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Arctium lappa L, popularly known as burdock, is a medicinal plant with wide application in chinese folk medicine. The objective of the present work was to proceed hydroethanolic extraction of the leaves, to analyze the chemical compounds as proteins, phenols, antioxidants, phytochemical and its skin healing potential in exposed cutaneous lesions in rats treated with gel containing the extract. For preparation the extract, fresh leaves of the burdock plant were obtained from Sitio Wadt located in Valinhos, SP and dried. 50g of dry leaves was subjected to percolation. Extract was tested to quantify proteins, phenols, and antioxidant capability. For skin healing of wound in rats, it was used male Wistar rats, divided in three groups (treated, control and fibrinase). Was performed daily application over the wound and healing evaluated macroscopically and measured by digital planimetry. Results demonstrated that hydroethanolic extract of leaves presented proteins, phenols, phenolic compounds and antioxidants. In animals, fibrinase was not as efficient as burdock extract and when compared to control group. It is possible to conclude that the gel with burdock extract is effective at skin healing in rats, being used as a phytoterapic, besides possessing antioxidant activity.

Background:Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex. Fr) Karst is a basidiomycete mushroom that has been used for many years as a food supplement and medicine. In Brazil, National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) classified Ganoderma lucidum as a nutraceutical product. The objective of the present work was to observe the effects of an extract from Ganoderma lucidum in rats treated with streptozotocin, and an agent that induces diabetes. Method: Male Wistar rats were obtained from the animal lodging facilities of both University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) and Lusiada Universitary Center (UNILUS) with approval from the Ethics Committee for Animal Research. Animals were separated into groups: (1) C: Normoglycemic control water, (2) CE: Normoglycemic control group that received hydroethanolic extract (GWA), (3) DM1 + GWA: Diabetic group that received extract GWA, and (4) DM1: Diabetic group that received water. The treatment was evaluated over a 30-day period. Food and water were weighted, and blood plasma biochemical analysis performed. Results: G. lucidum extract contained beta-glucan, proteins and phenols. Biochemical analysis indicated a decrease of plasma glycemic and lipid levels in DM rats induced with streptozotocin and treated with GWA extract. Histopathological analysis from pancreas of GWA-treated DM animals showed preservation of up to 50% of pancreatic islet total area when compared to the DM control group. In plasma, Kyn was present in diabetic rats, while in treated diabetic rats more Trp was detected. Conclusion: Evaluation from G. lucidum extract in STZ-hyperglycemic rats indicated that the extract possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Support: Proj. CNPq 474681/201.

From a short description of the main alluvial poplar zones of the Centre region, a catalogue of the large types of poplar stations has been set up. To each of these types correspond a choice of adapted poplars clones as well as specific culture techniques. Some general reminders concerning poplars, their demands and current cultural interventions complete this regional study., A partir d'une description sommaire des maines zones alluviales populicoles de la région Centre, un catalogue des grands types de stations populicoles a été élaboré. A chacun de ces types, correspond un choix de clones de peupliers adaptés ainsi que des techniques de culture particulières. Quelques rappels généraux concernant les peupliers, leurs exigences et les interventions culturales courantes complètent cette étude régionale.

International audience

International audience

This article provides feedback on the experience of both integrative and adaptive management, carried out since 2005 on the 17,000 ha of a state forest in Bavaria. The State Forest Enterprise Ebrach manages a state forest dominated by beech in the Steigerwald region. In addition to about one million euros in annual prof- its, its management aims to optimize a wide range of ecosystem services and also to significantly increase the hosting capacity for forest biodiversity, particularly saproxylic species. After a general presentation of the forest and its history, the concepts governing its management are presented. Then, a detailed economic analysis quantifies the cost of this type of management. We hope that this article will inspire French foresters concer- ned about improving the sustainability of their management.; C’est article constitue un retour d’expérience de gestion à la fois intégrative et adaptative, menée depuis 2005 sur les 17 000 ha d’une forêt de l’Etat de Bavière. L’entreprise forestière d’Etat Ebrach gère environ 17 000 ha de une forêt domaniale dominée par le Hêtre, dans la région du Steigerwald, en Bavière.. Elle a adopté une gestion à double approche, à la fois intégrative et adaptative. Tout en générant environ un million d’euros de bénéfice annuel, ce type desa gestion a pour objectif d’optimiser un large panel de services écosystémiques et d’accroître significativement la capacité d’accueil pour la biodiversité forestière, en particulier les espèces saproxyliques. Après une présentation générale de la forêt et de son histoire, les concepts qui régissent sa gestion sont présentés. Une analyse économique détaillée permet également de quantifier le coût de ce type de gestion. Nous espérons que cet article inspirera les forestiers français soucieux d’améliorer la durabilité de leur gestion.

A quoi ressemble une forêt sans transformation anthropique majeure, intérêt de leur étude, différences fondamentales entre une forêt gérée en "bon père de famille" et un écosystème forestier naturel. Gestion de la cohabitation d’une activité pastorale, des ongulés sauvages (et de leur chasse), de la fourniture de bois de chauffage aux sociétaires et de la production de bois d’œuvre. Itinéraires sylvicoles adaptés à certains sols chimiquement très pauvres.

The rate of TreM formation per unit diameter growth was modelled as a function of tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and the model was calibrated considering cross-sectional observations TreMs on trees of different sizes. The model predicted realistic TreM formation rates at the tree and stand levels in forests dominated by Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. This approach opens new perspectives to the analysis of forest biodiversity conservation strategies.

