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Biobased polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) break down naturally under certain environmental conditions. The efficiency of degradation can be linked directly to fiber surface properties, which influence polymer accessibility. Here, the degradation of PLA and PBS fibers with six different cross-sections was investigated. The fibers were aged by hydrolysis and UV exposure in an accelerated weathering test, followed by an ISO 20200 laboratory-scale disintegration test with non-aged fibers as controls. The polymers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography, comparing the polymer granulate, virgin fibers, and UV-exposed fibers. It was found that the molecular mass and crystallinity of PBS changed more than PLA during spinning. Several PLA samples were completely degraded, whereas all the PBS samples remained intact. Furthermore, surface openings appeared on the PLA fibers during weathering, suggesting greater sensitivity to UV exposure and hydrolysis than PBS. A clear correlation between the fiber surface area and the degradation rate was observed for all samples, but the correlation was positive for PLA and negative for PBS. The slower degradation of PBS fibers with a larger surface area may reflect the ability of PBS to preserve itself by further crystallization during degradation processes at temperatures higher than the glass transition point. The data clearly show that the analysis of single degradation mechanisms is insufficient to predict the behavior of material under real-world conditions, where different degradation mechanisms may work in parallel or consecutively, and may show interdependencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total and the partial charge-changing cross-sections of 28Si fragmentation on C, CH2 and H targets at the intermediate and high energies of 500–800AMeV are investigated using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge-changing cross-sections for H target are calculated based on the results of C and CH2 targets. It is found that the total charge-changing cross-sections for fragmentation of 28Si on C, CH2 and H targets are independent on the beam energy but increase with the mass of the targets in our studied energies, and are consistent with the predictions of Bradt–Peters semi-empirical formula and NUCFRG2 simulation codes. The partial cross-sections for projectile fragment production are independent on the beam energy in our present studied energies and show a significant odd–even staggering effect. The partial cross-sections for projectile fragment production are also compared with different predicted models, such as Cummings, Nilsen, EPAX2, EPAX3 and FRACS. Only the FRACS model reproduces a significant odd–even staggering effect, while its strength is weaker than the experimental data. Generally, these models can reproduce the experimental data of 28Si on the CH2 target well compared with the C target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers convey a broad range of materials, such as sediment, nutrients, and contaminants. Much of this transport can occur during or immediately after an episodic, pulsed event like a flood or an oil spill. Understanding the flow processes that influence the motion of these substances is important for managing water resources and conserving aquatic ecosystems. This study introduces a new remote sensing framework for characterizing dynamic phenomena at the scale of a channel cross-section: Hyperspectral Image Transects during Transient Events in Rivers (HITTER). We present a workflow that uses repeated hyperspectral scan lines acquired from a hovering uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) to quantify how a water attribute of interest varies laterally across the river and evolves over time. Data from a tracer experiment on the Missouri River are used to illustrate the components of the end-to-end processing chain we used to quantify the passage of a visible dye. The framework is intended to be flexible and could be applied in a number of different contexts. The results of this initial proof-of-concept investigation suggest that HITTER could potentially provide insight regarding the dispersion of a range of materials in rivers, which would facilitate ecological and geomorphic studies and help inform management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodesic domes are structures which deliver effective solutions, associated with cost savings, due to the lack of intermediate supports when roofing large-sized objects. The multitude of advantages of this type of construction was translated into the shaping of innovative lightweight objects of geodesic domes, constructed on a regular octahedron. In this article, the use of strut sections was applied to covers generated due to a regular octahedron. Two families of domes were compared, resulting from the use of two methods that differ from each other in their topology. Each family consist of 8 structures thus finally 16 geodesic domes were considered. The generated domes were compared in terms of the same section for all strut elements, and the optimized section for each group of struts. To find the design focused on obtaining optimal solution, a number of comparative analysis were carried out. The presented analysis is extremely important in the context of environmental impact, because it shows the steel consumption and the sense of optimization. It was indicated that by optimizing the cross-sections of the strut elements, the steel consumption, as well as their weight, decreased by approx. 10–25% for dome structures which were created using method 1 and 20–40% for domes generated using method 2. The article aims to provide suggestion on the selection of the appropriate innovative geodesic dome mesh. A mesh based on various methods of shaping the covers of geodesic domes created using a regular octahedron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline nanowire (NWire) cross‐section shapes are known to vary considerably in experiment; an accurate analytic evaluation of NWire cross‐sections from a thermodynamic perspective is still missing. Building on previous work, analytic descriptions are given for zincblende (zb) NWire cross‐section morphing to arbitrary convex hexagonal shapes in order to evaluate the crystallographic‐structural stability of experimental NWire cross‐sections. The maximum of the ratio of NWire‐internal bonds per NWire atom Nbnd/NWire$N_{\rm {bnd}}/N_{\rm {Wire}}$ describes the most stable crystallographic and thermodynamic shape of the NWire as far as internal forces are concerned. This maximum Max.(Nbnd/NWire)$Max.(N_{\rm {bnd}}/N_{\rm {Wire}})$ occurs when the first derivative of the above ratio ∂[Nbnd(Vopt)/NWire(Vopt)]/∂Vopt=0$\partial [N_{\rm {bnd}}({\mathcal {V}_{\rm opt}})/N_{\rm {Wire}}({\mathcal {V}_{\rm opt}})]/\partial {\mathcal {V}_{\rm opt}}=0$, with Vopt${\mathcal {V}_{\rm opt}}$ presenting respective optimum morphing indices to obtain Max.(Nbnd/NWire)$Max.(N_{\rm {bnd}}/N_{\rm {Wire}})$. The stability evaluation is then carried out by comparing Nbnd/NWire$N_{\rm {bnd}}/N_{\rm {Wire}}$ derived from the experimental image over the complete morphing range of the NWire cross‐section represented by V${\mathcal {V}}$. This user‐friendly analytic approach allows to calculate the optimum morphing indices and thus all follow‐on parameters, such as NWire$N_{\mathrm{Wire}}$, Nbnd$N_{\mathrm{bnd}}$, the number of interface bonds NIF$N\mathrm{_{IF}}$ and the NWire cross‐section area A$A$. Three examples with experimental data demonstrate the versatility and detailed insight the stability evaluation provides to any zb‐ and diamond‐lattice NWire cross‐section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Geodesic domes are structures which deliver effective solutions, associated with cost savings, due to the lack of intermediate supports when roofing large-sized objects. The multitude of advantages of this type of construction was translated into the shaping of innovative lightweight objects of geodesic domes, constructed on a regular octahedron. In this article, the use of strut sections was applied to covers generated due to a regular octahedron. Two families of domes were compared, resulting from the use of two methods that differ from each other in their topology. Each family consist of 8 structures thus finally 16 geodesic domes were considered. The generated domes were compared in terms of the same section for all strut elements, and the optimized section for each group of struts. To find the design focused on obtaining optimal solution, a number of comparative analysis were carried out. The presented analysis is extremely important in the context of environmental impact, because it shows the steel consumption and the sense of optimization. It was indicated that by optimizing the cross-sections of the strut elements, the steel consumption, as well as their weight, decreased by approx. 10–25% for dome structures which were created using method 1 and 20–40% for domes generated using method 2. The article aims to provide suggestion on the selection of the appropriate innovative geodesic dome mesh. A mesh based on various methods of shaping the covers of geodesic domes created using a regular octahedron.

