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The Paraguayan Chaco is increasingly known for the extreme rates of forest loss caused by the rapid expansion of cattle ranching and crop farming over the last few decades. Knowledge of its twentieth-century land-use history, however, remains limited. In this article, I address that gap by discussing land-use dynamics since the 1900s in the Pilcomayo River basin, a part of the Chaco that borders Argentina and Bolivia, and hosts a great diversity of actors and land uses. Using the concept of land-use regimes, I show that the area, once characterized by what can be called an Indigenous mixed-use regime, transitioned to a land-use regime dominated by livestock herding by Argentine Criollo settlers after the Chaco War (1932–35), and then again to one of large cattle ranches managed by absentee owners toward the end of the twentieth century. No land-use regime ever completely dominated the area, however, and I use this fact as a starting point to then discuss how using the concept of land regimes can help direct attention to the coexistence of regimes in space and to their relationships in a way that helps refine our understanding of land-use transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se ha demostrado recientemente que los criollos del Chaco Subhúmedo argentino constituyen un nuevo complejo biocultural, sobre el cual nos resulta desconocida su etnobotánica médica. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en describir y analizar en su preciso contexto socio-cultural los conocimientos y usos medicinales de las plantas para este complejo biocultural y en compararlos con los obtenidos para otros grupos criollos del Gran Chaco argentino. Los datos fueron obtenidos de primera mano a lo largo de seis trabajos de campo realizados entre 2017 y 2022, en los alrededores de Juan José Castelli y Miraflores al norte de la provincia del Chaco, Argentina. La metodología empleada para el análisis de los datos fue la correspondiente a la etnobotánica clásica. Se registraron 721 datos etnobotánicos de usos medicinales de las plantas correspondientes a 200 taxa -el 79 % de ellas nativas- pertenecientes a 62 familias botánicas. Estos fueron registrados a partir de 1485 reportes individuales de los colaboradores entrevistados, los cuales hacen alusión a un total de 135 tipos de indicaciones terapéuticas, clasificadas en 15 subcategorías de uso medicinal. A pesar de las similitudes halladas a nivel de flora medicinal al comparar los datos con los criollos del Chaco Húmedo y Semiárido, los usos medicinales de las plantas fueron sustancialmente diferentes. Dichas diferencias no se deberían a distinciones en la flora de cada distrito fitogeográfico, sino a distintas prácticas culturales entre los criollos que los habitan. Estos resultados confirman la condición distintiva del complejo biocultural de los criollos del Chaco Subhúmedo y, como consecuencia, destacan la originalidad de los mismos.