National audience; La cartographie des stations comprend l’inventaire d’unités écologiques homogènes présentes en un lieu donné et la représentation de leur distribution dans l’espace. Une carte des stations est un outil précieux, voire indispensable dans toute démarche d’aménagement forestier, car elle permet de caractériser pour chaque unité les potentialités et les risques. Outre son utilisation évidente dans le choix des essences à favoriser lors du renouvellement des peuplements, elle permet d’optimiser le dosage des essences lors des travaux de dégagement ou des martelages, de localiser les sols fragiles lors des débardages ou de concentrer les investissements sylvicoles sur les sols les plusproductifs…1). Si la cartographie des stations est couramment pratiquée pour l’aménagement des forêts publiques, elle n’est pas imposée dans les plans simples de gestion (PSG) en forêt privée. Ainsi, même s’il existe une disparité entre régions, les cartes des stations y sont très rares. Parfois, il est fait référence dans le PSG aux principales stations présentes sur la forêt, mais sans qu’elles soient cartographiées. L’avènement des outils numériques a changé beaucoup de pratiques forestières, dont la cartographie des stations. Le déploiement des bases de données, les systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) et les récepteurs GPS permettent non seulement un gain de temps, mais également le développement de nouvelles approches jusqu’alors impossibles. La cartographie des stations s’est d’abord faite à l’aide de relevés de terrain (méthode par échantillonnage). Désormais, une approche utilisant des cartes prédictives se développe dans certaines régions2). Cet article présente ces deux approches, les compare et décrit les évolutions possibles.

National audience

This Integrate+ Technical Paper (in Danish) is one of several translations of the original published in English language (Catalogue of tree microhabitats – Reference field list).

National audience; En sol à nappe d’eau perchée temporaire, le système racinaire du chêne est régulièrement soumis à un engorgement prolongé, suivi par des épisodes de sécheresse édaphique pouvant être marqués. En conditions anaérobies sous l’eau, la croissance des racines est inhibée et leur état se détériore rapidement. Au retrait de la nappe d’eau, seules les racines qui étaient hors de l’eau peuvent avoir une reprise de croissance rapide et recoloniser le sol en profondeur. L’état de santé de l’arbre dépend directement de cette potentialité, en interaction avec la précocité du retour de la sécheresse estivale, de la dimension effective du réservoir en eau, mais aussi de la profondeur de prospection des racines et de leur capacité à absorber l’eau aux grandes profondeurs.

National audience; Nous avons calculé les bilans hydriques édaphiques sur la France à partir des données climatiques et édaphiques spatialisées, que nous avons tout d'abord évaluées comme les plus fines spatialement et les plus pertinentes. De ces bilans ont été identifiés et spatialisés à l'aide d'un outil de cartographie numérique quatorze indices de disponibilité en eau pour les plantes. La capacité de chaque indice à prédire la distribution des principales essences forestières a été testée afin d'identifier l'indice le plus explicatif de cette distribution. L'indice sélectionné a alors été cartographié à l'échelle des plateaux calcaires de Champagne-Ardenne, Bourgogne et Lorraine, et les potentialités et limites de l'intégration de cette carte aux catalogues et guides de station afin d'adapter ceux-ci à aux changements climatiques ont enfin été discutés.

Anyone involved in timber production needs some knowledge of autecology. With the renewed interest in hardwoods in the last 20 years, they are increasingly being introduced by planting or encouraged in natural stands. The results in terms of growth have not always met foresters’ expectations, due to technical problems and especially because the species are not always suited to the different sites. While the principle of establishing hardwoods is not in question, it is important to be aware of the conditions they need for their growth. This is why the first component of the Pirinoble programme is about improving knowledge on the ecology and adaptation of valuable hardwood species. To support this, a wide-ranging bibliographic analysis was made of scientific publications in French, English, Spanish and Italian on the main hardwood species that can be established as plantations: - Wild Cherry (Prunus avium l.), - Common Ash (Fraxinus SSP.), - Wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis l.), service tree (Sorbus domestica L.) and other sorbus species. - Walnut (Juglans SSP.), - Common pear tree (Pyrus pyraster (l.) Du ROI) and the European Wild Apple tree (Malus sylvestris Mill.). - Lime (Tilia ssp.), - Maple (Acer SSP.). Favourable site conditions for hardwood trees are now better understood thanks to numerous observations carried out in stands and a number of scientific studies. Some species have been studied in more depth, including the wild cherry, wild service tree, common ash, maple and walnut. This guide is based on the results of these studies, supplemented by the expertise of the authors. It includes a series of autecology factsheets that describe the site conditions in which hardwoods will thrive and the minimum conditions required for rapid timber production. The factsheets were published on a regular basis in Forêt-entreprise in 2012 and 2013 (see footnote at the end of each of factsheet), and are now published together in this guide along with the bibliographical references consulted.

International audience

A l’origine de l’IBP : le besoin d’un outil opérationnel en forêt, la diversité des espèces est très forte (plusieurs milliers d’espèces, même sur des faibles surfaces, rameau et al., 2000) et il est illusoire d’espérer la recenser de manière exhaustive...

Fiche réalisée dans le cadre du projet européen interreg 4a « Pirinoble » (www.pirinoble.eu) associant quatre partenaires français et espagnols : CNPF - Institut pour le Développement Forestier (IDF), Centre Régional de la Propriété Forestière de Midi-Pyrénées (CRPF), Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya CTFC), Centre de la Propietat Forestal (CPF).

International audience; In adapting forests to climate change, cedar is often recommended as a potential species to replace existing conifers that are sensitive to drought. The experience in the French Mediterranean zone and the more recent tests in the temperate zone confirm this interest. Nevertheless, cedar establishment and silviculture must follow strict guidelines in order to be successful. The state of knowledge on Atlas cedar, as synthesised in this document, is drawn from a literature review and from a nationwide survey of field trials. The information will help foresters to make informed decisions concerning the establishment and management of cedar stands, including the following aspects: - autecology and behaviour with respect to climatic factors and soil characteristics - technical recommendations for reafforestation and management of stands - indications and criteria to select silvicultural treatments - timber quality and uses - health issues - references; Face au changement climatique, le cèdre est souvent présenté comme une des essences potentielles de substitution aux espèces sensibles à la sécheresse. L’expérience ancienne acquise en région méditerranéenne et les essais plus récents en région tempérée confirment son intérêt. Pour autant, l’utilisation du cèdre doit répondre à des exigences strictes sous peine d’échec. À partir de l’état des connaissances sur le cèdre de l’Atlas, tirées de la bibliographie et complétées par une enquête nationale des références existantes sur le terrain, ce document rassemble les éléments permettant au gestionnaire d’installer et de conduire ses peuplements en connaissance de cause : - autécologie, comportement vis-à-vis des facteurs climatiques et des caractéristiques du sol - recommandations techniques pour l’installation des peuplements - indications et éléments de choix d'itinéraires sylvicoles - qualité et utilisations du bois - risques sanitaires - références bibliographiques.