Abstract Background Understanding genetics is crucial for medical students, particularly in Saudi Arabia, where genetic disorders are prevalent owing to high rates of consanguineous marriages. This knowledge is essential for the early detection, prevention, and management of genetic disorders, and for incorporating medical genetics and genomics into patient care. This study aimed to assess the current state of genetics knowledge among medical students and interns across Saudi Arabia and to identify knowledge gaps in genetics. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted between August and September 2023 involving 732 medical students from all regions of Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a validated questionnaire assessing their knowledge of basic genetics, genetic inheritance, genetic testing, and clinical genetics. Result Over 60% of medical students and interns reported that they considered themselves to have only slight knowledge in all areas of genetics. The results revealed a general lack of medical genetic understanding among students and interns, particularly regarding genetic inheritance and testing. For genetic inheritance, slight knowledge was found in 65.2% of pre-clinical, 60.1% of clinical, and 53.2% of interns, with significant differences between groups (p

Background: Understanding genetics is crucial for medical students, particularly in Saudi Arabia, where genetic disorders are prevalent owing to high rates of consanguineous marriages. This knowledge is essential for the early detection, prevention, and management of genetic disorders, and for incorporating medical genetics and genomics into patient care. This study aimed to assess the current state of genetics knowledge among medical students and interns across Saudi Arabia and to identify knowledge gaps in genetics. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August and September 2023 involving 732 medical students from all regions of Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a validated questionnaire assessing their knowledge of basic genetics, genetic inheritance, genetic testing, and clinical genetics. Result: Over 60% of medical students and interns reported that they considered themselves to have only slight knowledge in all areas of genetics. The results revealed a general lack of medical genetic understanding among students and interns, particularly regarding genetic inheritance and testing. For genetic inheritance, slight knowledge was found in 65.2% of pre-clinical, 60.1% of clinical, and 53.2% of interns, with significant differences between groups (p < 0.001). In genetic testing, 75.4% of pre-clinical, 83.9% of clinical, and 90.6% of interns showed slight knowledge, with significant differences across stages (p = 0.021). This study also found that lectures, genetics laboratories, and problem-solving sessions were the preferred resources for learning genetics. Conclusion: The current study revealed a notable deficiency in the understanding of medical genetics among medical students and interns in Saudi Arabia, particularly regarding genetic inheritance and testing. This is consistent with previous research highlighting the widespread lack of genetics knowledge among medical students. Integrating more comprehensive genetics education, especially during the clinical years, could improve students' preparedness and confidence in managing genetic disorders. These findings highlight the critical need for curriculum development to equip future physicians with the essential skills for managing genetic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study focuses on the theoretical and computational determination of the activity of N-15 produced through the 12C(α, p)15N nuclear reaction. The investigation involves the use of alpha particles (α) bombarding carbon- 12 nuclei, resulting in the formation of nitrogen-15 (15N) through proton (p) emission. 2. The calculation methodology encompasses quantum mechanical models and nuclear reaction theory to predict the cross-sections governing the 12C(α, p)N15 reaction at various incident alpha particle energies. Utilizing these cross-sections, the reaction rates are computed, and subsequently, the activity of the produced N-15 is estimated. 3. The impact of reaction parameters such as energy, angular momentum, and nuclear structure on the reaction dynamics is explored. In this research, SRIM and MATLAB programs were used to calculate the Cross section for alpha and carbon-12 interaction, simulate the account yield of 15N, and predict the distribution of N-15 activity. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the fundamental processes governing the 12C(α, p)15N reaction, aiding in the understanding of nucleosynthesis pathways in astrophysical environments and contributing to the development of nuclear models. The calculated N-15 activity serves as a crucial parameter for applications in fields such as nuclear astrophysics, nuclear medicine, and isotope production for various scientific and industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I use a novel decomposition to estimate information and bias components from the returns implied by analyst price targets and provide evidence that prices simultaneously under-react to information and over-react to bias. Price reactions to information are permanent, and prices drift in the direction of their initial reaction for up to 12 months. Price reactions to bias are transitory, and prices reverse their initial reaction after about three months. Price reactions are relatively efficient. Approximately 85 percent of the total price reaction to information occurs during price target announcement months. Market participants are able to mostly (but not fully) debias analyst-expected returns before incorporating them into prices, with the announcement-month reaction to bias being relatively weak at about 15 percent of its reaction to information. A trading strategy analysis implies that mispricing induced by bias is only about one-third of that implied by prior research. JEL Classifications: G12; G14; G40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study presents the buckling and lateral torsional buckling behaviors of thin-walled laminated composite or functionally graded sandwich I-beams. A refined beam model (RBT) based on the 3D Saint-Venant (SV) solution is used in this study to formulate the problem. This model allows for a realistic analysis of beams with arbitrary cross-sections and is free from the limitations of classical beam theories. The displacement models establish a consistent 1D beam theory that accurately captures the essence of the cross-section’s nature. The governing models consider cross-section deformations, including in and out of plane warpings and distortions derived from the 3D SV solution associated with the cross-section vibrational behavior. Furthermore, a user-friendly numerical tool called CSB (cross-section and beam analysis) is used to facilitate the implementation of this method. The numerical results are examined in detail and compared with previous works to investigate the influence of boundary conditions, angle-ply, shear effects, span-to-height ratio, and material distribution on the critical buckling loads of thin-walled I-beams. The results demonstrate that the RBT models accurately and efficiently analyze thin-walled I-beams under different loads and boundary conditions. Furthermore, some of the new results are presented as reference values for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the structural