SYSTEM, WATER RESOURCES, URBAN AREAS, LACK OF INFORMATION, TOILET
Abstract

This report examines the social economic impact of inadequate sanitation in Nicaragua. The study on which it is based has been promoted by the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI), led by the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank (WSP). The report includes basic information on Nicaragua, records of sanitation in the country and the results of the analysis of the economic impacts on health, water resources, tourism, and other impacts on welfare.

Published
2013

3. Charting a New Course : Structural Reforms in Colombia's Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Author

Andres, Luis A., Sislen, David, Marin, Philippe, Andres, Luis A., Sislen, David, and Marin, Philippe

Subjects
BUDGETARY AUTONOMY, LOWER INCOMES, CORPORATIONS, BULK WATER, FIXED CHARGE, WATER USAGE, REGULATORY DECISIONS, USE OF WATER, COLLECTION EFFICIENCY, LIQUIDATION, EMPLOYMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION, MUNICIPAL WATER, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS, MUNICIPALITIES, URBANIZATION, WATER COMPANIES, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, SEWAGE, COMPANY, SERVICE PROVIDERS, WATER DEMAND, WATER SOURCE, REGULATORY COMMISSIONS, MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT, WATER TARIFFS, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, SMALL MUNICIPALITIES, INDEPENDENT REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS, SERVICE DELIVERY, FIRMS, INVESTMENT COST, PUBLIC SERVICES, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, SERVICE QUALITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, MUNICIPAL WATER COMPANIES, SERVICE PROVIDER, OPERATIONAL PRACTICES, REGULATORY PROCESSES, INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES, ASSET MANAGEMENT, DELIVERY OF SERVICES, CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, SANITATION INVESTMENT, DRINKING WATER, SMALL CITIES, SANITATION SYSTEMS, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, CASH FLOW, WATER SECTOR, TARIFF REGULATION, PRIVATE PARTICIPATION, INVESTMENT PLANNING, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS, QUALITY WATER, ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, WATER METERS, INDEPENDENT REGULATORY, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS, WATER PROJECTS, CONTINUITY OF SERVICE, CONSOLIDATION, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, COSTS OF SERVICE, ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, SANITATION COMPANIES, DECENTRALIZATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, REGULATORY DECISION, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, HOUSEHOLDS, INVESTMENT FINANCING, INVESTMENT COSTS, BANKS, OPERATING INCOME, MERGERS, PRIVATE COMPANIES, WATER QUALITY CONTROL, CUBIC METERS, BRANCHES, PRIVATIZATION, STATE INTERVENTION, LEGAL STATUS, MUNICIPAL COMPANIES, REPLACEMENT OF WATER, WASTEWATER DISCHARGE, WATER SERVICE, CROSS SUBSIDIES, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE, TRANSITION PERIODS, WATER COVERAGE, PUBLIC COMPANIES, HOUSING, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, REPLACEMENT VALUE, SERVICE CONTINUITY, YARDSTICK COMPETITION, WATER SUPPLY, PRIVATE OPERATORS, PROVISION OF SERVICE, TRANSPORT, LAWS, DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, CHILD MORTALITY, SANITATION SERVICE, INDEPENDENT REGULATOR, PRESENT VALUE, PROVISION OF SERVICES, CORPORATION, EVOLUTION OF TARIFFS, BASIC SERVICES, BOOK VALUE, CAPITAL STRUCTURE, EFFICIENCY SCORES, WATER PRODUCTION, DEPRECIATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, PRODUCTIVITY, EXPANSION, MUNICIPAL LEVEL, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, TECHNICAL SUPPORT, ECONOMIC REGULATION, SANITATION COVERAGE, AUDITING, AVAILABLE WATER, PRIVATE COMPANY, CUBIC METERS OF WATER, CUBIC METER, COUNTERPART FUNDING, INVESTMENT SUBSIDIES, PRIVATE UTILITIES, PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY, PUBLIC UTILITIES, SANITATION SECTOR, BASIC SANITATION, WATER SERVICES, WATER SYSTEM, PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE, MANAGEMENT OF WATER, POPULATION WITH ACCESS, WATER CONCESSIONS, UTILITY COMPANIES, LARGE CITIES, DEBT, COST OF CAPITAL, WASTE MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC HOUSING, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT, AUTONOMY, REGULATORY COMMISSION, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT, WATER BILL, FINANCING SOURCES, CONCESSION AGREEMENT, TARIFF INCREASES, OPERATIONAL COSTS, SANITATION SERVICES, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, ACCOUNTING, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, CONSUMPTION CHARGE, RESIDENTIAL TARIFFS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, SUPPLIERS, WATERSHEDS, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, WATER PROVISION, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, QUALITY REGULATION, APPROVAL OF TARIFFS, SERVICE PROVISION, PROVISION OF WATER, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN WATER, INDUSTRIAL USERS, REGULATORS, COST OF SERVICE, WATER QUALITY, NATURAL RESOURCES, SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE, CASH FLOWS, REGULATORY APPROACH, PUBLIC WORKS, WATER RESOURCES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Abstract

Infrastructure plays a key role in promoting economic growth and opportunities.In particular, the efficient provision of basic infrastructure services, like water and sanitation, is a key ingredient in fostering a country's social and economic development. Previous studies have found that infrastructure has a positive impact on output, and can improve economic opportunity, including health and education for the poor, particularly in developing countries. In Argentina, a 2005 study, found that child mortality fell by 8 percent in areas that had experienced improved coverage and quality of basic water and sanitation through utility reform, with most of the reduction occurring in low-income areas where the water network expanded the most. More generally, Fay and Morrison found that allowing the poorest quintile in developing countries the same access to basic services as the richest quintile would reduce child mortality by 8 percent and child under development by 14 percent. Calderon and Serven also found a significant positive impact of infrastructure access and quality on overall inequality. Furthermore, the book sheds some light on how to address the main challenge for the future which may be to attract specialized operators to the smaller municipalities which do not currently have them. For that purpose in Colombia, for example, over the last two years, the policy framework has been focused on promoting the sector's development, by using the departments as the intermediate institutional level between the National Government and the municipalities, to formulate programs with regional impact and promote comprehensive investment plans.