Le but de ce rapport est de compléter la couche des occupations du sol des cartes minutes de l’état major afin de pouvoir l’utiliser en ayant conscience à la fois de ces limites et des difficultés de l’étude des forêts anciennes. Nous verrons donc dans une première partie la méthode de digitalisation et de géoréférencement ainsi que les analyses préalables aux croisements. Dans une seconde partie, nous discuterons les résultats ainsi obtenus.

International audience; In adapting forests to climate change, cedar is often recommended as a potential species to replace existing conifers that are sensitive to drought. The experience in the French Mediterranean zone and the more recent tests in the temperate zone confirm this interest. Nevertheless, cedar establishment and silviculture must follow strict guidelines in order to be successful. The state of knowledge on Atlas cedar, as synthesised in this document, is drawn from a literature review and from a nationwide survey of field trials. The information will help foresters to make informed decisions concerning the establishment and management of cedar stands, including the following aspects: - autecology and behaviour with respect to climatic factors and soil characteristics - technical recommendations for reafforestation and management of stands - indications and criteria to select silvicultural treatments - timber quality and uses - health issues - references; Face au changement climatique, le cèdre est souvent présenté comme une des essences potentielles de substitution aux espèces sensibles à la sécheresse. L’expérience ancienne acquise en région méditerranéenne et les essais plus récents en région tempérée confirment son intérêt. Pour autant, l’utilisation du cèdre doit répondre à des exigences strictes sous peine d’échec. À partir de l’état des connaissances sur le cèdre de l’Atlas, tirées de la bibliographie et complétées par une enquête nationale des références existantes sur le terrain, ce document rassemble les éléments permettant au gestionnaire d’installer et de conduire ses peuplements en connaissance de cause : - autécologie, comportement vis-à-vis des facteurs climatiques et des caractéristiques du sol - recommandations techniques pour l’installation des peuplements - indications et éléments de choix d'itinéraires sylvicoles - qualité et utilisations du bois - risques sanitaires - références bibliographiques.

L’indice de biodiversité potentielle (IBP) est un indicateur composite indirect de la diversité des espèces, qui agrège dix facteurs clés pour lesquels des relations avec des taxons forestiers sont avérées. L’IBP est un outil pour les gestionnaires forestiers désireux d’intégrer aisément la biodiversité taxonomique ordinaire dans leur gestion courante, à l’échelle du peuplement. Il est également un outil pédagogique qui contribue à faire évoluer le diagnostic et les pratiques sylvicoles. Pour répondre à des questions récurrentes et également éviter les utilisations de l’IBP hors de ses domaines d’application, nous précisons l’intérêt et l’originalité de l’IBP ainsi que les points qui le distinguent d’un modèle prédictif de la biodiversité, d’un indicateur du bon fonctionnement de l’écosystème forestier, d’un indicateur de naturalité ou d’une norme de gestion.

L'objectif du travail était de créer, de valider et de déterminer l'intérêt et l'utilisation possible pour le forestier de cartes numériques décrivant la variabilité spatiale de l'eau du sol. Ce travail a été réalisé en mobilisant divers outils liés aux systèmes d'informations géographiques et aux techniques de cartographie prédictive (Franklin, 1995; McBratney et al., 2003), à travers différentes étapes : - Réalisation d'une carte de bilan en eau des sols à l'échelle régionale, en sélectionnant les données et les méthodes les plus appropriées ; - Validation des données produites et les comparaison à celles qui sont classiquement utilisées ; - Evaluation de leur utilisation possible dans le cadre de la mise à jour d'un catalogue des stations forestières. Nous avons profité de la refonte prévue du guide des stations " les plateaux calcaires de Champagne-Ardenne, du nord et de l'est de la Bourgogne ", rédigé par Laurence Milard (CRPF) en 2004 pour tester les potentialités liées à la carte produite.

In northern Mediterranean regions, livestock farming and silviculture evolutions have them sometimes gathered sometimes separated. The marginalization of little productive and costly to exploit Mediterranean forests and the economic and climatic difficulties faced by livestock sector in these regions calls for a fresh examination of silvopastoralism. In woodlands, fodder production is staggered over the year and its herbaceous component is preserved longer thanks to the shadow of trees. So it makes for example a summer pastoral resource. The selective cutting of trees generates wood products which may be sold, besides conventional outlets such as triturating and firewood, through new marketing channels such as wood energy or construction. Grazing keeps underbrush under control and facilitates later silviculture operations. Reciprocally, silviculture operations increase the quantity of light reaching undergrowth and thereby favours the development of forage resources : grass growth, lower hanging foliage, increase in percent fruit set. They also facilitate animal circulation. The construction of this productive consistency asks several questions, at different scales, which the paper tries to answer offering : (i) a silvopastoral interpretation of wooded environments ; (ii) a characterization of trees partial taking ; (iii) a characterization of wooded areas pastoral uses ; (iv) a different levels of silvopastoral project consistency analysis., Dans les régions nord-méditerranéennes, l’élevage et la sylviculture ont connu des évolutions qui les ont tantôt rassemblés, tantôt séparés. La marginalisation des forêts méditerranéennes, peu productives et d’exploitation coûteuse, par les filières sylvicoles classiques et les difficultés économiques et climatiques du secteur de l’élevage dans ces mêmes régions invitent à une vision renouvelée du sylvopastoralisme. En forêt, la production fourragère est étalée dans l’année et sa composante herbacée se maintient sur pied plus tardivement qu’en milieu ouvert du fait de l’ombre des houppiers. Elle constitue alors par exemple une ressource pastorale pour l’été. La coupe sélective des arbres génère des produits-bois qui, outre le bois de chauffage domestique et la trituration, sont valorisables à travers de nouvelles filières comme le bois-énergie ou la construction. De même que le pâturage entretient le sous-bois et facilite l’intervention sylvicole suivante, le layonnage et l’éclaircie favorisent la circulation des animaux et, en faisant entrer la lumière, le développement de la ressource pastorale : développement de l’herbe, abaissement des feuilles, augmentation de la mise à fruits. La construction de cette cohérence productive pose de nombreuses questions, à différentes échelles, auxquelles l’article essaie de répondre en proposant : (i) une lecture sylvopastorale des milieux boisés ; (ii) une caractérisation des prélèvements partiels sur les arbres ; (iii) une caractérisation des modes d’exploitation pastorale en milieu boisé ; (iv) une réflexion surles différents niveaux de cohérence d’un projet sylvopastoral.

