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Las garrapatas son ectoparásitos artrópodos que actúan como vectores de patógenos y causan reacciones alérgicas, afectando a la salud humana y animal en todo el mundo. En los seres humanos, sus picaduras pueden inducir altos niveles de anticuerpos IgE contra el carbohidrato alfa-Gal presente en biomoléculas de su saliva, que median reacciones alérgicas a sus picaduras y a la carne de mamíferos conocidas como síndrome alfa-Gal.

Tick abundance is an essential demographic parameter to infer tick-borne pathogen transmission risks. Spatiotemporal patterns of tick abundance are heterogeneous, so its determinants at small spatial scales need to be understood to reduce their negative effects on hosts. Current knowledge of these determinants is scarce, especially in Mediterranean environments, limiting the possibilities for designing efficient tick control strategies. With the goal of unravelling tick abundance determinants and informing new tick management strategies, we estimated tick burdens on 1965 wild ungulates in Doñana National Park, Spain, annually between 2010 and 2020. Under the hypothesis of a predominant host influence on tick abundance, we modelled the burdens of Rhipicephalus annulatus, Hyalomma lusitanicum, and Ixodes ricinus with relevant predictors grouped into four factors: i) environment; ii) host population; iii) host individual; and iv) land-use. Generalized linear mixed models with a zero-inflated negative binomial distribution were built. Additionally, we analysed the differential contribution to abundance of each factor by deviance partitioning. We finally estimated the similarity in the environmental space of tick species by analysing their niche overlap with the environmental principal component analysis method. Our work hypothesis was confirmed for R. annulatus and H. lusitanicum, but we found that tick abundance at a fine spatial scale is jointly driven by multiple drivers, including all four factors considered in this study. This result points out that understanding the demography of ticks is a complex multifactorial issue, even at small spatial scales. We found no niche differences between the three tick species at the study spatial scale, thus showing similar host and environmental dependencies. Overall results identify that host aggregation areas displaying environmentally favourable traits for ticks are relevant tick and vector-borne pathogen transmission hotspots

Monitoring temporal dynamics in genetic diversity is of great importance for conservation, especially for threatened species that are suffering a rapid population decline and increased fragmentation. Here, we investigate temporal variation in genetic diversity, structure, and gene flow in the Dupont’s lark (Chersophilus duponti) across most of its range. This species shows increasing levels of population fragmentation, substantial population declines, and severe range contraction, so temporal losses of genetic diversity, increasing differentiation, and decreasing gene flow are expected when comparing present day data with previous situations. To address this, we resampled sites (nine regions in two countries) after 12–15 years (five-to-seven generations) and assessed changes in genetic parameters using 11 microsatellite markers. We found no substantial loss in genetic diversity over time at the species level, but we detected considerable variation among regions in the amount of allelic diversity and heterozygosity lost over time. Temporal variation in allele frequencies (common, rare, and private alleles), and changes in genetic differentiation and gene flow over time suggest a major role of connectivity for the stability of the overall metapopulation. Our results agree with the hypothesis that connectivity rescues genetic diversity via immigration and gene flow. However, evidence of recent genetic bottleneck and the substantial changes detected in some regions are clear signs of genetic erosion and may be signalling a rapid decline of the populations. Urgent actions must be carried out to stop and reverse human impacts on this threatened lark and its habitat.

Farmland birds can be exposed to neonicotinoids through the ingestion of treated unburied seeds and cotyledons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the avoidance of sorghum with imidacloprid, clothianidin or thiamethoxam, soybean with imidacloprid, and soybean cotyledons with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam on eared doves (Zenaida auriculata). Doves were fed with test food (untreated and neonicotinoid-treated sorghum, soybean or soybean cotyledons) and maintenance food (seed mix) for 3–5 days to study the repellency (primary repellency and conditioned aversion) and anorexia caused by neonicotinoid-treated food, followed by a 7-day period on maintenance food to study the persistence of the anorexic effect after neonicotinoid exposure. Immediately afterward, the same doves were exposed to treated test food during a second period of 3–5 days to study the potential reinforcement of food avoidance. Finally, doves were fed with untreated test food to test the capacity of the pesticide to induce conditioned food aversion against untreated food in subsequent encounters. Intoxication signs and differences of body weight were determined. With sorghum, the three neonicotinoids produced a decrease in the consumption of treated seeds by >97% compared to control birds. However, this was not enough to prevent the death of 3/8 and 1/8 of the doves exposed to imidacloprid and clothianidin, respectively. Anorexia was clearly observed with neonicotinoid-treated sorghum. The birds did not avoid the untreated sorghum after exposure to the treated sorghum, indicating that avoidance is not generalized to the type of food without an associated sensory cue. The results obtained with soybean seeds and cotyledons were less conclusive because captive doves hardly consumed these foods, even without neonicotinoid treatment. The avoidance of sorghum seeds treated with neonicotinoids was insufficient to prevent poisoning and death of eared doves.