concerns of a 12.0 m-span landing assembled single-tube frame (LASF) for Chinese solar greenhouses subjected to snow loads, the internal forces and deformations of LASF and its reinforced counterpart (RLASF) were numerically simulated to determine the ultimate bearing capacities (Lu) and the failure loads (Lf). During the simulations, steel tubes were modeled as beam188 elements and cables as link180 elements. The frame constraints and the connections were assumed to be fixed supports and rigid, respectively. The loads were determined according to the Chinese standard (GB51183-2016). Simulations revealed that the LASF and RLASF primarily withstand bending moments and are prone to strength failures under snow loads. Both exhibited lower Lu and Lf under non-uniform snow loads than under uniform snow loads. The results also indicated that crop loads could deteriorate the structural safety of the LASF and RLASF. Lu and Lf were found to be proportional to the section modulus of the tubes. The effects of wind loads and initial geometry imperfections on Lf of the LASF and RLASF can be neglected. Furthermore, the RLASF exhibited higher Lf compared to the LASF. Steel usage of the RLASF could be further reduced by replacing circular tubes with rectangular tubes, making the RLASF a feasible option for constructing Chinese solar greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermonuclear reaction rates and Maxwellian-averaged cross-sections (MACS) for the 84 Kr(n, γ ) 85 Kr and 86 Kr(n, γ ) 87 Kr processes were examined using the statistical model code Talys v1.96. The effects of nuclear level densities (NLDs) on Maxwellian-averaged cross-sections and neutron capture rates are examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. The present Talys-based MACS and radiative capture rates for 84 Kr(n, γ ) 85 Kr and 86 Kr(n, γ ) 87 Kr processes agree well with the earlier reported findings. The statistical model’s nuclear properties (level density and gamma ray strength) were fine-tuned to reproduce the existing experimental nuclear data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutrino experiments utilize heavy nuclear targets to achieve high statistics neutrino-nucleus interaction event rate, which leads to systematic uncertainties in the oscillation parameters due to the nuclear effects and uncertainties in the cross-section. Understanding the interaction of neutrinos with the nucleus becomes crucial in determining the oscillation parameters with high precision. We investigate the uncertainty in quasi-elastic interaction due to nuclear effects by selecting exactly 1 proton, 0 pions, and any number of neutrons in the final state in DUNE and MicroBooNE detectors, and the effects on the neutrino oscillation in the DUNE detector. The calorimetric method with this selection can be used for accurate neutrino energy reconstruction in the quasi-elastic channel where the nuclear effects are inevitable.

This study navigates the intricate landscape of the Mureș River's upper course, specifically through the contrasting terrains of the Giurgeu Depression and the Toplița-Deda Gorge. It examines the unique relief features and substrates that define the vertical dynamics of the riverbed. The investigation focuses on data collected from four pivotal hydrometric stations: Suseni, Toplița, Stânceni, and Gălăoaia. Here, we determine the thickness of the rock layer (hp) by calculating the difference between the water level and the maximum depth, in relation to the gauge's zero plane. Our analysis highlights the riverbed's monthly regradation patterns within these locales. We uncover notable variations in the scope of vertical dynamics, delineate characteristic periods, and decipher both linear and polynomial trends.

Electrical models play a crucial role in assessing the radiation sensitivity of devices. However, since they are usually not provided for end users, it is essential to have alternative modeling approaches to optimize circuit design before irradiation tests, and to support the understanding of post-irradiation data. This work proposes a novel simplified methodology to evaluate the single-event effects (SEEs) cross-section. To validate the proposed approach, we consider the 6T SRAM cell a case study in four technological nodes. The modeling considers layout features and the doping profile, presenting ways to estimate unknown parameters. The accuracy and limitations are determined by comparing our simulations with actual experimental data. The results demonstrated a strong correlation with irradiation data, without requiring any fitting of the simulation results or access to process design kit (PDK) data. This proves that our approach is a reliable method for calculating the single-event upset (SEU) cross-section for heavy-ion irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutron capture rates and Maxwellian-averaged cross-sections (MACS) for 90Zr(n,γ)91Zr and 92Zr(n,γ)93Zr processes have been computed within the framework of Talys v1.96. The effects of phenomenological nuclear level density (NLD) parameters and the gamma strength functions (GSFs) on Maxwellian-averaged cross-sections and neutron capture rates are examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. The present model-based computed data for MACS and reaction rates gives a good comparison with the existing literature. The fine-tuning of the statistical model's nuclear properties (level density and gamma-ray strength) to reproduce experimental data will allow the detailed investigation of the s-process network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rib fractures remain the most frequent thoracic injury in motor vehicle crashes. Computational human body models (HBMs) can be used to simulate these injuries and design mitigation strategies, but they require adequately detailed geometry to replicate such fractures. Due to a lack of rib cross‐sectional shape data availability, most commercial HBMs use highly simplified rib sections extracted from a single individual during original HBM development. This study provides human rib shape data collected from chest CT scans of 240 females and males across the full adult age range. A cortical bone mapping algorithm extracted cross‐sectional geometry from scans in terms of local periosteal position with respect to the central rib axis and local cortex thickness. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of these cross‐sectional shape data. Linear regression found significant associations between principal component scores and subject demographics (sex, age, height, and weight) at all rib levels, and predicted scores were used to explore the expected rib cross‐sectional shapes across a wide range of subject demographics. The resulting detailed rib cross‐sectional shapes were quantified in terms of their total cross‐sectional area and their cortical bone cross‐sectional area. Average‐sized female ribs were smaller in total cross‐sectional area than average‐sized male ribs by between 20% and 36% across the rib cage, with the greatest differences seen in the central portions of rib 6. This trend persisted although to smaller differences of 14%–29% when comparing females and males of equal intermediate weight and stature. Cortical bone cross‐sectional areas were up to 18% smaller in females than males of equivalent height and weight but also reached parity in certain regions of the rib cage. Increased age from 25 to 80 years was associated with reductions in cortical bone cross‐sectional area (up to 37% in females and 26% in males at mid‐rib levels). Total