L'objectif du travail réalisé vise à présenter au gestionnaire, propriétaire et industriel un zonage de la Lorraine vis-à-vis des possibilités raisonnées de récolte des rémanents à partir des classes de sensibilité du guide ADEME. On entend par raisonnée, des pratiques qui n'ont pas de conséquences défavorables sur le sol tant par rapport à sa fertilité qu'à ses propriétés physiques. La cartographie se fera selon les deux axes d'action utilisés dans le guide : - cartographie en fonction du gradient d'acidité, - cartographie en fonction du risque de dégradation physique.

Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and continue to disappear. Despite these losses, we know little about where these forests occur. Here, we present a comprehensive geodatabase and map of Europe’s known primary forests. Our geodatabase harmonizes 48 different, mostly field-based datasets of primary forests, and contains 18,411 individual patches (41.1 Mha) spread across 33 countries. When available, we provide information on each patch (name, location, naturalness, extent and dominant tree species) and the surrounding landscape (biogeographical regions, protection status, potential natural vegetation, current forest extent). Using Landsat satellite-image time series (1985–2018) we checked each patch for possible disturbance events since primary forests were identified, resulting in 94% of patches free of significant disturbances in the last 30 years. Although knowledge gaps remain, ours is the most comprehensive dataset on primary forests in Europe, and will be useful for ecological studies, and conservation planning to safeguard these unique forests., Measurement(s)Geographic DistributionTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)countrySample Characteristic - Environmentprimary forestSample Characteristic - LocationEurope Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14540625

International audience; La variété et la complexité des domaines biologiques concernés par la forêt constituent pour le gestionnaire une difficulté pratique pour prendre en compte la biodiversité. Il n’existe pas d’indicateur simple pour évaluer rapidement la biodiversité à l’échelle du peuplement ou de la parcelle forestière et suivre en routine son évolution. C’est avec l’objectif de donner aux gestionnaires un outil pratique d’estimation indirecte de la biodiversité que nous proposons l’Indice de Biodiversité Potentielle (IBP). Cet indice s’apparente à un indicateur « composite » reposant sur la notation d’un ensemble de dix facteurs : sept sont liés à la gestion récente et trois autres en sont indépendants. A cause de leurs liens fonctionnels avec les peuplements forestiers et de leur biodiversité spécifique, les habitats asylvatiques intra-forestiers sont intégrés dans la notation. L’IBP évalue une biodiversité potentielle, c’est -à-dire la diversité maximale du peuplement en lien avec ses caractéristiques actuelles, sans préjuger de la biodiversité réelle. Les notes sont données après visite rapide, sans effectuer de mesures complexes. Une représentation synthétique sous forme d’un graphique « radar » dans un tableur facilite à la fois la comparaison de peuplements, leur suivi dans le temps et le diagnostic des facteurs qu’il serait souhaitable d’améliorer. Nous pensons que l’IBP est suffisamment facile d’emploi pour promouvoir son utilisation dans le cadre des diagnostics des conseillers forestiers, des descriptions de parcelle préalables à l’élaboration des documents de gestion, ainsi que lors des visites préalables au marquage des coupes. Bien que l'IBP ait été élaboré dans des forêts du domaine atlantique français, nous pensons qu’il est pertinent pour les forêts des domaines atlantique, continental et boréal européens, des étages plantaires au subalpin. Nous élargissons actuellement l'utilisation de l'indice à la région méditerranéenne. L'IBP n'est pas un indice d'évaluation de l'état de conservation des habitats naturels, ni de naturalité des peuplements. La construction d'un indice complémentaire pour analyser la biodiversité à l'échelle d'un massif est en cours.

Context: Forest ecosystems worldwide are facing increasing drought-induced dieback, causing mortality patches across the landscape at multiple scales. This increases the supply of biological legacies and differentially affects forest insect communities.Objectives: We analysed the relative effects of local- and landscape-level dieback on local saproxylic beetle assemblages. We assessed how classic concepts in spatial ecology (e.g. habitat-amount and habitat-patch hypotheses) are involved in relationships between multi-scale spatial patterns of available resources and local communities.Methods: We sampled saproxylic beetle assemblages in commercial fir forests in the French highlands. Through automatic aerial mapping, we used dead tree crowns to assess dieback levels at several nested spatial scales. We analysed beetle taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity related to differing levels of multi-scale dieback.Results: In line with the habitat-amount hypothesis, taxonomic and functional diversity, but not phylogenetic diversity, of beetle assemblages significantly benefitted from forest dieback, at both local and landscape scales. Very few single or interaction effects were detected in the multiplicative models combining local and landscape variables, though a significant positive effect of landscape-scale dieback on the abundance of cavity- and fungus-dwelling species was consistent with a spill-over effect. Increased landscape-scale dieback also caused a functional specialisation of beetle assemblages, favouring those related to large-diameter, well-decayed deadwood.Conclusions: Increasing tree mortality under benign neglect provides conservation benefits by heterogenising the forest landscape and enhancing deadwood habitats. Legacy retention practices could take advantage of unharvested, declining forest stands to promote species richness and functional diversity within conventionally managed forest landscapes.