The aim of this essay is to analyze the ways in which the development of the casta pictorial genre contributed to the production and stabilization of racializing and racist stereotypes. These racial stereotypes still persist in cultural imaginaries in and about Latin America as part of the long duration of coloniality. Casta painting from New Spain is analyzed here as a pictorial genre and as a colonial discourse in connection with situated social and racial concepts, such as Creole, caste, and calidad. The analysis develops through a dialogue with perspectives from Semiology of Art, Visual studies, Postcolonial studies, and Latin American Critique of Coloniality. In this regard, this essay intends to create a conversation among different disciplines and fields of study in order to develop a complex, transdisciplinary approach to a problem from colonial times: the production and circulation of ethnoracial stereotypes and their impact on social relations, lived experiences, and subjectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The knowledge about the forage plants of the “criollos” of the central-northern of the province of Chaco (Argentina), their forms of management and the extra-nutritional effects those have on their livestock, is studied. M&M: Interviews recorded with 51 Creole residents during six campaigns carried out between 2017 and 2022 is used. The uses are described in their precise sociocultural context of reference, and unpublished ethnobotanical data on the subject are compiled and updated with which a diachronic comparison is made with the current ones. Results: A total of 624 ethnobotanical data is recorded on 185 types of forages corresponding to 143 wild or feral plant taxa and 11 exotic ones. A total of 31 ethnobotanical data were obtained regarding their foraging practices, as well as 34 about the extra-food effects of their ingestion. Only half of the total plants and types of forage recorded in the field were identical to those cited in unpublished historical sources on the subject for the same bio-cultural complex. In total 850 ethnobotanical data associated with 348 forage plants were recorded. Conclusions: Knowledge about forage plants is embedded in a socio-cultural bias based on a differential valuation of the livestock that consumes them. This enormous volume of knowledge and appreciation of the native forest as a source of maintenance for its livestock reaffirms the high significance that its livestock activity has as a source of sustenance among Chaco’s creole people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción y objetivos: Se estudian los conocimientos sobre las plantas forrajeras de los criollos del centro-norte de la provincia del Chaco (Argentina), así como sus formas de manejo y efectos extra-alimenticios que las mismas tienen sobre el ganado. M&M: Se emplean entrevistas registradas a 51 pobladores criollos durante seis campañas realizadas entre 2017 y 2022. Se describen los usos en su preciso contexto socio-cultural de referencia y se compilan y actualizan datos etnobotánicos inéditos sobre la temática con los cuales se efectúa una comparación diacrónica con los actuales. Resultados: Se registra un total de 624 datos etnobotánicos sobre 185 tipos de forrajes correspondientes a 143 taxa vegetales nativos o asilvestrados y 11 exóticos. Un total de 31 datos etnobotánicos se obtuvieron respecto a sus prácticas forrajeras, así como 34 acerca de los efectos extra-alimentarios de su ingestión. Solo la mitad del total de plantas y tipos de forrajes registrados a campo resultaron idénticos a los citados en fuentes históricas inéditas sobre la temática para el mismo complejo biocultural. En total se registran 850 datos etnobotánicos asociados a 348 plantas forrajeras. Conclusiones: Los conocimientos sobre plantas forrajeras se hallan embebidos de un sesgo socio-cultural basado en una valoración diferencial del ganado que las consume. Este enorme volumen de conocimientos y apreciaciones del bosque nativo como fuente de mantención de sus animales de cría reafirma la elevada significación que posee su actividad ganadera como fuente de sustento para los criollos del Chaco.

El artículo estudia el derecho de prelacía a partir del tratado de Juan Zapata y Sandoval y los memoriales de Luis de Betancurt y Figueroa y Vasco Jacinto de Contreras, para analizar cómo este fue un argumento que, reivindicando a los naturales de la tierra, respaldó los pedidos de mayores nombramientos eclesiásticos en episcopados y catedrales de los «hijos de las Indias» en el siglo XVII, e influyó en la obra Política Indiana de Juan de Solórzano Pereira.

The general aim of this work is to distinguish and identify the Creole of the Argentine Subhumid Chaco as a new bio-cultural complex, to describe the botanical correspondences of their phytonymy, and to carry out a general characterization of their ethnobotany. Six field works were carried out between October 2017 and March 2022 in the center-north of Chaco Province. Classic ethnobotanical methodology was applied. This consisted of interviews and the collection of herbarium material with 51 collaborators from the area. A total of 541 matches between 369 botanical taxa and 457 types of vernacular names were obtained from 2075 reports; 1625 Criollos' plant uses or meanings were registered. This refers to a total of 420 taxa throughout 4290 reports or mentions. Results from quantitative comparisons with Criollos' phytonymic correspondences registered in neighboring areas of the Subhumid Chaco allow us to infer that the latter belong to the same bio-cultural complex proposed here. If we added these phytonyms to those obtained in the field it makes a total of 837 correspondences among 662 types of vernacular names assigned to 537 plant taxa, and three mushrooms. On the other hand, results of the quantitative comparisons between this phytonymy and those found in ethnobotanical investigations with Criollos from the Humid and Semiarid Chaco allow us to infer substantial differences between them, which reaffirms the condition of the Criollos of the Subhumid Chaco as a new bio-cultural complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The first edition of Musik, Tanz und Dichtung bei den Kreolen Amerikas (1913) is pioneer in revealing, with European discipline and technical mastery, the train of poetic thought and the sonic beauties of the Creoles, together with its complementary publication of 1911. The novelty lies in the reliable method that goes from the whole to the parts, with a joint vision. Part of the interdisciplinary analysis of written and oral sources, of transcriptions made by the author himself and testimonies collected in the place of origin of each artistic work. Albert Friedenthal (1862-1921), german pianist and musicgrapher, knew how to perceive different times, attending to the process of other cultures and their sound systems according to inherent rules. His meticulous work led him to preserve the musical languages of Spanish-American places, projecting his research in a European context. More than hundred years later, this abundant archive preserves the key to invaluable well-founded contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first decades of the 20th century, an English missionary promoted the creation of evangelical assemblies in Santiago del Estero, a province in northwestern Argentina, a country in which the discourse of a nation modeled by a white, European and Catholic pattern was still clear. Although the social bases of these assemblies varied, the collective imaginary emphasizes that it was the incorporation of Arab immigrants that strengthened the missionary project in the region. The article approaches this imaginary from an exhaustive review of the testimonies of descendants of those first Syrian and Creole families that adopted the evangelical proposal in Santiago del Estero. In the process of identity re-elaboration of the Syrian and Lebanese collective in the northern province, the elements for an understanding of the socio-religious change of these immigrants and the configuration of an evangelical identity whose Arab sign was conspicuous appear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tradicionalmente agricultores familiares de Neuquén (Argentina) cultivan quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), el estudio pone en valor un material genético de quínoa en Varvarco. Se identificaron y entrevistaron a las familias guardianas de las semillas de quínoa; se realizaron observaciones del cultivo in situ y se validó la información en talleres con la comunidad. Los resultados mostraron que la quínoa forma parte del patrimonio histórico y cultural de Varvarco ya que contribuyó a la seguridad alimentaria en épocas de crisis económicas producto de distintos eventos históricos que afectaron económica y culturalmente al norte neuquino. Lleva al menos 90 años en la zona, el ciclo de cultivo es de noviembre a marzo, con características fenotípicas y de manejo similares a los materiales del Centro de Chile. El estudio mejora el conocimiento el comportamiento de la quínoa local para adaptar los calendarios, formas de manejo del cultivo, suelo y sanidad en otros agroecosistemas.