Calls for urgent action to conserve biodiversity under global change are increasing, and conservation of migratory species in this context poses special challenges. In the last two decades the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) has provided a framework for several subsidiary instruments including action plans for migratory bird species, but the effectiveness and transferability of these plans remain unclear. Such laws and policies have been credited with positive outcomes for the conservation of migratory species, but the lack of international coordination and on-ground implementation pose major challenges. While research on migratory populations has received growing attention, considerably less emphasis has been given to integrating ecological information throughout the annual cycle for examining strategies to conserve migratory species at multiple scales in the face of global change. We fill this gap through a case study examining the ecological status and conservation of a migratory raptor and facultative scavenger, the red kite (Milvus milvus), whose current breeding range is limited to Europe and is associated with agricultural landscapes and restricted to the temperate zone. Based on our review, conservation actions have been successful at recovering red kite populations within certain regions. Populations however remain depleted along the southern-most edge of the geographic range where many migratory red kites from northern strongholds overwinter. This led us to a forward-looking and integrated strategy that emphasizes international coordination involving researchers and conservation practitioners to enhance the science-policy-action interface. We identify and explore key issues for conserving the red kite under global change, including enhancing conservation actions within and outside protected areas, recovering depleted populations, accounting for climate change, and transboundary coordination in adaptive conservation

More effective methods to detect bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, in wildlife, is of paramount importance for preventing disease spread to other wild animals, livestock, and human beings. In this study, we analyzed the volatile organic compounds emitted by fecal samples collected from free-ranging wild boar captured in Doñana National Park, Spain, with an electronic nose system based on organically-functionalized gold nanoparticles. The animals were separated by the age group for performing the analysis. Adult (>24 months) and sub-adult (12–24 months) animals were anesthetized before sample collection, whereas the juvenile (<12 months) animals were manually restrained while collecting the sample. Good accuracy was obtained for the adult and sub-adult classification models: 100% during the training phase and 88.9% during the testing phase for the adult animals, and 100% during both the training and testing phase for the sub-adult animals, respectively. The results obtained could be important for the further development of a non-invasive and less expensive detection method of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife populations.