cross‐sectional area was also seen to reduce with age in females but to a lesser degree (of up to 17% in mid‐rib regions). Similar regions saw marginal increases in total cross‐sectional area for male ribs, indicating age affects rib cortex thickness moreso than overall rib cross‐sectional size. Increased subject height was associated with increased rib total and cortical bone cross‐sectional areas by approximately 25% and 15% increases, respectively, in mid‐rib sections for a given 30 cm increase in height, although the magnitudes of these associations varied by sex and rib location. Increased weight was associated with approximately equal changes in both cortical bone and total cross‐sectional areas in males. These effects were most prominent (around 25% increases for an addition of 50 kg) toward lower ribs in the rib cage and had only modest effects (less than 12% change) in ribs 2–4. Females saw greater increases with weight in total rib area compared to cortical bone area, of up to 21% at the eighth rib level. Results from this study show the expected shapes of rib cross‐sections across the adult rib cage and across a broad range of demographics. This detailed geometry can be used to produce accurate rib models representing widely varying populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with circular, arched, and pipe-arched soil–steel structures, box-type soil–steel structures (BTSSSs) have the advantages of high cross-section utilization and low cover depth. However, the degree of influence of the crown and haunch radii on the mechanical performance of BTSSSs is still unclear. Therefore, two full-scale BTSSS models with a span of 6.6 m and a rise of 3.7 m but with different crown and haunch radii were established, and the mechanical properties during backfilling and under live load were tested. Afterward, 2D finite element models (FEMs) were established using the ABAQUS 2020 software and verified using the test data. The influence of cross-section geometric parameters on mechanical performance was analyzed by using the FEM, and a more accurate formula for calculating the bending moment during backfilling was proposed. The results show that the BTSSS with a smaller crown radius has a stronger soil–steel interaction, which promotes more uniform stress on the structure and makes the structure have smaller relative deformations, bending moments, and earth pressure. The span and arch height greatly influence the bending moment and deformation of the structure. Based on the CHBDC, the crown and haunch radii were included in the revised calculation formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 3D geological modeling methods based on section, cross-section data is an important data source for constructing 3D geological modeling in complex areas. The efficiency and quality of cross-section data compilation-adjustment will directly affect the time and quality of subsequent regional 3D geological model construction. However, current compilation-adjustment methods for cross-section are inefficient and difficult to effectively control their quality. Therefore, in this paper, a cross-section compilation-adjustment method based on 2D-3D linkage is proposed. It deeply integrates the virtual borehole geological structure (VBGS), 2D-3D linkage strategy, and structural geological feature information into the inspection-adjustment process of geologic bodies (faults, strata, rock masses, and ore bodies) structural abnormality (GSA) and elevation consistency at intersections. A complete cross-section compilation and quality control process can be realized by regional structural stratigraphic framework construction, GSA high efficiency analysis and adjustment, elevation errors quick positioning and adjustment at intersections. This new method solves the problem of inconsistency between the complex geological structures and the real structural geological characteristics and overcomes the defects of local fitting abnormality (depressions or sharp protrusions) of geological interfaces caused by elevation errors at intersections. Software tool is developed based on QuantyView 2D/3D GIS platform, and 73 cross-section data of a 1:50,000 modeling area in western Guizhou, China, is taken as an example for practical application verification. Results show that the proposed new method significantly improves the inspection-adjustment efficiency of GSA and elevation errors at intersections. What's more, quality of cross-sections compilation-adjustment has been effectively controlled, which provides reliable data sources for constructing high quality regional 3D geological models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most remarkable features of the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps, Austria) is the widespread presence of Upper Triassic deep-water carbonates (the Hallstatt facies) and Permo-Triassic evaporites resting on deep-water Middle Jurassic strata and their underlying Upper Triassic shallow-water carbonate platform successions. The Hallstatt facies and accompanying evaporites have been classically interpreted to originate either from a location south of the time-equivalent carbonate platforms, or to have been deposited in deeper water seaways within the broad platform domain. To date, this dispute has been addressed mostly through the analysis of Triassic and Jurassic facies distribution in map view, which, however, is subject to some degree of ambiguity and subjectivity. In this contribution we present, for the first time, sequentially restored regional cross-sections through the central Northern Calcareous Alps to understand the implications of the contrasting paleogeographic models. We present (a) an interpretation based on a highly allochthonous origin of the Triassic deep-water units and (b) an interpretation based on their relative autochthony in which we incorporate the potential influence of salt tectonics in the central NCA. The restored cross-sections provide a framework within which the alternative scenarios and their paleogeographic implications can be better understood. Through this analysis we propose that salt tectonics in the central NCA can provide a valid explanation for apparent inconsistencies in the relative autochthony scenario and thus constitutes a reasonable alternative to the currently accepted allochthony scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explains that the Coulomb elastic process on the nucleus is a major source of single-event effects (SEE) for protons within the energy range of 1–10 MeV. The infinite range of Coulomb interactions implies an exceptionally high recoil probability. This research seeks to extend the investigations under which the elastic process becomes significant in the energy deposition process by providing a simplified methodology to evaluate the elastic contribution impact on the reliability of electronics. The goal is to derive a method to provide a simple way to calculate and predict the SEE cross-section. At very low energy, we observe a significant increase in the proton differential cross-section. The use of a direct Monte Carlo approach would mainly trigger low energy recoiling ions, and a very long calculation time would be necessary to observe the tail of the spectrum. In this sense, this work provides a simple methodology to calculate the SEE cross-section. The single-event upset (SEU) cross-section results demonstrate a good agreement with the experimental data in terms of shape and order of magnitude for different technological nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gully