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Comunicació presentada a 4th International Conference (HELMeTO 2022), celebrada del 21 al 23 de setembre de 2022 a Palerm, Itàlia. Social media embodies the idyllic representation of the information society providing users opportunities to connect and communicate. Likewise, it can represent humanity’s worst nightmare with a plethora of negative phenomena. Different forms of media literacy interventions have been designed as preventative tools to counteract the negative phenomena of social media. One such approach, the narrative scripts, sees the integration of a social media intervention within a controlled social media platform. With an importance to design engaging educational tools to get learners attention without limiting the educational deliverables, the narrative scripts approach sees the implementation of gamifying elements to help deliver the learning material and motivate learners to participate. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed motivational properties of the narrative scripts, a descriptive exploratory study was designed. In total 124 adolescents participated in a social media literacy workshop powered by the narrative scripts. During the workshop students completed missions assigned by a virtual learning companion and participated in collaborative learning activities. To measure the motivation levels of the students, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was applied. Results demonstrate that adolescents found the narrative scripts an interesting and enjoyable activity. Qualitative analysis supported the findings with adolescents describing the activities as dynamic and entertaining. The results from this study provide insights towards the motivational aspects of the narrative scripts as a social media intervention tool. This work has been partially funded by the National Research Agency of the Spanish Ministry (PID2020-112584RB-C33/MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, MDM2015–0502) and the Volkswagen Stiftung (Courage, ref. 95 566). D. Hernández-Leo (Serra Húnter) acknowledges the support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme.

Comunicació presentada a: 15th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2022, celebrat del 6 al 9 de juny de 2022 a Hiroshima, Japó Debriefing is an integral part of orchestration and provides a space for teachers to review the learning experience. Although this concept is not new, little is known about how debriefing is conducted in scripted computer-supported collaborative learning situations, and its effects on students’ learning gains. Moreover, there is a lack of studies providing evidence of how learning analytics can be effectively utilised to support teacher-led debriefing. The objective of this study is twofold: Firstly, it studies how debriefing impacts students’ learning gains in Pyramid pattern-based learning situations. Secondly, it explores the types of learning analytics indicators that can support debriefing. Results indicated that debriefing can contribute to improve students’ learning gains, however, it does not always lead to the optimal outcomes and the type of task can have a major influence. Mechanisms such as semantic similarity score, knowledge graph visualisations and flag features are scrutinized as options to support debriefing. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the National Research Agency (PID2020-112584RBC33/MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PID2020-112584RB-C32). D. Hernández-Leo (Serra Húnter) acknowledges the support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program.

Social media has become an important part of adolescents' lives, with an increasing number of teenagers spending a great part of their time creating, sharing, and socializing with online content. Although the popularity of social media keeps growing, different studies identified threats and dangers that exist in such networks. From harmful content to negative behaviors, users can fall victim to negative social media phenomena that can affect their mental health and wellbeing. Several media literacy initiatives have been designed to promote social media awareness amongst the youth using traditional approaches to teaching about social media risks and threats. However, these approaches are limited in enabling deep reflection about the dangers behind their social media interactions and empowering their empathy, perspective-taking, critical thinking, digital and self-protection skills. This demo paper introduces a perspective in this context proposing the integration of educational opportunities within social media. The proposed approach is designed as a social media simulated learning platform where embedded learning activities follow a novel “narrative scripting” approach, in which Computer Supported Collaborative Learning script mechanisms are combined with counter-narratives strategies. This work has been partially funded by the Volkswagen Foundation (COURAGE project, no. 95567). TIDE-UPF also acknowledges he support by FEDER, the National Research Agency of the Spanish Ministry, TIN2017-85179-C3-3-R and by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme (D. Hernández-Leo, Serra Hunter).

Under the notion of “CSCL scripts”, different pedagogical models for structuring and supporting collaboration in the classroom have been proposed. We report on a practical experience with scripts based on the Pyramid collaborative learning flow pattern supported by a specific classroom tool and a teacher-facing dashboard that implements mirroring and guiding support. The input data of our analysis stems from recordings of classroom interactions guided by several teachers using the PyramidApp with different levels of teaching support. For the analysis, we introduce a specific coding scheme enabling a quantitative comparison and deeper analysis using epistemic network analysis. The results show that the guiding support enabled teachers to perform more orchestration actions, more targeted interactions and to make more announcements to the class (regarding time, phase transitions, and students’ activity participation) when compared to the mirroring support. Teachers’ actionable differences observed under the mirroring and guiding support directed us to deconstruct the notion of orchestration load into different facets and to discuss how different support provisions correspond to the different facets of orchestration load. TIDE-UPF acknowledges the support by FEDER, the National Research Agency of the Spanish Ministry, TIN2017-85179-C3-3-R, PID2020-112584RB-C33, MDM-2015-0502, and by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme (D. Hernández-Leo, Serra Hunter).