[EN]: A better understanding of population density (i.e. the number of individuals per unit area) is essential for wildlife conservation and management. Despite the fact that a wide variety of methods with which to estimate population density have already been described and broadly used, there are still relevant gaps. In the last few decades, the use of remotely activated cameras (camera traps) has been established as an effective sampling tool when compared with alternative methods. Camera trapping could, therefore, be considered a reliable tool with which to monitor those situations in which classical methods have relevant limitations. It could, for example, be used with species whose behaviour is elusive and which have low detectability (as is the case of most mammals), or populations in which the animals can be identified individually by the spot patterns on their bodies. However, there is lack of information regarding those species for which it is not possible to identify individual animals (i.e. unmarked species). Some authors that have applied camera trapping originally considered relative abundance indexes in order to monitor unmarked populations. These indices were based on encounter rates (i.e. the number of animals detected per sampling unit) observed in camera trapping studies. Methods with which to estimate the population density of unmarked populations were later described, the first of which was the random encounter model (REM). The REM models the random encounters between moving animals and static cameras in order to estimate population density. The REM does this by employing three basic parameters: i) encounter rate, ii) detection zone (area in which the cameras effectively detect animals), and iii) day range (average daily distance travelled by each individual in the population). When this thesis was first started, it was broadly discussed that the application of the REM was limited by the difficulties involved in estimating the parameters required, [ES]: Mejorar el conocimiento sobre la densidad de población (es decir, el número de individuos por unidad de superficie) es fundamental para la gestión y conservación de la fauna silvestre. A pesar de que se han descrito y utilizado una gran variedad de métodos para calcular la densidad poblacional de la fauna silvestre, hoy en día todavía existen brechas importantes. En los últimos años, la técnica del fototrampeo (uso de cámaras activadas automáticamente) se ha establecido como una herramienta efectiva en comparación con otros métodos. Por tanto, el fototrampeo puede ser considerado una técnica fiable en aquellos casos en los que los métodos clásicos presentan limitaciones relevantes. Por ejemplo, al monitorizar especies con comportamiento esquivo y baja detectabilidad (como la mayor parte de los mamíferos), o poblaciones en las que los animales pueden ser reconocibles en base al patrón de manchas de su cuerpo. Sin embargo, existe una ausencia de información en especies en las que no es posible distinguir individuos en base al patrón de manchas de su cuerpo (comúnmente conocidas como “especies no marcadas”). Inicialmente, algunos autores consideraron índices relativos de abundancia para monitorizar estas poblaciones no marcadas. Estos índices estaban basados en la tasa de encuentro, es decir, el número de animales detectados por unidad de muestreo, obtenida en estudios de fototrampeo. Más tarde se describieron métodos que permitían calcular la densidad poblacional de especies no marcadas. El primero de estos métodos fue el modelo de encuentro aleatorio (REM por sus siglas en ingles). El REM modeliza los encuentros aleatorios entre animales móviles y cámaras trampa estáticas para finalmente estimar densidad poblacional. Para ello, el REM se basa en tres parámetros clave: i) la tasada de encuentro, ii) la zona de detección (área en la que las cámaras detectan a los animales), y iii) el rango diario (distancia media recorrida por cada individuo en la población). En

Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) are the most important wildlife reservoirs for animal tuberculosis (TB) caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), in Mediterranean Spain. These species are considered to play an important role in the transmission and persistence of MTC in cattle in some regions; however the factors contributing to the risk of transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface and the areas at highest risk for such transmission are largely unknown. This study sought to identify geographic areas where wildlife-livestock interactions are most likely to occur and to characterize the environmental and management factors at this interface contributing to persistence, incidence, and occurrence of TB on cattle farms, in one of the provinces with higher TB prevalence in Spain, Ciudad Real. We used spatially explicit, ecological niche models to evaluate the importance of factors such as wildlife demographics and hunting management, land use, climatic, and environmental variables as well as TB status in wildlife for TB breakdown (model 1), persistence (model 2) and new infection (model 3) on cattle farms and to generate high resolution maps of predicted TB occurrence to guide risk-based interventions. Models revealed that land use, particularly open area and woodland, high wild boar TB prevalence, and close proximity to fenced hunting estates were the most important factors associated with TB infection on cattle farms. This is the first time that local TB prevalence in wild boar for individual hunting estates has been significantly associated with TB occurrence on cattle farms at a local scale. Prediction maps identified two areas with high likelihood of TB occurrence in the southwest and northwest of the province where wildlife-livestock interactions and TB occurrence are highly likely and where TB preventative and mitigation strategies (e.g. targeted vaccination, increased biosecurity, etc.) should be prioritized. Meth

[Background]: Parasites play pivotal roles in host population dynamics and can have strong ecological impacts on hosts. Knowledge of the effects of parasites on hosts is often limited by the general observation of a fraction of individuals (mostly adults) within a population. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria parasites in adult (≥1 year old) and nestling (7-11 day old) Tawny pipits Anthus campestris, to evaluate the influence of the host sex on parasite prevalence in both groups of age, and explore the association between infections and body condition (adults) and growth (nestlings). [Methods]: Two hundred Tawny pipits (105 adults and 95 nestlings) from one Spanish population were screened for avian malaria parasites (Haemoproteus and Plasmodium) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Body condition (body mass against a linear measure of size) was measured in adults and growth rate (daily mass gain) was calculated for nestlings. [Results]: The overall prevalence of infection was 46 %. Sixteen different mitochondrial cytochrome b haplotypes of Plasmodium spp. and one Haemoproteus spp. haplotype were found. Malaria parasites were equally prevalent in nestlings and adults (45 and 46 %, respectively). Males were more likely to be infected by parasites than females, and this sex-bias parasitism was evident in both adults and nestlings. Furthermore, a lower daily mass gain during nestling growth in males than in females following infections were found, whereas the effect of infections on body condition of adults was detrimental for females but not for males. [Conclusions]: Age-specific differences in physiological trade-offs and ecological factors, such as nest predation would explain, at least in part, the observed host sex and age-related patterns in Tawny pipits.