Published
2010

4. An Empirical Analysis of State and Private Sector Provision of Water Services in Africa

Author

David Parker, Colin Kirkpatrick, and Yin-Fang Zhang

Subjects
PRIVATE WATER COMPANIES, SERVICE CONTRACTS, WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER UTILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES, WATER PRIVATIZATION, WATER REGULATION, Water supply, SAFE WATER SUPPLY, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE OWNERSHIP, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, EFFICIENCY SCORES, GOOD REGULATORY REGIME, USE OF WATER, WATER PRODUCTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, STATE WATER, Economics, PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION, SANITATION CONCESSION, REGULATORY CAPACITY, WASTEWATER SECTOR, Transaction cost, PRIVATISATION, CONSTRUCTION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS, EXPANSION, WATER RESOURCE, REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, WATER COMPANIES, LONG-TERM CONCESSION, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, COMPANY, TECHNICAL SUPPORT, SERVICE PROVIDERS, PRIVATE ENTERPRISES, REGULATION OF PRICES, WATER TREATMENT, CONTAMINATED WATER, CUBIC METERS OF WATER, FRONTIER ANALYSIS, COLLUSION, CUBIC METER, IMPACT OF REGULATION, WATER INDUSTRY, URBAN WATER SYSTEM, ENERGY SUPPLY, TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY, COSTS OF CAPITAL, PUBLIC WATER, Water industry, Development, CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION, ADEQUATE SANITATION, QUALITY STANDARDS, CONCESSION CONTRACTS, PUBLIC SERVICES, SERVICE QUALITY, WATER BUSINESSES, QUALITY OF WATER, AFFORDABLE WATER, PRIVATE UTILITIES, TOTAL COSTS, FRONTIER PRODUCTION FUNCTION MODELS, BREWING, PROPERTY RIGHTS, VOLUME OF WATER, PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN WATER, REGULATING WATER CONCESSIONS, PRIVATE WATER, INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES, Finance, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION, WATER SERVICES, WATER SYSTEM, DOMESTIC CONSUMERS, WATER SUPPLIES, SANITATION PROVIDERS, VARIABLE RETURNS, PRIVATE CAPITAL, WATER CHARGES, PRIVATISATION PROCESS, PRIVATE WATER UTILITIES, CLEAN WATER, VENDORS, COST RECOVERY, REGULATORY ANALYSIS, WATER SECTOR, AVERAGE PERFORMANCE, TARIFF REGULATION, PRIVATE PARTICIPATION, FRONTIER PRODUCTION, WATER TREATMENT PLANTS, Total cost, PRIVATE WATER SERVICES, STATE ENTERPRISES, CONCESSION AGREEMENT, PRIVATE FIRMS, WATER ASSOCIATION, OPERATIONAL COSTS, CUSTOMER SERVICE, QUALITY OF SERVICE, WATER SUPPLY INDUSTRY, SANITATION SERVICES, NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS, WATER PROJECTS, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, ROADS, CAPITAL COSTS, ELECTRICITY SECTOR REFORM, REGULATORY VARIABLES, SAFE WATER, ELECTRICITY SECTOR, TRANSFER SCHEMES, FRONTIER ESTIMATION, LEASING, PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIERS, INFRASTRUCTURE PRIVATIZATION, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, PRIVATE INVESTORS, Private sector involvement, WATER SYSTEMS, HOUSEHOLDS, PRIVATE SECTOR, MAINTENANCE COSTS, WATER PROVISION, WATER METERING, Economics and Econometrics, WASTEWATER, GOOD GOVERNANCE, SERVICE PROVISION, WATER LOSSES, URBAN WATER, CUBIC METERS, PROVISION OF WATER, PRIVATIZATION, TRANSLOG, WATER FACILITIES, FIXED COSTS, INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS, Accounting, PRIVATIZATION PROCESS, PIPED WATER, REGULATION DUMMY, REGULATORY INDICATORS, PUBLIC OWNERSHIP, REGULATORS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, business.industry, WATER UTILITIES, WATER QUALITY, WATER SUPPLY, Private sector, PRIVATE OPERATORS, Water resources, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, WATER RESOURCES, CHILD MORTALITY, URBAN AREAS, WATER ENTERPRISES, Water supply network, business, BENCHMARKING, FRONTIER RESULTS, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, OPERATING COSTS, REGULATORY SYSTEMS
Abstract

Under pressure from donor agencies and international financial institutions such as the World Bank, some developing countries have experimented with the privatization of water services. This article reviews the econometric evidence on the effects of water privatization in developing economies and presents new results using statistical data envelopment analysis and stochastic cost frontier techniques and data from Africa. The analysis fails to show evidence of better performance by private utilities than by state owned utilities. Among the reasons why water privatization could prove problematic in lower-income economies are the technology of water provision and the nature of the product, transaction costs, and regulatory weaknesses.

Published
2006

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