En los estudios sobre cambio socioreligioso en el Chaco está bien establecido el carácter activo del rol de los grupos aborígenes chaqueños en los procesos de misionalización cristiana. Se ha estudiado intensamente como ello ha implicado verdaderos procesos de creatividad cultural donde una nueva realidad socioreligiosa ha emergido a partir de complejas interacciones entre las concepciones y prácticas precristianas, las coloniales y aquellas aparecidas a partir de la incorporación del Chaco al territorio nacional de forma efectiva. No obstante, las complejidades en juego en las diversas especificidades de estos procesos y su rol en la construcción de verdaderas formas alternativas de modernidad son aspectos que aún requieren un estudio más profundo. En particular, el caso de los moqoit, un grupo chaqueño que resulta subalterno respecto a los qom, necesita que se aborden las especificidades de sus respuestas a la acción misionera. En este trabajo, el abordaje de un conflicto en una congregación evangélica moqoit, nos permite —gracias a su carácter de hecho social total— poner en evidencia diversas dimensiones que se ponen en juego en las dinámicas socioreligiosas contemporáneas de este grupo.

Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el presente artículo el autor explica cómo el fracaso del proyecto tupacamarista dejaría libre el camino para las ideas y el accionar de los criollos, y estos, por medio del uso privilegiado de la escritura serían los que dominaran el mundo de las ideas y, por ende, de los proyectos ideológicos. Siguiendo la ruta de las transformaciones del grupo criollo analiza su composición socio-cultural y sus ideas. Lo indígena pre-1781 ya no tendría posibilidades de resurgir, aun cuando el contingente criollo pierda consistencia, es decir, su capacidad como sujeto político ya sería irrelevante. Desde mediados del siglo XX, el campo ideológico por conquistar sería disputado por lo que quedaba del exiguo contingente criollo y por los elementos difusos dejados por el proceso de cholificación pos-migraciones internas y pos-reformas velasquistas. Posteriormente, la política fujimorista modificaría el papel de los intelectuales. Así, se configuraría así un inédito proceso conflictivo, de lucha por el poder político, económico, ideológico y simbólico; y por dar sentido a un país profundamente modificado por medio de nuevos sujetos de ideas.