In this conference, we will explore the potential for sustainable use of biodiversity by focusing on an assessment of the interaction between social, cultural, economic and ecological values and impacts of hunting. Finally, we will discuss how these multidisciplinary results should be taken into account when designing policy, including the future EU policy on hunting and biodiversity conservation. This conference will join 150 scientists from more than 30 different countries and 5 continents, and we hope it will provide the necessary opportunity to discuss recent and exciting development in game research. A total of 43 oral presentations will be given and 38 posters presented, which reflects the high quality and interest of this conference. We see this conference as a great opportunity to fuel future communications and to strength the ties between the wide scientific community dedicated to the study of game.

The Eurasianwild boar has experienced aworldwide demographic explosion that increases awareness on shared pathogens. However, shedding routes of relevant wild boar pathogens are unknown. Previous observations on sex- and age-related differences in Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) exposure led us to hypothesize that shedding patterns of endemicwild boar pathogens may be influenced by individual traits.We investigated shedding routes of ADV, porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Coxiella burnetii and analysed the effect of host sex and age on pathogen shedding patterns. The presence of pathogen antibodies in serumand of pathogen DNA in oral, nasal, genital and rectal swabswas analysed by ELISA and PCR, respectively. The influence of sex and age in pathogen shedding prevalencewas tested statistically.Main routes of ADV, PPV, PCV2 and C. burnetii shedding were identified but the hypothesis of sex- and/or age-related shedding patterns couldn't be confirmed.

Managing threatened species to reduce their extinction risk is a widely used, yet challenging, means of halting biodiversity loss. Species show complex spatial patterns of extinction risk, due to spatial variation in both threats and vulnerability across their ranges. Conservation practitioners, however, rarely consider this spatial variation and routinely apply uniform conservation schemes, either throughout the species' ranges, or following administrative borders that do not match ecological boundaries. Most of these schemes are experience-based (e.g. expert opinion) and thus difficult to replicate. We accounted for spatial variation in species' threats by using multivariate techniques [i.e. cluster analyses and multidimensional scaling (MDS)] to delineate management units for more effective conservation. We grouped breeding territories of the endangered Egyptian vulture, according to interterritory similarity in presence and intensity of their threats. The first three MDS axes explained 62% of the data variation. The first axis separated territories in protected areas, with low human presence, but high risk of illegal poisoning from areas highly dominated by humans. The second axis classified territories regarding the density of sheep/goats and griffon vultures and the presence of wind farms. The third axis confronted territories in protected areas with those in unprotected areas with wind farms. We obtained 18 statistically supported groups (i.e. management units) including 86% of the territories. Territories within the same group were geographically close, agreeing with the underlying spatial autocorrelation of threats. However, six groups (33%) were distributed over more than one administrative region, which will require inter-regional coordination for cost-effective conservation. Synthesis and applications. Our results show wide spatial variation for species' threats and suggest incorporation of this heterogeneity into conservation schemes. We demonstrate how