erosion is the most destructive form of land degradation in NE China and many other regions around the globe. It is generally accepted that lithology and topography have an important impact on gully morphology. However, the effects of lithology and slope gradient on gully cross-sectional morphology remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate how the sequence of soil horizons and rock strata influence gully cross-sectional morphology in the Mollisol region of NE China. We measured the gully cross-sectional morphology by a combination of differential GPS, laser range finder, and ruler. Profile samples were collected by core drilling with depths from 1 m to 4 m at 39 sites along the gully thalweg and cross-sections. The physical and geo-chemical properties of 5 cm sub-samples were measured. The sequence of soil horizon and lithology in our study area was as follows (with increasing depth): (1) mollic epipedon (black soil horizon) and (2) subsoil developed in loess, (3) fine to coarse sands, (4) alternating layers of sand and shale debris, and (5) homogeneous shale. We found that the combined effect of soil horizons, lithology, and longitudinal slope gradient of the gully bottom determines gully cross-sectional morphology, which contrasts to simplified generalizations for homogeneous underground material. U-shaped gullies were related to the mollic epipedon, or cohesive sandy loess and fine sands, with an average gentle gully bottom gradient of

Background. One of the formidable complications of varicose veins of the lower extremities is thrombophlebitis. The risk of developing venous thromboembolic complications remains high even when taking anticoagulants. Most authors do not even consider surgical elimination of the manifestations of acute superficial thrombophlebitis. The aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of minimally invasive surgical treatment of acute tributary varicose veins of the lower extremities. Materials and methods. The surgical treatment of 78 patients with acute varicothrombophlebitis of the tributaries of the great saphenous vein was analyzed. Depending on the treatment performed, patients were divided into two groups: group I including 56 (71.8%) patients who underwent inpatient surgery for thrombotic lesions of varicose veins of the tributaries of the great saphenous vein; group II including 22 (28.2%) patients who received conservative outpatient treatment. Results. The choice of the volume of surgical intervention in patients of group I depended on the condition of thegreat saphenous vein. In the absence of thrombotic and varicose veins in 29 (51.8%) patients, the latter was preserved. With varicose changes in the great saphenous vein, 16 (28.6%) patients underwent radiofrequency ablation after ligationof the thrombosed tributary duct and miniphlebectomy or phlebocentesis with foam-form sclerotherapy. In 11 (19.6%) cases of thrombotic lesions of the great saphenous vein, crossectomy, long/short stripping or phlebocentesis with stem sclerotherapy after ligation of its tributaries and isolation of the latter distal to the thrombotic occlusion was performed. The surgical intervention was supplemented with miniphlebectomy of other varicose veins and ligation of failed perforator veins. In patients of group II, treatment was prescribed similarly to the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Surgical treatment of patients in group I effectively prevented venous thromboembolic complications and reduced the manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency in 72.9% of cases. Conclusions. Minimally invasive surgical intervention for acute thrombophlebitis of the tributaries of the great saphenous vein allows, on an outpatient basis or in a one-day hospital, to eliminate thrombotic lesions of varicose super-ficial veins and prevent venous thromboembolic complications, reduce or eliminate manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency, prevent recurrence of thrombosis, and reduce the patient’s disability.

This study systematically examines the influence of polymeric membrane sample preparation techniques on their morphologies and structures as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We address the variability introduced by diverse preparation methods in research, which leads to subjective qualitative and quantitative SEM interpretations. Our investigation encompasses various preparation techniques, focusing on cryogenic sectioning—alongside SEM operational parameters including accelerating voltage and conductive sputter coating thickness. We demonstrate that surface morphology analysis via SEM is significantly affected by coating thickness and accelerating voltage, while cross-sectional images (typically, at much higher magnification) exhibit little difference in morphology. However, improper preparation can damage membranes, compromising cross-sectional imaging. We provide a detailed exploration of the cryogenic-sectioning and its effects on SEM image quality. Our findings indicate one's selection of preparation procedure can create significant biases in SEM analyses of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis polymeric membranes.

This work explains that the Coulomb elastic process on the nucleus is a major source of single-event effects (SEE) for protons within the energy range of 1–10 MeV. The infinite range of Coulomb interactions implies an exceptionally high recoil probability. This research seeks to extend the investigations under which the elastic process becomes significant in the energy deposition process by providing a simplified methodology to evaluate the elastic contribution impact on the reliability of electronics. The goal is to derive a method to provide a simple way to calculate and predict the SEE cross-section. At very low energy, we observe a significant increase in the proton differential cross-section. The use of a direct Monte Carlo approach would mainly trigger low energy recoiling ions, and a very long calculation time would be necessary to observe the tail of the spectrum. In this sense, this work provides a simple methodology to calculate the SEE cross-section. The single-event upset (SEU) cross-section results demonstrate a good agreement with the experimental data in terms of shape and order of magnitude for different technological nodes.

Transformers are crucial devices in electrical power systems, playing a key role in voltage regulation, power transmission, and distribution. Leakage impedance is one of the main factors influencing the transformer’s performance. Leakage impedance affects the efficiency and stability of the power transformers. This paper focuses on the numerical estimation for the calculation of leakage impedance with three sections in the primary winding (high-voltage winding) and a single section in the secondary winding (low-voltage winding). This paper aims to comprehensively examine the variations that arise from the different cross-sectional areas of the various sections of the high-voltage winding, as well as how these variations affect the transformer’s overall leakage impedance. This study focuses on examining the effect of different cross-section areas of the high-voltage winding on leakage impedance. Finite element analysis is used to measure and evaluate the leakage impedance of the transformer under different configurations. This study examines the impact of cross-sectional area variations on the transformer’s leakage impedance, highlighting the crucial roles of impedance and inductance.