International audience; Afin d’évaluer la capacité d’accueil des ripisylves pour la biodiversité, nous proposons un nouvel indice tenant compte des dimensions longitudinale et transversale de l’hydrosystème : l’Indice de Biodiversité et de Connectivité des Ripisylves (IBCR). Constitué de 15 facteurs renseignant des critères liés au peuplement et à sa gestion, au contexte environnant, aux perturbations/pressions et à la connectivité, l’IBCR est un nouvel outil qui fournit aux gestionnaires des cours d’eau des éléments concrets pour diagnostiquer rapidement l’état écologique des ripisylves et orienter la gestion pour la conservation de la biodiversité associée aux linéaires boisés riverains. Pour illustrer l’utilité de cet indice, nous avons étudié la réponse des communautés d’oiseaux aux facteurs de l’IBCR, en distinguant les espèces des milieux forestiers, agricoles, aquatiques et bâtis/rocheux. Nos résultats montrent que les cortèges d’oiseaux répondent de façon assez cohérente aux valeurs de l’IBCR, avec une augmentation de la richesse en espèces d’oiseaux des milieux forestiers avec l’augmentation du score moyen de l’indice. En revanche, les ripisylves ayant un indice de faible score, c’est-à-dire davantage dégradées et déconnectées, favorisent surtout la présence d’espèces d’oiseaux des milieux agricoles. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats soulignent l’intérêt de l’IBCR pour évaluer rapidement les principales caractéristiques des boisements riverains et les capacités d’accueil associées, au moins pour les communautés d’oiseaux.

International audience; The retention of trees bearing tree‐related microhabitats (TreMs) has become an important means of conserving biodiversity in production forests. However, we lack estimates of TreM formation rates and evidence on factors driving TreM formation. Based on the observation of 80,099 living trees from 19 species groups in Europe and Iran, we estimated the probability of TreM occurrence on trees and the associated rate of first TreM formation as a function of tree DBH, management, tree species group and random site effects. We built a separate model for each of 11 TreM groups. The hazard rate of first TreM formation (defined as the probability of formation of a first TreM forming on a tree that is known to have none, during an infinitesimal DBH increment) increased with DBH for some TreM groups like breeding‐woodpecker‐hole, rot‐hole or root‐concavity, indicating an acceleration in TreM formation during tree growth. However, it decreased with DBH for TreM groups like bark‐loss or dendrotelm, indicating slower formation on very large trees. Most TreM groups had reduced formation rates in managed forests (last logging less than 100 years ago) compared to unmanaged forests (no logging for at least 100 years), with the exception of dendrotelms. No general difference appeared between broadleaves and conifers but early‐successional species tended to have different TreMs than mid‐ and late‐successional species. Abies, Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Prunus, Quercus, Sorbus, Tilia and Ulmus displayed high formation rates for six TreM groups or more. Variability among sites was considerable. Synthesis and applications: The rate of formation of tree related microhabitats (TreMs) varies greatly among TreM groups, tree species, locations, tree diameters at breast height and forest management. The high rate of formation of some TeM groups on small trees implies that tree retention for biodiversity should concern trees of all sizes and start as soon as thinning operations have occurred. Biodiversity conservation should value not only forest stands and trees that already have many TreMs, but also those where the likelihood of future TreM formation is high due to species, maturity or local environmental conditions. The addition of quantitative models of TreM formation to forest stand dynamics simulators is necessary to better take into account biodiversity conservation in forest management.

International audience; A Tree-related Microhabitat (TreM) is a distinct, well-delineated morphological singularity occurring on living or standing dead trees, which constitutes a crucial substrate or life site for various species. TreMs are widelyrecognized as key features for biodiversity. Current TreM typology identifies 47 TreM types according to their morphology and their associated taxa. In order to provide a range of resolutions and make the typology moreuser-friendly, these 47 TreM types have been pooled into 15 groups and seven forms. Depending on the accuracy required and the time available, a user can now choose to describe TreMs at resolution levels corresponding totype, group or form. Another way to more easily record TreMs during routine management work would be to use co-occurrence patterns to reduce the number of observed TreMs required. Based on a large international TreMdatabase (2052 plots; 70,958 individual trees; 78 tree species), we evaluated both the significance and the magnitude of TreM co-occurrence on living trees for 11 TreM groups. We highlighted 33 significant cooccurrencesfor broadleaves and nine for conifers. Bark loss, rot hole, crack and polypore had the highest number of positive co-occurrences (N = 8) with other TreMs on broadleaves; bark loss (N = 4) had the highest numberfor conifers. We found mutually exclusive occurrences only for conifers: Exposed Heartwood excluded both dendrotelm and sap run. Among the four variables we tested for their positive contribution to significant cooccurrences,tree diameter at breast height was the most consistent. Based on our results and practical considerations, we selected three TreM groups for broadleaves, and nine for conifers, and formed useful short lists toreduce the number of TreM groups to assess during routine forest management work in the field. In addition, detecting potential similarities or associations between TreMs has potential theoretical value, e.g. it may helpresearchers identify common factors favouring TreM formation or help managers select trees with multiple TreMs as candidates for retention.

Reconnaître les arbres-habitats grâce à l’application habitat.sylvotheque.ch Découvrir, rechercher et identifier les dendromicrohabitats portés par les arbres grâce à des photos à 360° prises en forêt: habitat.sylvotheque.ch est une plateforme informatique, disponible en français, en allemand et en anglais, pour apprendre à reconnaître les dendromicrohabitats, petits milieux de vie portés par les arbres et qui sont indispensables à des milliers d’organismes spécialisés. A l’aide de nombreux contenus multimédias sous forme d’images, de vidéos et de textes, l’utilisateur est mis au défi par quatre modes d’apprentissage interactifs à difficulté croissante. Le site, riche en informations, s’adresse autant au débutant qu’au fin connaisseur des arbres-habitats.

The geographical distributions of species associated with European temperate broadleaf forests have been significantly influenced by glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial periods, these species persisted in Mediterranean and extra-Mediterranean refugia and later, during interglacial periods, expanded northwards. The widespread saproxylic beetle Bolitophagus reticulatus depends closely on European temperate broadleaf forests. It usually develops in the tinder fungus Fomes fomentarius, a major decomposer of broadleaf-wood. We sampled B. reticulatus in sporocarps from European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) across Europe and the Caucasus region. We analysed mitochondrial gene sequences (cox1, cox2, cob) and 17 microsatellites to reconstruct the geographical distribution of glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization pathways. We found only marginal genetic differentiation of B. reticulatus, except for a significant split between populations of the Caucasus region and Europe. This indicates the existence of past refugia south of the Great Caucasus, and a contact zone with European populations in the Crimean region. Further potential refugia might have been located at the foothills of the Pyrenees and in the Balkan region. Our genetic data suggest a phalanx-wise recolonization of Europe, a reflection of the high mobility of B. reticulatus.