[ES]: Las especies cinegéticas comparten infecciones con el hombre, los animales domésticos y el resto de la fauna silvestre que pueden afectar seriamente a la salud pública, la sanidad animal, la conservación y la producción cinegética; de ahí su relevancia. Pese a ello, la sanidad de las especies cinegéticas apenas es tenida en cuenta en los planes de gestión de estas especies. En este texto enumeramos las principales debilidades de la gestión cinegética desde el punto de vista sanitario: (1) la no aplicación de la legislación sobre control sanitario en traslados y repoblaciones; (2) la indefinición del estatus de las granjas cinegéticas; (3) la ausencia de un registro de “cercones” y la ilegalidad de los mismos; (4) la falta de clasificación correcta de los terrenos cinegéticos; (5) el seguimiento inadecuado del tamaño de las poblaciones y sus efectos sobre el medio; (6) la falta de regulación del aporte artificial de alimento; (7) la falta de consideración de los riesgos sanitarios derivados de la sobreabundancia; (8) los conflictos por la gestión de residuos de caza; (9) la deficiente inspección sanitaria de los animales cazados; (10) la no regulación de los tratamientos farmacológicos en especies cinegéticas y (11) la falta de intercambio de información dentro de la Administración Pública y la necesidad de valoración y aprobación del plan técnico de caza por la autoridad de sanidad animal. Para cada una de ellas, proponemos cambios en la regulación de la actividad cinegética, basándonos en ejemplos españoles y en la literatura científica internacional., [EN]: Game species share diseases with humans, livestock and wildlife, hence their relevance. However, game species health is not considered in current Spanish hunting management regulation. This paper lists the main weaknesses of game management from the sanitary point of view: (1) insufficient enforcement of current animal health and movement regulations, (2) lack of a clear definition and classification of game farms, (3) uncertain status of interior wild boar fences or “cercones”, (4) lack of a proper classification of the hunting estates, (5) inadequate wildlife population monitoring, (6) lack of regulation on artificial feeding, (7) health risks associated to overabundance; (8) big game waste conflicts (9) poor veterinary inspection of hunted animals (10), lack of regulation of pharmaceutical treatments on game species, and (11) poor information flow within the administration departments. For each point, we propose changes to the hunting regulation, based on Spanish and international scientific literature.

The evolution and maintenance of conspicuous animal traits and communication signals have long fascinated biologists. Many yellow-red conspicuous traits are coloured by carotenoid pigments, and in some species they are displayed at a very young age. In nestling birds, the functions and proximate mechanisms of carotenoid-pigmented traits are probably different and not as well known as those of adults. Here we investigated how Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) nestlings within structured families used a limited resource, carotenoid pigments, and whether they used these for increasing coloration (deposition in integuments) or for mounting a response to a phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) challenge, which measures pro-inflammatory potential and aspects of cellular immune responsiveness. We manipulated carotenoid availability, using dietary carotenoid supplementations, and show that when supplemented, nestlings primarily allocated supplemental carotenoids to increase their coloration, irrespective of their sex, but depending of their position within the brood. Responses to PHA challenge were condition-dependent, but depending on carotenoid availability. Moreover, how nestlings allocated carotenoids depended on their rank within the brood, which in turn influenced their level of carotenoid limitation (first-hatched nestlings being less constrained than later-hatched nestlings). We discuss why nestlings would use supplemental carotenoids for increasing bare parts coloration rather than for responding to a PHA challenge, and the potential benefits for doing so in a parent-offspring communication context.

Myiasis-causing larvae were extracted from dogs attending veterinary clinics in Plateau State, Nigeria and subjected to molecular analysis involving polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 28S rRNA gene of blowflies, cloning and sequencing techniques. All larvae were confirmed as Cordylobia anthropophaga Blanchard (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after the initial morphological identification. This is the first molecular identification of any myiasis-causing fly species in Nigeria and may serve as a reliable alternative to morphological identification where samples are not well preserved or difficult to identify to species level.