Introduction: While carbon ion radiotherapy is highly effective in cancer treatment, it has a high risk of causing soft error, which leads to malfunctions in cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs). To predict the risk of malfunction prior to treatment, it is necessary to measure the reaction cross-sections and contributions to the soft error of secondary particles generated during treatments. Methods: A field-programmable gate array was used instead of CIEDs to measure soft errors by varying the energy spectrum of secondary particles. Results and discussion: The reaction cross-sections measured for each secondary particle were 3.0 × 10−9, 2.0 × 10−9, 1.3 × 10−8, and 1.5 × 10−8 [cm2/Mb] for thermal neutrons, intermediate-energy neutrons, high-energy neutrons above 10 MeV, and protons, respectively. The contribution of high-energy neutrons was the largest among them. Our study indicates that to reduce the risk of soft errors, secure distance and appropriate irradiation directions are necessary.

Accurate determination of cross-sections for residual radionuclide products (spallation fragments) resulting from proton spallation reactions is imperative for the detection of primary and secondary particles etc. Experimental measurement of these cross-sections faces challenges due to the complexities associated with target preparation and detection of spallation fragments. Monte Carlo simulations have emerged as a potent tool for estimation of spallation fragments yield. This research, with introducing an innovative formulation method based on spallation yield, focuses on calculating the cross-section for the detection of primary and secondary particles in particle interaction with matter. Investigations indicate that the introduced method achieves remarkable agreement, ranging from 85.4% to 95.15%, with experimental outcomes at MeV energies. Consequently, this method can confidently be utilized for calculating the spallation cross-section fragments. In a case study, the spallation fragment cross-section was calculated for proton beam interaction with 222Rn in the range of 10 MeV to 60 MeV for the application of 222Rn detection. Among the 28 common spallation products of radon with the proton interaction in the energy range of 10 MeV to 60 MeV, elements 106Mo, 109Tc, 118Cd, 112Ru, 110Pd, and 114Rh exhibit dominant spallation cross-sections, emphasizing their exceptional significance.

Biobased polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) break down naturally under certain environmental conditions. The efficiency of degradation can be linked directly to fiber surface properties, which influence polymer accessibility. Here, the degradation of PLA and PBS fibers with six different cross-sections was investigated. The fibers were aged by hydrolysis and UV exposure in an accelerated weathering test, followed by an ISO 20200 laboratory-scale disintegration test with non-aged fibers as controls. The polymers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography, comparing the polymer granulate, virgin fibers, and UV-exposed fibers. It was found that the molecular mass and crystallinity of PBS changed more than PLA during spinning. Several PLA samples were completely degraded, whereas all the PBS samples remained intact. Furthermore, surface openings appeared on the PLA fibers during weathering, suggesting greater sensitivity to UV exposure and hydrolysis than PBS. A clear correlation between the fiber surface area and the degradation rate was observed for all samples, but the correlation was positive for PLA and negative for PBS. The slower degradation of PBS fibers with a larger surface area may reflect the ability of PBS to preserve itself by further crystallization during degradation processes at temperatures higher than the glass transition point. The data clearly show that the analysis of single degradation mechanisms is insufficient to predict the behavior of material under real-world conditions, where different degradation mechanisms may work in parallel or consecutively, and may show interdependencies.

Rivers convey a broad range of materials, such as sediment, nutrients, and contaminants. Much of this transport can occur during or immediately after an episodic, pulsed event like a flood or an oil spill. Understanding the flow processes that influence the motion of these substances is important for managing water resources and conserving aquatic ecosystems. This study introduces a new remote sensing framework for characterizing dynamic phenomena at the scale of a channel cross-section: Hyperspectral Image Transects during Transient Events in Rivers (HITTER). We present a workflow that uses repeated hyperspectral scan lines acquired from a hovering uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) to quantify how a water attribute of interest varies laterally across the river and evolves over time. Data from a tracer experiment on the Missouri River are used to illustrate the components of the end-to-end processing chain we used to quantify the passage of a visible dye. The framework is intended to be flexible and could be applied in a number of different contexts. The results of this initial proof-of-concept investigation suggest that HITTER could potentially provide insight regarding the dispersion of a range of materials in rivers, which would facilitate ecological and geomorphic studies and help inform management.