Marked decline in insect species richness, abundance and biomass have recently been quantified in Europe. We metabarcoded 224 Malaise-trap samples to investigate whether drought-induced forest dieback and subsequent salvage logging have an impact on flying insects (ca. 3000 insect species) in silver fir Pyrenean forests. We found no evidence that climate-induced forest dieback impacted species richness of flying insects but revealed compositional turnover patterns consistent with those seen during natural forest succession, given that the key covariates explaining compositional variation were canopy openness versus microhabitat diversity and deadwood amount at local and landscape scales, respectively. Importantly, most change was driven by rare species. In contrast, observed levels of salvage logging did not explain change in species richness or composition. Hence, although forest dieback appears to cause changes in species assemblages mimicking natural forest succession, it also increases the risk of catastrophic loss of rare species through homogenization of environmental conditions.

National audience

International audience; Natural disturbances are major drivers of forest dynamics. However, in the current context of anthropogenic global warming, shifts in disturbance regimes are expected. Natural disturbances usually leave biological or structural legacies which are important for early-successional species. Nevertheless, these legacies are usually eliminated by forest managers through salvage logging. Here, we investigated the consequences of forest dieback and the following salvage logging on both forest habitat conditions and saproxylic beetle communities. We conducted our study in two types of conifer-dominated highland forests: Pyrenean silver fir (Abies alba) which has suffered drought-induced dieback and Bavarian Norway spruce (Picea abies) which has suffered bark beetle-induced (Ips typographus) dieback. In both of the forest contexts, dieback provided a biological legacy through an increase in deadwood resources; however, this increase was much greater in the spruce forests. Nonetheless, despite this increase in resources, neither type of forest gained in total abundance or species richness after disturbance, compared to healthy stands. Nevertheless, the species composition of saproxylic beetle composition was significantly affected by dieback in spruce stands, but not in the silver fir forests. In the spruce plots, saproxylic beetles responded positively to the large increase in deadwood in the declining stands, including a very strong positive response from red listed species. Saproxylic beetle assemblages in spruce forests were mainly drove by canopy openness and deadwood amount. In the silver fir plots, we did not observed responses from the saproxylic beetle communities to deadwood amount increase. This lack of response may be explained by the relatively low amount of deadwood generated by the drought-induced dieback. Concerning salvage logging, it caused stronger contrasts in spruce forests than in silver fir forests, where it generally had no significant impact. For example, in spruce forests, salvage logging reduced the density of large snags by 91% and large logs by 87% compared with unharvested declining plots. Most of the significant environmental effects on biodiversity associated with dieback were no longer significant after accounting for the salvaged plots in our study data. Then, forest dieback and salvage logging induced much sharper and stronger effects on environmental and community metrics in the spruce than in the silver fir forests. The contrast between Bavaria and the French Pyrenees seems partly related to dieback severity. Finally, we invite forest managers to conserve biological and structural legacies through patches of deadwood-rich areas.

International audience; Global change scenarios project drastic modifications in tree species range and an increase in exotic tree plantations. Subsequent tree species substitutions may alter habitat conditions for biodiversity. We measured substitutability between tree species for early deadwood colonisers, through a sentinel log approach, i.e. through the experimental exposure of paired down deadwood (DDW) pieces to native beetles in native stands. We compared two native/ substitute tree species pairs: one conifer pair composed of a rapidly expanding exotic species (Douglas fir) and a declining native species (silver fir), and one deciduous pair composed of two native species, one expanding (sessile oak) and one retreating (beech) at the regional scale. 3. The effects of expanding exotic and native trees on beetle communities were not in line with expectations. 4. Species assemblages in Douglas fir DDW were indistinguishable from those in native silver fir DDW and did not contain fewer species. Assemblages were not more generalist on average in substitutes than in substituted trees: we did not note any decrease in species richness of functional groups to the detriment of specialist species. 5. Moreover, species richness and abundance were higher in substitute oak than in native beech DDW, confirming that species from the regional pool were able to colonise oak, even though it is a minor tree species at the regional level. 6. Large-scale monitoring schemes including multi-taxon, multi-year and multiple native/substitute pairs would further our knowledge of the generic effects of tree species substitution on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Despite the key importance of the landscape matrix for bats, we still not fully understand how the effect of forest composition interacts at combined stand and landscape scales to shape bat communities. In addition, we lack detailed knowledge on the effects of local habitat structure on bat-prey relationships in forested landscapes. We tested the assumptions that (i) forest composition has interacting effects on bats between stand and landscape scales; and (ii) stand structure mediates prey abundance effects on bat activity. Our results indicated that in conifer-dominated landscapes (> 80% of coniferous forests) bat activity was higher in stands with a higher proportion of deciduous trees while bats were less active in stands with a higher proportion of deciduous trees in mixed forest landscapes (~ 50% of deciduous forests). Moth abundance was selected in the best models for six among nine bat species. The positive effect of moth abundance on Barbastella barbastellus was mediated by vegetation clutter, with dense understory cover likely reducing prey accessibility. Altogether, our findings deepen our understanding of the ecological processes affecting bats in forest landscapes and strengthen the need to consider both landscape context and trophic linkage when assessing the effects of stand-scale compositional and structural attributes on bats.