[ES]: En este estudio se han analizado 1.157 casos sospechosos de intoxicación de fauna silvestre y doméstica en el medio natural (1.800 animales y 340 cebos) procedentes de diversas Comunidades Autónomas (CCAA) españolas durante el periodo 2004-2010. Se ha detectado un 41,2% de casos positivos (40,8% de animales y 52,6% de cebos). En los carnívoros domésticos la detección del tóxico llegó al 71,4%, lo que indica su utilidad como centinelas del uso de veneno en el medio natural. El 78,3% de los animales que fueron positivos a los análisis toxicológicos han sido considerados como intoxicaciones intencionadas. Las aves rapaces diurnas fueron el grupo más afectado por las intoxicaciones (43,6% del total de animales positivos), seguido de los mamíferos carnívoros (27,1%). Los tóxicos más frecuentemente detectados fueron insecticidas anticolinesterásicos (cebos/animales: 80,4%/65,8%), seguidos de rodenticidas anticoagulantes (5%/19,6%), estricnina (2,2%/6,5%) y arsénico (4,5%/2,3%). De las diferencias observadas entre CCAA destaca la preponderancia en el uso de estricnina en Asturias, rodenticidas anticoagulantes en Castilla y León, insecticidas organofosforados en Aragón, insecticidas carbamatos en Castilla-La Mancha y Madrid, y la aparición de otros venenos, como á-cloralosa o barbitúricos, en Cataluña. En resumen, el 82,3% de las intoxicaciones intencionadas fueron debidas a anticolinesterásicos y el 85,5% de las accidentales a rodenticidas anticoagulantes. En futuras regulaciones de plaguicidas y biocidas se debería tener en cuenta el riesgo del uso ilegal en la preparación de cebos envenenados que comporta la comercialización de formulados con alta riqueza de ingredientes activos con baja DL50., [EN]: In this study we have analyzed 1,157 suspected cases of poisoning of wild and domestic animals in the natural environment (1,800 animals and 340 baits) from different Spanish regions during the period 2004- 2010. We detected 41.2% of positive cases (40.8% of animals and 52.6% of baits). In domestic carnivores detection of toxic compounds reached 71.4%, indicating its usefulness as sentinels of the use of poison in the environment. In those animals positive for toxicological analysis, 78.3% have been considered as intentional poisonings. The diurnal raptors were most affected by poisoning (43.6% of positives), followed by carnivorous mammals (27.1%). The most frequently detected toxicants were anticholinesterase insecticides (baits/animals: 80.4%/65.8%), followed by anticoagulant rodenticides (5%/19.6%), strychnine (2.2%/6.5%) and arsenic (4.5%/2.3%). The differences observed between regions underlines the dominance in the use of strychnine in Asturias, anticoagulant rodenticides in Castilla y Leon, organophosphate insecticides in Aragon, carbamate insecticides in Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid, and the emergence of other poisons, such as á-chloralose or barbiturates, in Catalonia. In summary, 82.3% of intentional poisonings were due to anticholinesterase pesticides and 85.5% of accidental anticoagulant rodenticides. Future regulations of pesticides and biocides should take into account the risk of illegal use in the preparation of poisoned baits which involves the marketing of formulations with high richness of active ingredients with low LD50.

The prevalence, distribution and pathology related to infection with Mycobacterium bovis and other mycobacteria were determined in trapped (n= 36) and road-killed (n= 121) badgers in Spain from 2006 to 2010. The prevalence of M. bovis based on bacteriological culture from road-killed badgers was 8/121 (6.6%) and from trapped badgers was 0/36 (0%). Tuberculosis/. M. bovis infection was evident in 15/121 (12.4%) road-killed badgers when bacteriology and histopathology were combined. Mycobacterium avium complex was isolated by culture from the tracheal aspirate of 1/36 (2.8%) trapped badgers and from tissue pools from 8/121 (6.6%) road-killed badgers.

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution that infects many species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. To date, there is scant information about the seropositivity of T. gondii and the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in wild bird populations. In the present study, T. gondii infection was evaluated on sera obtained from 1079 wild birds belonging to 56 species (including Falconiformes (n = 610), Strigiformes (n = 260), Ciconiiformes (n = 156), Gruiformes (n = 21), and other orders (n = 32), from different areas of Spain. Antibodies to T. gondii (modified agglutination test, MAT titer ≥1:25) were found in 282 (26.1%, IC95%:23.5–28.7) of the 1079 birds. This study constitute the first extensive survey in wild birds species in Spain and reports for the first time T. gondii antibodies in the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), short-toed snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus), Western marsh-harrier (Circus aeruginosus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), long-eared owl (Asio otus), common scops owl (Otus scops), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), white stork (Ciconia ciconia), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus); in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) “vulnerable” Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) and great bustard (Otis tarda); and in the IUCN “near threatened” red kite (Milvus milvus). The highest seropositivity by species was observed in the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) (68.1%, 98 of 144). The main risk factors associated with T. gondii seropositivity in wild birds were age and diet, with the highest exposure in older animals and in carnivorous wild birds. The results showed that T. gondii infection is widespread and can be at a high level