City events take place in the Zhangzhou Olympic Sports Center, resulting in traffic. Hence, this study analyzed the road planning and design around Zhangzhou Olympic Sports Center through traffic demand forecasting. The simulated data and road plan underwent macro prediction model technology and numerical simulation technology through Emme and TransCAD. The regional road network structure, traffic demand forecast, plane, longitudinal section, and cross-sectional program selection were investigated to determine a reasonable design program. While urban development programs were implemented, the study ensured an increase in the city's economic growth alongside the guaranteed value of citizens' welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential energy curves (PECs) and transition dipole moments (TDMs) of PH+ and PO are computed with the multireference configuration interaction method, and the cross-sections for the radiative association (RA) of PH+ and PO, which is the most efficient way to form the ground states, are presented via the quantum mechanical (QM) theory and computed using ab initio molecular data. The thermal rate coefficients are also expressed and fitted with the standard formula k(T) = A(T/300)αe-β/T in the range of 10 K-15,000 K. Meanwhile, the photodissociation, that is the inverse process of RA for PH+, is also studied, including eight photodissociation channels for the computation of state-resolved cross-sections. Careful comparisons with the Leiden Observatory database are made. Considering the cross-sections mentioned above, the local thermodynamic equilibrium cross-sections at the temperatures of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 K are also shown. We expect the results to be helpful for studies of phosphorus chemistry in the interstellar medium and planetary atmospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential energy curves (PECs) and transition dipole moments (TDMs) of PH+ and PO are computed with the multireference configuration interaction method, and the cross-sections for the radiative association (RA) of PH+ and PO, which is the most efficient way to form the ground states, are presented via the quantum mechanical (QM) theory and computed using ab initio molecular data. The thermal rate coefficients are also expressed and fitted with the standard formula k(T) = A(T/300)αe-β/T in the range of 10 K-15,000 K. Meanwhile, the photodissociation, that is the inverse process of RA for PH+, is also studied, including eight photodissociation channels for the computation of state-resolved cross-sections. Careful comparisons with the Leiden Observatory database are made. Considering the cross-sections mentioned above, the local thermodynamic equilibrium cross-sections at the temperatures of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 K are also shown. We expect the results to be helpful for studies of phosphorus chemistry in the interstellar medium and planetary atmospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Node-containing straws exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to node-free straw plants, particularly in terms of shear resistance and compression resistance. We explore the relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of straw materials, providing deeper insights for the field of biomechanics. In this study, we focused on two node-containing straw plants, namely sorghum and reed. The main characteristics of sorghum and reed stalks were compared using macroscopic observation, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and EDS analysis. This study revealed numerous similarities and differences in the macro- and microstructures as well as the elemental composition of sorghum and reed stalks. The functional groups in sorghum and reed stalks were largely similar, with the primary elements being C and O. Distinguishing features included a higher tapering and a slightly larger reduction in wall thickness in sorghum stalks compared to reed stalks. The cross-section of sorghum stalks was filled with pith structures, while reed stalks exhibited a hollow structure. The vascular bundles in sorghum typically showed a paired arrangement, whereas those in reeds were arranged in odd numbers. Furthermore, sorghum straws contained more Cl and no Br, while the parenchyma of reed straws contained higher Br. The C and O proportions of sorghum straws and reed straws are 50–53% (50–51%) and 45–46% (48–49%), respectively. These variations in elemental composition are believed to be correlated with the mechanical properties of the materials. By conducting a detailed study of the micro/macrostructures and material composition of sorghum and reed straw, this paper provides valuable insights for the field of biomechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the propagation of shortening, especially the interaction of shallow and deep structural levels in space and time is important to understand the accretion process of a compressional orogen as well as to fully understand earthquake hazards to populated foreland basins. Here we combine evidence from geologic maps and stream‐terrace surveys to construct a set of retrodeformable cross‐sections of the western North Qilian Shan foreland. The uplifted, severely tilted Mesozoic and older rock units suggest the presence of both deep and shallow décollements in western and central part of our research area, and that these structures alternated activity since commencement of the latest phase of the North Qilian Shan uplift. Conversely, in the east, the absence of foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt and the moderately tilted Mesozoic rocks indicate the deformation is dominated by thick‐skinned uplift. Based on our cross‐sections, we estimate the long‐term shortening rate of the Jiuxi foreland basin of 1.2–1.8 m/Kyr. Deformed foreland terraces show that, from west to east in our research area, active deformation switches between different structural levels. This trade‐off between deformation styles in time and space shows that two décollement levels bound a crustal‐scale duplex as the foreland is incorporated into the orogen. We suggest the complex and out‐of‐sequence deformation pattern may relate to pre‐existing weakness within the basement rocks and is likely a common characteristic of the North Qilian foreland. This may impose an additional challenge for seismic hazard estimation of the region. Plain Language Summary: Qilian Shan ("Shan" as mountains) and Hexi Corridor (basin) are located at the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau and formed due to the northeastern movement of the Tibetan Plateau. The mountain front of the North Qilian Shan and the adjacent low hills have shown various deformation styles, that is, different depth levels of active faults, which proposes a challenge to understand the deformation history of the area. Our study shows that the deformation styles not only vary in space but also change with time, forming a duplex (imbricate faults of different depth levels) which controls the northeastward propagation of the mountain front. We suggest this variation may be resulting from the complex pre‐existing weak structures within the bedrocks, which presents an additional challenge for seismic hazard estimation of the region. Analysis of the duplex suggests the western North Qilian mountain front has experienced compression at a rate of 1.2–1.8 m/Kyr. Key Points: The North Qilian is likely dominated by out‐of‐sequence deformation, resulting from reactivating pre‐existing structuresAlternatively active crustal‐scale duplex leads to various deformation styles of the North Qilian mountain frontLong‐term shortening rate of the mountain front and foreland area is 1.2–1.8 m/Kyr [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate determination of cross-sections for residual radionuclide products (spallation fragments) resulting from proton spallation reactions is imperative for the detection of primary and secondary particles etc. Experimental measurement of these cross-sections faces challenges due to the complexities associated with target preparation and detection of spallation fragments. Monte Carlo simulations have emerged as a potent tool for estimation of spallation fragments yield. This research, with introducing an innovative formulation method based on spallation yield, focuses on calculating the cross-section for the detection of primary and secondary particles in particle interaction with matter. Investigations indicate that the introduced method achieves remarkable agreement, ranging from 85.4% to 95.15%, with experimental outcomes at MeV energies. Consequently, this method can confidently be utilized for calculating the spallation cross-section fragments. In a case study, the spallation fragment cross-section was calculated for proton beam interaction with 222Rn in the range of 10 MeV to 60 MeV for the application of 222Rn detection. Among the 28 common spallation products of radon with the proton interaction in the energy range of 10 MeV to 60 MeV, elements 106Mo, 109Tc, 118Cd, 112Ru, 110Pd, and 114Rh exhibit