En el presente trabajo se intenta explicar el rol de la Iglesia y parte de su jerarquía (como la de los obispos) en la evolución de la identidad del estrato de los criollos en la Nueva España, en la formación de su pertenencia social y religiosa. Se realiza el análisis sobre aspectos relevantes de la política eclesiástica de la Corona como el papel de la jerarquía eclesiástica, la justicia ejercida desde la Iglesia, las pertenencias sociorreligiosas local, regional y virreinal, las imágenes y sus imaginarios, los conflictos entre criollos y peninsulares y al interior de la institución, entre clérigos regulares y seculares. Abstract In this paper we try to explain the role of the Church and part of its hierarchy (such as that of the bishops) in the evolution of the identity of the Creole stratum in New Spain in the formation of their social and religious membership. The analysis is carried out on relevant aspects of the ecclesiastical policy of the Crown such as the role of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, the justice exercised from the Church, the local, regional and viceregal socio-religious affiliations, the images and their imaginaries, the conflicts between Creoles and peninsular and within the institution, among regular and secular clergy. Keywords: Social history, Church, New Spain, creoles, 17th century

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The aim of this article is to identify, update, and analyze medical ethnobotany data on Criollos groups from the Humid Chaco region found in the 1921 National Folklore Survey (NFS). Since plants are mentioned with their vernacular names, identification was based on an exhaustive bibliographical search of their respective scientific name. A total of 816 medical uses, corresponding to ⅔ of those recorded by NFS in 1921, were registered and assigned to 238 botanical taxa. Medical uses were classified into 16 categories, in which the digestive system, respiratory system and vulnerary remedies were the most represented. This classification included 131 kinds of therapeutical prescriptions, the most represented of which were: antitussive, stomachic, blood depurative, cicatrizant, against “empacho”, and for healing toothaches. To our knowledge these results represent the most important contribution to the medical ethnobotany and ethnomedicine of Criollos from Humid Chaco. We also conclude that Criollos from Chaco and Santa Fe provinces (within the Humid Chaco region) belong to a biocultural complex clearly distinguishable from those present in the Northwest of the Corrientes province.

En Piura, el tondero es la danza tradicional y la banda, el conjunto instrumental más representativo. Este artículo presenta un análisis de este género en sus dos variantes: el tondero de los criollos, cantado y con acompañamiento de guitarras y cajón; y el tondero de banda, interpretado por la banda de músicos según los patrones establecidos por el estilo de banda. Empezaré explicando los aspectos estilísticos de cada grupo para esbozar una definición del género que considere su dualidad. Seguidamente, analizaré las características principales de cada variante para entrar en un análisis musical que contrapone las coincidencias y diferencias de ambas variantes. Finalmente, presentaré una reflexión final.

To evaluate the effect of supplementation with forage on metabolic indicators of Hartón of Valle heifers, 12 bovine females were used. Animals consumed Brachiaria decumbens forage, which was supplemented with 2 kg. Treatments were: T1 Control (conventional supplement), T2 (supplement with 20% of T. gigantea) and T3 (supplement with 20% of P. discolor). For data processing, the theoretical assumptions of the analysis of variance and of normality of errors were tested. A design with repeated measures over time with four repetitions per treatment was used. A mixed linear model was applied, with the help of Proc MIXED and a mixed generalized linear model, with Proc GLIMMIX of SAS. There was interaction (P=0.0009) between treatments and sampling days, for cholesterol. There were no statistical differences among treatments for metabolites of urea, creatinine, triglycerides, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium and copper. However, there were differences in the sampling period. Supplementation with 20% of Piptocoma discolor and Trichanthera gigantea stabilized the values in the metabolic indicators of cholesterol. The substitution of 20% of the conventional supplement for P. discolor or T. gigantea did not affect the studied blood indicators. However, the increase of supplementation over time improved blood indicators of triglycerides, urea, creatinine and selenium. Thus, supplementation with 20% of inclusion of P. discolor maintained stable cholesterol levels and improved glucose levels in the 30 days of supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to highlight the local variety of Quinoa from Varvarco. The research took into account the guardian families of quinoa seeds. The team identified and interviewed family farmers; the crop was observed in situ and the information was validated in workshops with the Varvarco community. The results showed that this quinoa is part of Varvarco's historical and cultural heritage, it contributed to food security in times of economic crisis because of different historical events that affect the economy and culture of the north of Neuquén. This quinoa has been in this area for at least 90 years. The cultivation cycle is from November to March, its phenotypic characteristics and management are similar to Central Chile varieties. The study improves the knowledge of quinoa behavior to adapt the calendars, forms of crop management, soil and plant protection in other agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El obispado de Cartagena de Indias presenta las características propias de la Iglesia americana durante el siglo XVIII, a saber, criollismo e importancia del clero secular. No obstante, las particularidades de la ciudad de Cartagena permiten establecer nuevos puntos de vista sobre estos aspectos. La importancia del sector comercial en el patriciado urbano, condiciona el auge del criollismo en la ciudad que favoreció el número de obispos criollos. Al mismo tiempo, a pesar de la escasez de rentas y de ser un obispado de segundo orden, el periodo de vacantes se vio reducido respecto a otras zonas del virreinato, conllevando una mejora en la administración diocesana.