International audience; Centuries of charcoal making has profoundly shaped European mountain forest ecosystems. However, it remains difficult to assess this impact due to a lack of knowledge about the full operational sequence and related silvicultural systems. To accurately reconstruct such practices and shed light on the resulting legacies, we carried out an interdisciplinary study in the Bernadouze forest, a 46 ha mountain forest of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the French Pyrenees. We performed a multi-proxy analysis of 7990 charcoal fragments from 28 charcoal kilns to assess the long-term changes in forest composition and structure, but also in harvesting practices and related silvicultural systems. In addition, we assessed the legacy of such practices on the forest’s main features, by evaluating the biodiversity on 13 one-hectare plots using the Index of Potential Biodiversity (IBP). The 18 radiocarbon dates showed that charcoal making took place at least from the 9th-10th c. to the 19th-20th c. Beech and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) were the main species used. We discerned sustainable silvicultural practices performed over the centuries without significant change. Charcoal burners harvested well calibrated wood pieces mostly from the end of the growing season until the early spring, and charred after a seasoning period. The forest was managed as a beech coppice with fir standard before being progressively transformed, between the mid 15th-mid 17th c. period, into a monospecific beech coppice, probably treated in a coppice selection system. While this management allowed forest cover to be continuously sustained, it also resulted in the homogeneity of the forest today, both in composition and structure, and led to low hosting capacity for biodiversity. Nevertheless, this ancient forest, which constitutes a high biocultural legacy due to immemorial use rights, needs dedicated management.

International audience

The hosting capacity for ordinary biodiversity of forests dominated by Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea Lam.) was assessed in the Aures by using the Index of Potential Biodiversity (IBP), used for the first timein Algerian forests. The IBP diagnostics were carried out on 12 plots covering a total area of 4 ha. The total scores obtained range between 64% and 70% of the maximum possible score, indicating a fairlyhigh hosting capacity for animal, plant and fungal species. Very large trees and standing dead wood are among the factors receiving the highest scores, mainly due to Portuguese oak and Atlas cedar(Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.) Carrière). The characterization of stands using the ten IBP factors makes it possible to propose management in favour of biodiversity. The IBP has proved to be relevant inthis specific context of oak forests, which encourages applying such tests in other types of Algerian forests.; La capacité d’accueil pour la biodiversité ordinaire des formations forestières dominées par le chêne faginé (Quercus faginea Lam.) a été évaluée dans l’Aurès en mettant en application l’Indice de biodiversitépotentielle (IBP), testé pour la première fois dans les forêts algériennes. Les diagnostics IBP ont été réalisés sur 12 placettes couvrant une superficie totale de 4 ha. Les scores totaux obtenus se distribuententre 64 et 70 % du score maximum possible, ce qui indique une capacité d’accueil assez forte pour les espèces animales, végétales et fongiques. Les très gros arbres et le bois mort sur pied sont parmi lesfacteurs qui reçoivent les plus hauts scores, principalement grâce au chêne faginé et au cèdre de l’Atlas (Cedrus atlantica (Manetti ex Endl.) Carrière). La caractérisation des peuplements via les dix facteurs del’IBP permet de proposer une gestion en faveur de la biodiversité. L’IBP s’est révélé pertinent dans ce contexte spécifique de chênaies, ce qui encourage la mise en place de tests complémentaires dansd’autres types de forêts algériennes.

Le chêne vert (Quercus ilex L.) fait l’objet de nombreux programmes de recherche ces dernières années afin d’estimer sa vulnérabilité dans un contexte de changement climatique. L’un d’entre eux, nommé Innov’Ilex, vise à renforcer depuis 2018 la connaissance des facteurs liés aux peuplements et aux stations forestières qui contrôlent le niveau de dépérissement observé ces dernières années. À terme, l’objectif est d’accompagner le développement de la sylviculture de cette essence emblématique de la région méditerranéenne pour optimiser sa productivité et réduire le risque de dépérissement.

Tree related Microhabitats (hereafter TreMs) have been widely recognized as important substrates and structures for biodiversity in both commercial and protected forests and are receiving increasing attention in management, conservation and research. How to record TreMs in forest inventories is a question of recent interest since TreMs represent potential indirect indicators for the specialized species that use them as substrates or habitat at least for a part of their life-cycle. However, there is a wide range of differing interpretations as to what exactly constitutes a TreM and what specific features should be surveyed in the field. In an attempt to harmonize future TreM inventories, we propose a definition and a typology of TreM types borne by living and dead standing trees in temperate and Mediterranean forests in Europe. Our aim is to provide users with definitions which make unequivocal TreM determination possible. Our typology is structured around seven basic forms according to morphological characteristics and biodiversity relevance: i) cavities lato sensu, ii) tree injuries and exposed wood, iii) crown deadwood, iv) excrescences, v) fruiting bodies of saproxylic fungi and fungi-like organisms, vi) epiphytic and epixylic structures, and vii) exudates. The typology is then further detailed into 15 groups and 47 types with a hierarchical structure allowing the typology to be used for different purposes. The typology, along with guidelines for standardized recording we propose, is an unprecedented reference tool to make data on TreMs comparable across different regions, forest types and tree species, and should greatly improve the reliability of TreM monitoring. It provides the basis for compiling these data and may help to improve the reliability of reporting and evaluation of the conservation value of forests. Finally, our work emphasizes the need for further research on TreMs to better understand their dynamics and their link with biodiversity in order to more fully integrate TreM monitoring into forest management.

Ecological indicators based on measurements made by individual observers often include extra noise associated with the observer herself (observer effect). The literature on this subject has used a variety of analytical tools to account for this variation, but few analyses have used a hierarchical statistical model approach that can account for the variation and bias among observers on both the mean and variance of the data. We used the Index of Biodiversity Potential (IBP), a rapid habitat assessment method widely used in France, in a case study to propose latent variable hierarchical models to assess the impact of observer effect while accounting for other sources of variation. For seven of the ten factors constituting the IBP, we used a sequential model selection procedure to analyze observers’ scores, then analyzed the final models. The structure of the best models varied according to the related factor. Our analyses confirm: (i) that the expert reference observer provided lower variability in his observations than did the other observers for all factors except the one related to standing deadwood; (ii) that all but two factors showed at least a moderate level of systematic random observer variations; (iii) that the absence of leaves in winter led to increased variations when tree-species identification was required; and (iv) that evaluation of stand openness was highly variable and should therefore be assessed by an expert. Overall, the data were coherent with our best models from various points of view for which we diagnosed goodness-of-fit. Our work is a further illustration of the interest of adopting fully parametric statistical modelling of observer-based variations.