dominant spallation cross-sections, emphasizing their exceptional significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper, we showed theoretically that the total cross-section of the top-quark pair production by electron–positron annihilation is strongly reduced by the presence of a circularly polarized laser field. In this paper, we present the result for the case of a linearly polarized laser field. This time, the total cross-section is significantly enhanced by the laser field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the low-temperature and durability characteristics of fuel cell gaskets based on their cross-sectional geometry. Samples of rectangular, half-circular, and mountain shapes produced by injection molding are introduced. Experiments are conducted at −40 °C, near the glass transition temperature of EPDM (Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer), to elucidate the differences in airtightness. The maximum pressures capable of maintaining airtightness at −40 °C are 1.5, 2.1, and 2.6 bar g initially for the rectangular, half-circular, and mountain shapes, respectively. After degradation for 28 days at 120 °C, these pressures drop by 0.4, 0.6, and 1.1 bar g. Simulations suggest that enhancing sealing performance relies on increasing contact pressure via a smaller contact area but it causes rapid degradation due to the internal stress concentration. Hence, achieving an optimal design balancing airtightness and durability under high pressure is crucial. In this study, it is concluded that the half-circular shape demonstrates the most stable structural performance in this regard. [Display omitted] • The properties of gaskets with rectangular, half-circular, and mountain cross-sections were studied. • The characteristics of the gasket cross-section at −40 °C were explored and the durability test at 120 °C were conducted. • A sample similar to a gasket for a real fuel cell was produced by injection molding. • The half-circular cross-section was the most advantageous in terms of durability. • Compression set test reflected changes in airtightness due to degradation better than compression stress relaxation test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium bumps are widely used in electronic packaging for interconnecting microelectronic devices due to their low melting point of 156.6°C, excellent bonding capabilities at room temperature, high thermal conductivity, ductility at extremely low temperatures, and ability to compensate for the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion between different materials. However, cross-sectioning indium bumps can be challenging due to the softness and low melting point of indium. The cutting tools and techniques used must be optimized for the specific sample being analyzed, and specialized preparation techniques such as cryogenic freezing or chemical etching may be required, which can be expensive and time-consuming. Cryo-focused ion beam (FIB) is also a technically demanding process that requires careful optimization of milling parameters, multiple iterations of milling and imaging, specialized equipment, and expertise, which can make it too expensive. It should be noted that the maximum achievable crosssectional area with cryo-FIB is limited, typically in the range of hundreds of micrometers. Cryo-Argon milling is an effective technique for obtaining high-quality cross-sections of indium bump arrays and other materials prone to deformation or melting during traditional crosssectioning. This process involves freezing the sample using liquid nitrogen and bombarding it with a stream of Argon gas ion, which reduces the deformation and melting of the indium. This paper presents challenges in the sample preparation and mechanical polishing of indium micro bumps. We are showcasing an artifact: polishing particles embedded in the indiummicro bumps, hindering the revelation of their microstructure. To address this issue, we are incorporating cryo-Ar milling to remove the embedded particles from the surface of indium micro bumps. This work presents data before and after the application of cryo-Ar milling, demonstrating a significant improvement in the microstructure of indium micro bumps. Millimeter-wide, damage-free cross-sections of arrays of indium micro bumps with a clean and smooth surface were achieved through cryo-Argonmilling at 270°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a sustainable nuclear energy program using fission reactors, the reduction or elimination of long-lived radioactive waste is essential. The hazardous Long-Lived Fission Products (LLFP), which are by-products of the operation of nuclear reactors, need to be converted to short-lived or stable nuclei. For nuclear transmutation, the knowledge of reaction cross-sections is important. The cross-section and half-life for the proton-induced transmutation of the LLFP, 1 2 6 Sn, produced as nuclear waste from the reactor have been calculated. The cross-section for the (p,n) reaction on unstable 1 2 6 Sn has been calculated using phenomenological as well as microscopic models of optical potentials and level densities in the framework of the statistical nuclear model using the latest version of the code TALYS-1.96. The Koning–Delaroche (KD) and Jeukenne–Lejeune–Mahaux–Bruyeres (JLMB) optical models, as well as back-shifted Fermi gas model (BFM) and Hartree–Fock (HF) level density, based on the Skyrme force from Gorielys tables, have been used. The renormalized optical model parameters and level density models obtained by comparing cross-sections with data for protons incident on stable 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 Sn isotopes were extended to make a prediction of (p,n) cross-section on unstable 1 2 6 Sn isotope. The excitation function obtained using JLMB-HF calculation for 1 2 6 Sn reveals a peak at an incident proton energy of 8.5 MeV with a corresponding cross-section of 269 mb. It would be of interest to perform experiments for measurements of cross-section where data are unavailable, especially in the peak regions and beyond, to validate the predictions of this work. It is found that for a proton flux of 6. 2 5 × 1 0 1 4 s − 1 cm − 2 , and a peak cross-section calculated using JLMB-HF calculation, the effective half-life of transmutation of 1 2 6 Sn is about 65 years, thus justifying its feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, reaction cross-section calculations of some proton-induced reactions on natPd have been investigated under the effects of level density models. All calculations involving level density models have been done employing the TALYS code's 1.95 version. TALYS is an opensource software. It gives foresight to the researchers about many parameters of a desired nuclear reaction, one of which is known as cross-section, when it is not possible to perform it due to specific reasons. The TALYS 1.95 code consists of six different level density models, which have all been included in this study. All obtained cross-section results gathered from the utilization of level density models have been compared with available experimental data. The mentioned available experimental data used in this study have been obtained from the International Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data Library (EXFOR) database. A graphical representation of generated calculation results, and available experimental data have been displayed for these comparisons. These graphical representations are also used to point out the most consistent level density model with respect to the experimental data for each reaction investigated in this study. The use of level density models was found to affect the results of cross-sectional calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrinos were produced immediately after Big-bang. These are the most abundant particles after photons. Neutrinos are literally jam packing the Universe and are associated with some of the deepest mysteries of nature. These are excellent carriers of information from the past of Universe through sources like bursting stars and black holes which we do not have a direct access to. Consequently, there has been a surge in the study of neutrinos and their interaction with matter. However, since neutrinos are very weakly interacting particles, these have feeble cross-sections. Nonetheless, cross-section measurement is the basic ingredient for any higher order neutrino studies. Therefore, in this work we report the cross-section measurements of neutrino interactions with three atmospheric gases viz; Oxygen, Water and Argon. This study is done using NuWro event generator. Nuwro is a Polish code developed by some eminent researchers at Wroclaw University of Poland. It is configured using well known physical models of neutrino interaction. The cross-section measurements are taken in an energy interval of hundreds of MeV to a few GeV,which is also best suited to study neutrino oscillations. We also try a novel way to define the scattering potential for neutrino interactions as a function of initial neutrino flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]