An updated contribution about the ecological knowledge of “criollos” of San Marcos Sierras about practices that originated and maintain the different landscape units is made. From semistructured interviews with key informants and participatory walks, the names of the managed units, the species, uses, and associated practices were documented. The “criollos” recognize and name 2 units of landscapes: “cerco” and “monte”. A total of 57 ethnospecies were recorded, 33 for the “cerco” and 55 for the “monte”. Both units share 54% of the species that receive different uses and management according to the unit where they are located. Medicinal, food, firewood and fodder are the main uses. All practices and uses were taught by the family group and belong to the traditional heritage of the farmers. Increased ethno-ecological and ecological analyzes are necessary to understand the changes in the floristic composition of the forest and / or the abundance of some woody species

The aim of this study is to identify, update and analyze ethnobotanical data from Criollos groups of Eastern Chaco found in the 1921 National Survey of Folklore. Since plants were named by their vernacular names, the scientific nomenclature is estimated on the basis of an exhaustive bibliographic research. A total of 1242 ethnobotanical data were registered and assigned to 308 botanical taxa referred through 294 vernacular names. For the last ones, a plausible taxonomic identification could be found in 1565 bibliographic reports. Results show that 2/3 of these data (814) correspond to medicinal plant uses, while the remaining (428) became the objective of this study. Most of them (120 data, 78 taxa) refers to religious meanings of plants, construction uses (55, 47 taxa), cultigens (52, 52 taxa), and food (47 data, 38 taxa). Other use-categories show minor proportions. This article discusses many issues about this data characterization and concludes that it constitutes the major contribution to the ethnobotany of the Criollos of the Eastern Chaco up to the present, for both its quantity as their quality

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A partir del símil que considera la administración como una especie de argamasa capaz de mantener unidos los diferentes reinos integrados en la Monarquía Hispánica, el presente texto centra su atención en la judicatura indiana Una vez analizadas la naturaleza, las vías de acceso y los ámbitos de acción de los agentes de justicia, se plantean algunas consideraciones en relación al debate sostenido durante el siglo XVII sobre la posición que las Indias ocupaban, o debían ocupar, en el universo contemplado.

En Colombia existe una diversidad de ovinos, denominados ovinos criollos, resultado del cruce de diferentes razas, desde la época de la colonización y que se adaptaron a diferentes regiones del país. En el caso particular de este estudio, se hace referencia a los ovinos criollos de pelo, que se acomodaron a las condiciones biogeográficas de la Costa Caribe colombiana. Estos animales, por su adaptabilidad, han tenido un importante papel en el desarrollo de la ovinocultura del país; sin embargo, es muy poca la información que se tiene, a nivel nacional, sobre las características crecimiento de la raza o especie. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la curva de crecimiento de dos poblaciones de ovinos criollos del trópico bajo colombiano, a través del uso del modelo no lineal Gompertz. Se utilizaron 55 animales, con 13 pesajes cada uno, perteneciente a dos sistemas de producción del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Se realizó un ajuste del modelo, mediante el procedimiento NLIN de Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), para la estimación de los parámetros del modelo. Se estimó β0, β1 y β2, cuyos valores fueron 25,97 ± 9,3, 2,1 ± 0,5 y 0,010 ± 0,004, respectivamente. Los estimados de madurez a los 4 y 6 meses fueron de 55,8 y 70,6%, respectivamente, y la edad al 75 de madurez fue de 7,0 meses y al 95% de madurez, de 13,1 meses. El modelo de Gompertz permitió describir el crecimiento de ovinos criollos, en condiciones de pastoreo, en el trópico bajo.