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) creates avenues for productive collaboration between students. In CSCL, collaborative learning flow patterns (CLFPs) provide pedagogical rationale and constraints for structuring the collaboration process. While structured collaboration facilitates the design of favourable learning conditions, orchestration of collaboration becomes an important factor, as learner participation and real-world constraints can create deviations in real time. On the one hand, limited research has examined the orchestration challenges related to collaborative learning situations scripted according to CLFPs in authentic educational contexts to resolve collaboration at different scales. On the other hand, learning analytics (LA) can be used to provide proper technological tooling, infrastructure and support to orchestrate collaboration. To this end, this dissertation addresses the following research question: How can LA support orchestration mechanisms for scripted CSCL? To address this question, this dissertation first focuses on studying the orchestration challenges associated with scripted CSCL situations on small scales (in the classroom learning context) and large scales (in the distance learning context, specifically in massive open online courses [MOOCs]). In the classroom learning context, lack of teacher access to activity regulation mechanisms constituted a key challenge. In MOOCs, sustained student participation in multiple phases of the script was a primary challenge. The dissertation also focuses on studying the design of LA interventions that might address the orchestration challenges under examination. The proposed LA interventions range from human-in-control to machine-in-control in nature given the feasibility and regulation needs of the learning contexts under investigation. Following a design-based research (DBR) methodology, evaluation studies were conducted in naturalistic classrooms and in MOOCs to evaluate the effects of the proposed LA interventions and to understand the conditions for their successful implementation. The results of the evaluation studies conducted in the classroom context shed light on how teachers interpret LA data and how they action the resulting knowledge in authentic collaborative learning situations. In the distance learning context, the proposed interventions were critical in sustaining continuous flows of collaboration. The practical benefits and limitations of deploying LA solutions in real-world settings, as well as future research directions, are outlined. El aprendizaje colaborativo asistido por ordenador (CSCL) ofrece oportunidades para la colaboración productiva entre estudiantes. En CSCL, los patrones de flujo de aprendizaje colaborativo (CLFP) proporcionan un fundamento pedagógico y restricciones para estructurar el proceso de colaboración. Si bien la colaboración estructurada facilita el diseño de condiciones de aprendizaje favorables, la orquestación de dicha colaboración estructurada se convierte en un factor importante, ya que la participación del alumno y los condicionantes del mundo real pueden crear desviaciones en el momento de su realización. Por un lado, existe una investigación limitada sobre los desafíos de la orquestación de aprendizaje colaborativo guiado según los CLFP en contextos educativos auténticos a diferentes escalas. Por otro lado, la analítica del aprendizaje (LA) se puede utilizar para proporcionar las herramientas tecnológicas, la infraestructura y el apoyo adecuados para orquestar la colaboración. Con este fin, esta tesis doctoral plantea la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo puede LA apoyar los mecanismos de orquestación de guiones de CSCL? Para abordar esta pregunta, la tesis doctoral se centra, primero, en estudiar los desafíos de la orquestación en situaciones CSCL guiadas a pequeña escala (en el contexto del aula) y a gran escala (en el contexto de aprendizaje a distancia, específicamente en cursos masivos abiertos en línea [MOOC]). En el contexto del aula, un reto imporante es la falta de acceso de los docentes a los mecanismos de regulación de la actividad. En los MOOC, el reto principal es sostener la participación de los estudiantes a lo largo de las diversas fases del guión. La tesis doctoral también se centra en estudiar el diseño de intervenciones de LA que podrían abordar los retos de orquestación detectados. Dadas las necesidades de viabilidad y regulación de los contextos de aprendizaje investigados, las intervenciones de LA propuestas van desde acciones automáticas donde la “máquina está en control” a intervenciones que implican “control por humanos”. Siguiendo una metodología de investigación basada en el diseño (DBR), se han realizado estudios en aulas y en MOOCs para evaluar los efectos de las intervenciones de LA propuestas y comprender las condiciones para su buena implementación. Los resultados de la evaluación realizada en el contexto del aula arrojan luz sobre cómo los profesores interpretan los datos de LA y cómo actúan en consecuencia en situaciones auténticas de aprendizaje colaborativo. En el contexto de la educación a distancia, las intervenciones propuestas fueron fundamentales para mantener flujos continuos de colaboración. La tesis docotral describe los beneficios prácticos y las limitaciones a la hora de implementar soluciones de LA en entornos reales, así como las direcciones de investigación futuras.

Computer Supported Collaborative Blended Learning (CSCBL) scripts are innovative practices that benefit from interactive devices to combine and coordinate activities occurring in different spatial locations. However, the adoption of CSCBL scripts is hindered by the difficulties in orchestration that they entail for practitioners. As observed in a concrete experiment, these orchestration problems include: adapting group formation according to students' actions in previous activities, supporting transitions between activities and artifacts across locations using diverse technologies, or displaying the appropriate tools to students depending on their group and assigned task. This paper describes the technological support designed to alleviate this complexity. The result is a Computer Supported Collaborative Blended Learning (CSCBL) script and its associated orchestration system that allows the replication of these practices at a minimum cost. The CSCBL script has been evaluated in a case study with 35 students and 5 teachers. Based on this orchestration system and the findings of the experiment, we also propose an architecture based on IMS Learning Design and Generic Service Integration in combination with other web based tools to support the enactment of other similar CSCBL scripts. The findings of this experiment offer interesting insights into the extend to which different technologies and multiple spaces can be combined for orchestrating integrated complex collaborative practices. Work partially funded by the Learn3 project, ‘‘Plan Nacional de I+D+I’’ TIN2008-05163/TSI, the ‘‘Emadrid: Investigación y desarrollo de tecnologías para el e-learning en la Comunidad de Madrid’’ project (S2009/TIC-1650) and the EEE: Orquestando Espacios Educativos Especulares, ‘‘Plan Nacional de I+D+I’’ TIN2011-28308-C03-03. Publicado

This article presents a model whose primary concern and design rationale is to offer users (teachers) with basic ICT skills an intuitive, easy, and flexible way of editing scripts. The proposal is based on relating an end-user representation as a table and a machine model as a tree. The table-tree model introduces structural expressiveness and semantics that are limited but straightforward and intuitive. This approach is less expressive and introduces less semantics than approaches based on workflow representations and complex meta-models. However, it may be enhanced to represent complex features such as by-intention grouping mechanisms, constraint checking or configuration of enactment frameworks. A usability test suggests that the model/interface is easy to use and that teachers avail themselves of the flexibility available to model scripts according to their perspectives.