[EN]: These years of economic crisis the message repeated by the various bodies responsible for managing research in Spain is that the only way out of it, or at least not to fall back so miserably, is to promote research and technology transfer to the private sector that generates wealth and employment. This paradigm of progress, which is quite obvious to countries more developed than ours, must open research opportunities for a center like the IREC, focusing on research on natural resources such as game species and by extension all that interacts with them, i.e. agricultural ecosystems, forestry and other habitats less disturbed by humans. As reflected in this report on the activities of the IREC in 2010, there are several possibilities of working with technology companies. The development of vaccines against disease-transmitter ticks or the design of methods to perform oral vaccines in wildlife are two examples of research that have led to patents this last year and may be of interest to the pharmaceutical industry and government agencies in their struggle for the eradication of diseases in domestic livestock. Similarly, research conducted on the chemical composition of deer antler and its mechanical resistance offers new possibilities to study and combat bone disease in humans, as well as providing short-term outcomes such as improving the quality of trophies. The same can be said of the research relating the morphology of the sperm head to male fertility, which can be applied in genetic selection of sheep. Finally, I would highlight research that has led to a patent and was born of collaboration with a private entity such as the Royal Spanish Hunting Federation (RFEC). This study has yielded a reliable method to genetically distinguish native red-legged partridges and farmed-reared hybrids. This is a clear example of IREC's involvement in the improvement of hunting production in Spain at the demand of the sector., [ES]: En estos años de crisis económica el mensaje más repetido por los diferentes organismos encargados de gestionar la investigación en España es que la única forma de salir de ella, o al menos de no volver a caer de forma tan estrepitosa, es potenciar la investigación y la transferencia tecnológica hacia la empresa privada generadora de riqueza y empleo. Este paradigma del progreso, que resulta bastante obvio para países más desarrollados que el nuestro, deberá abrir oportunidades de investigación para un centro como el IREC, enfocado a la investigación sobre recursos naturales como son las especies de caza y por extensión a todo lo que interactúa con ellas, es decir, los ecosistemas agrícolas, forestales y otros menos alterados por el hombre. Tal y como se refleja en esta memoria de las actividades del IREC en 2010 son varias las posibilidades de trabajo con empresas de base tecnológica. El desarrollo de vacunas frente a garrapatas trasmisoras de enfermedades o el diseño de métodos para llevar a cabo vacunaciones orales en fauna silvestre son dos ejemplos de investigación que han dado lugar a patentes en este año pasado y que puede ser de interés para la industria farmacéutica y las administraciones públicas en su lucha por la erradicación de enfermedades en el ganado doméstico. De forma similar, la investigación llevada a cabo sobre la composición química de la cuerna de los ciervos y su resistencia mecánica ofrece nuevas posibilidades para estudiar y combatir enfermedades óseas en humanos, además de aportar resultados a corto plazo como es la mejora de la calidad de los trofeos. Otro tanto podemos decir de la investigación que ha permitido relacionar la morfología de la cabeza de los espermatozoides con la fertilidad del macho, lo que puede ser aplicado en la selección genética del ganado ovino. Por último, destacaría una investigación que ha dado lugar a una patente y que nació de la colaboración con una entidad privada como la Real Federación Española de Caz

[Background]: Implicitly, parasite molecular studies assume temporal genetic stability. In this study we tested, for the first time to our knowledge, the extent of changes in genetic diversity and structure of Sarcoptes mite populations from Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in Asturias (Spain), using one multiplex of 9 microsatellite markers and Sarcoptes samples from sympatric Pyrenean chamois, red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). [Results]: The analysis of an 11-years interval period found little change in the genetic diversity (allelic diversity, and observed and expected heterozygosity). The temporal stability in the genetic diversity was confirmed by population structure analysis, which was not significantly variable over time. Population structure analysis revealed temporal stability in the genetic diversity of Sarcoptes mite under the host-taxon law (herbivore derived- and carnivore derived-Sarcoptes mite) among the sympatric wild animals from Asturias. [Conclusions]: The confirmation of parasite temporal genetic stability is of vital interest to allow generalizations to be made, which have further implications regarding the genetic structure, epidemiology and monitoring protocols of the ubiquitous Sarcoptes mite. This could eventually be applied to other parasite species.

To describe the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in red deer in mainland Spain, we tested red deer for HEV RNA and antibodies. Overall, 10.4% and 13.6% of serum samples were positive by ELISA and reverse transcription- PCR, respectively. The increasing prevalence suggests a potential risk for humans.