Primeval forests in the temperate zone exist only as a few remnants, but theses serve as important reference areas for conservation. As key habitats, tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) are of intense interest to forest ecologists, but little is known about their natural composition and dynamics in different tree species. Beech forms a major part of the temperate forests that extend from Europe, home to European beech Fagus sylvatica L. (Fs), eastward to Iran, where Oriental beech Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Fo) is the dominant species. In this study, we compared TreMs in primeval forests of both species, using data from Fo growing in 25 inventory plots throughout the Hyrcanian forest belt in Iran and from Fs growing in a 9 ha permanent plot in the Uholka Forest of Ukraine. TreMs based on 47 types and 11 subgroups were recorded. Beech trees in the Hyrcanian forest had a higher mean diameter at breast height (dbh) than beech trees in Uholka and contained twice as many TreMs per hectare. Although the mean richness of TreMs per TreM bearing tree was similar in the two species, on the basis of the comparison single trees in two groups (n = 405 vs. 2251), the composition of the TreMs clearly differed, as the proportions of rot holes, root-buttress concavities, and crown deadwood were higher in the Hyrcanian Forest, and those of bark losses, exposed heartwood, and burrs and cankers higher in Uholka Forest. Estimates of TreMs dynamics based on dbh and using Weibull models showed a significantly faster cumulative increase of TreMs in Fo, in which saturation occurred already in trees with a dbh of 70&ndash, 80 cm. By contrast, the increase in TreMs in Fs was continuous. In both species, the probability density was highest at a dbh of about 30 cm, but was twice as high in Fo. Because of limitations of our study design, the reason behind observed differences of TreM formation and composition between regions remains unclear, as it could be either result of the tree species or the environment, or their interaction. However, the observed differences were more likely the result of differences in the environment than in the two tree species. Nevertheless, our findings demonstrate that the Hyrcanian Forest, recently designated as a natural heritage site in Iran, is unique, not only as a tertiary relict or due to its endemic trees, herbs and arthropods, but also because of its TreMs, which form a distinct and rich habitat for associated taxa, including endemic saproxylic species.

Co-éditeurs scientifiques : Pescini, Valentina, Panetta, Alessandro, Py-Saragaglia, Vanessa; International audience; Over the last three decades, worldwide forests have become increasingly the focus of societal and scientific interest. The critical ecosystem services they provide are considered as key elements to mitigate harmful effects of global changes. Most of recent studies highlighted the highest effectiveness of the so-called ‘primary’, ‘natural’ and ‘old-growth forests’ in this struggle due to their specific features (biodiversity and carbon storage capacity). However, in Europe, these forests which represent less than 1% of total forest cover are threatened by unsustainable human activity. Mainly based on pure ecological investigations, most of recent studies have rarely integrated human dimensions so far. Several outstanding issues remain to be addressed about the real nature of the “remaining natural European forests”. Tackling this issue is crucial to know which forest must be conserved and how. In order to improve (i) knowledge about and (ii) conservation and /or sustainable management of such forests, we carried out an integrative and innovative research combining natural, social and human science approaches on a recently classified UNESCO primary beech forest located in the Maramureş county (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). First results highlighted that far from being untouched, this current high-value forest results from a long-term co-evolution with local communities. It implies a deeper understanding of the complex interaction between ecological and anthropogenic legacies is mandatory to improve and grant the preservation and sustainability of old-growth forests.

National audience; La biodiversité joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers. Les arbres-habitats (fig. 1) sont des éléments clés pour les espèces vivant en forêt. Des spécialistes européens ont élaboré une typologie détaillée des dendromicrohabitats, petits milieux de vie portés par les arbres et qui sont indispensables à des milliers d’organismes spécialisés. La présentation homogène des formes, groupes et types de dendromicrohabitats ainsi définis facilite la mise en œuvre des recommandations dans la pratique forestière. En outre, les données homogénéisées qui résultent de l’emploi de cette typologie sont utiles pour le monitoring de la biodiversité forestière ou pour l’évaluation des résultats de mesures destinées à promouvoir cette diversité.

Metabarcoding increases the taxonomic resolution and geographic scale at which researchers can assess the impacts of climate change on insect communities in forests

International audience; Many temperate rural landscapes are composed of cropland, pastures and a diversity of tree-based landcovers including small patches of forests. As these small forests are relatively persistent in time, they can be considered as ecological infrastructures that influence ecological processes, including those who contribute to the provision of ecosystem services (ES). In this presentation, we review ES provided by small forests. Based on several long-term studies in French rural landscapes, we analyse the main factors influencing the production of these ES, the role of remote sensing data in ES mapping, and the role of ES in management decisions made by diverse stakeholders. Our analysis shows that small forests provide many ES to farmers, but also to other stakeholders, such as hunters or tourists. ES production is primarily influenced by the internal structure and composition of forests, as well as by the spatial configuration of forests and adjacent land covers, factors which do not only depend on local practices but also on other factors that are more difficult to influence. Remotely sensed data can be used to map ES that are related to the structure and composition of forests over large spatial scale. This may help to identify hotspots of ES production and to propose specific management actions to consolidate the provision of ES at the landscape or regional levels.

International audience; Habitat availability is assumed to be a major driver of organismic diversity and related ecosystem processes. A Tree related Microhabitat (TreM) is a distinct, well-delineated morphological singularity occurring on living or standing dead trees. It constitutes a crucial substrate or life site for species. Communities associ-ated with TreMs are predicted to be organised in metacommunities. However, it is not well understood if small scale differences in habitat availability affect the diversity and composition of these specialised communities and related process-es in TreMs due to e.g. dispersal limitations within metacommunities. We mapped all water-filled tree holes on a 10 ha plot in the primeval beech forest of Uholka, Ukraine, and a managed beech-dominated forest nearby. We installed in each forest 27 artificial water-filled containers with 2 g dried beech leaves each on a regular grid in both forest to assess the spatial distribution of insect functional community composition as well as leaf decomposition rates in the artificial con-tainers. We did a spatial correlation analyses to test whether communities in these TreMs are affected by the spatial distribution in habitat availability and whether this translates into a change in leaf decomposition. We found substantial small-scale variability in habitat availability in the primeval as well as managed forest and this was a strong driver of the functional composition of TreM associated communities and leaf decomposition rates. This suggest that dispersal limitations might affect the colonization of habitats within metacommunities already at a very small scale and that this translates into a change in ecosystem processes.