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is an important game animal in Spain. Sera from 278 roe deer from eight areas in mainland Spain were assayed for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by modified agglutination test (MAT). Titers of 1:25 or higher were found in 109 (39.2%) of 278 deer. No significant differences in antibody prevalence were found between sex or age categories. In contrast, significant differences in seroprevalence between locations were evident. Roe deer from the Northern coastal habitats (high humidity and roe deer density) had the highest prevalence, compared with low prevalence in Central Spain (arid areas and low roe deer density). There was a positive correlation between antibody prevalence and mean annual rainfall (rs = 0.85, n = 8, P < 0.01). These findings have environmental and/or public health implications because venison can be an important meat source of T. gondii infections for humans and feral cats.

Viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. Hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (Canis lupus) in Spain for 1997–2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) and against canine parvovirus (CPV) by indirect ELISA. Antibodies against CDV were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against CPV in 17.2%. There was no difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between both species, even in the same region (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CPV between foxes (5.1%) and wolves (62.2%) (P < 0.05). In fox populations there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between geographic areas (Aragón 26.4%, La Mancha 7.8%, P < 0.05). In wolf populations there was significantly higher antibody prevalence against CPV (P < 0.05) in Castilla y León (100%) than in the Cantabric region (53.3%). There was no significant sex or age-related difference in the antibody prevalence against CDV or CPV in foxes. These results indicate that contact with CDV is widespread among wild canid populations in Spain and that CPV is endemic in the Iberian wolf population. The implications of these results are briefly discussed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and PCR analyses the prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in Spain. Sera were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus; n = 116), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; n = 39), fallow deer (Dama dama; n = 13) and cattle (n = 79). Sera were tested for anti-C. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and C. burnetii DNA was amplified by PCR in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase II antigens. Twenty-nine, 15 and 39 percent of the red deer, roe deer and cattle had antibodies against C. burnetii, respectively. None of the fallow deer sera tested positive. Seroprevalence was statistically higher in farmed than in wild red deer and higher in northern than in southern populations, whereas an inverse pattern was observed for the roe deer. Most of the seropositive animals had only anti-C. burnetii phase II antibodies, thus showing the acute nature of infections in the sampled ungulates. These results show that C. burnetii circulates in wild ungulates in Spain and suggest that they can act as pathogen reservoirs for both domestic animals and humans.

Nest-site fidelity is a life-history trait of birds that may produce benefits in terms of fitness. We studied the relationship between breeding success and nest fidelity in the White Stork Ciconia ciconia. We also studied how other factors such as age, sex, habitat, colony size and productivity in previous breeding attempts might interfere with this relationship. Our results showed that pairs with higher fidelity rates also have lower failure rates, and that breeding failure and productivity in the previous season influenced the frequency of nest change in the following season. In addition, a curvilinear relationship was found between age and nest fidelity. These results suggest that age is a major factor related to nest fidelity and therefore individual experience could explain this behaviour in the White Stork. Changing the nest involves a reproductive cost for which nest fidelity can be considered as an adaptive strategy to increase fitness.

This study assesses the pattern of occurrence of a generalist species, the Eurasian badger Meles meles, in forest fragments located in agricultural landscapes of central Spain with a coarse-grained pattern of fragmentation (<20% forest cover in the landscape). Four forest regions (n= 139 forest fragments) were sampled. Badger presence/absence in forest fragments was studied in relation to: forest size, isolation and vegetation structure. Badgers were tested to see if, despite their habitat generalism, they were negatively affected by forest fragmentation in this type of fragmented landscape. Results indicated a strong and significant effect of fragment size on badger occurrence (presence was rare in forest fragments <100 ha) and an important effect of isolation at a local scale. The response of badgers to forest fragmentation in Spain is quite different to the response in other European landscapes. In Spain, badgers cope with a divided coarse-grained landscape where suitable habitats are embedded in a largely unsuitable matrix (cereal croplands). In contrast, in Britain or central Europe, badgers may be benefited by forest clearances in a heterogeneous but non-divided landscape where small woodlots are separated by a matrix of good quality (mainly pastures) and fragmentation produces fine-grained mosaic landscapes where food and den sites are simultaneously enhanced. Species' response to forest fragmentation may strongly depend on the pattern of fragmentation and, in coarse-grained fragmented landscapes, generalist species may be affected in the same way as specialist ones.