Background and aims: Our current knowledge about Moqoit medical ethnobotany is scarce, that is why the aim of this paper seeks to identify the medicinal plants and its therapeutic indications registered in the field among present moqoit people from Chaco province. These data are also compared with the few historical data available, as well as with the medical ethnobotany of Argentinian Gran Chaco criollos people and surrounding areas. M&M: Between 2008 and 2018, a total of 11 (eleven) campaigns were carried out to the Moqoit settlements in Chaco province, where semi-structured interviews were carried out with key collaborators. With these key people, herbarium samples were collected from the plants they have indicated. Results: A total of 381 medicinal applications are registered about 155 botanical taxa. Most of them (28%) are prescribed against digestive disorders and in a lesser extent, against dermatological conditions (15%), as antipyretics (14%) and for the reproductive system (13%). Frequently plants are used against "empacho" (digestive disorder), affections of magical-religious etiology (therapeutic rituals), as refreshing, antitussive and against toothache. Conclusions: The results from the comparisons made show the presence of cultural loans from criollos groups -by location and stock- to Moqoit medical ethnobotany, mostly from the Hispanic-Quichua criollos bio-cultural complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focus on the province of Venezuela from three different outlooks in a crucial moment for the configuration of the bourbon colonial system during the late eighteenth century and the previous conditions to the final rupture with the metropolis. Those are the side views from the sensibilities and the political culture of the creole elite, which in Venezuela is called mantuana, is the look of power. As well the look of the bishop Mariano Martí who makes a long and detailed pastoral visit, and presents a socio-ethnic description of the province, where it highlights its subtle view to see the problems associate with the poverty, vices and illegal interracial marriages, as well as the discontentment and fears from all sectors and castes. The perspective of the power from the outlook of the colonial administration is conferred by Francisco de Saavedra, the second intendant of Caracas. A brilliant Spanish official, enlightened, with a long work sheet filled of experiences. In it he emphasizes his enlightened vision and liberal principles regarding the trade and progress of the creoles as a source of wealth for the crown. Last, the noted Prussian scientist Alexander Humboldt who brings its perceptions about the dissimilar levels of interest of mantuanos for science and politics. It also brings suggestive data on the rising resentment of the creoles against the colonial establishment. These three outlooks occur at a crucial time, because it is the moment when the province of Venezuela is seen by the metropolis, like an strategic location of untapped potentials and poorly understood potentialities. In the end, we present the results of the superposition of these "lenses", of that look of the late colony, in the unleashing of the extreme Venezuelan violence of the century of independence and the [de]configuration of the new nation: republican and independent but with the social problems that Martí, Saavedra and Humboldt predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el río Pilcomayo en la zona de la Provincia de Salta, Argentina, grupos indígenas y criollos reclamaron al gobierno, durante más de 30 años, los títulos de propiedad de dos lotes fiscales que suman 640.000 hectáreas. Mientras tanto, el avance del capitalismo agrícola y las obras de urbanización nacional e internacional, vinculadas a la integración regional al Mercosur, irrumpieron en el territorio. Nos interesa explicar los procesos organizativos de distintos grupos criollos e indígenas, principalmente wichí, a partir de las configuraciones territoriales constituidas históricamente y de las relaciones socio-políticas inter e intragrupales, para interpretar la conformación de grupos antagónicos desde la pluralidad de las interacciones. Abordamos el estudio desde la noción del espacio como configuración territorial con una existencia relacional, en donde lo material y lo social, los objetos y las acciones, son conjuntos interconectados, indisociables para el estudio de los procesos histórico-territoriales (Milton Santos, 1997). Trabajamos con registros etnográficos y documentación de distinta procedencia (informes técnicos, documentos oficiales, cartas, actas y acuerdos), que analizamos dialógicamente y confrontamos para intentar dar cuenta de los procesos organizativos de la región.

A huge quantity of non-medicinal plant uses registered and exhibited during the Universal Exposition of Paris in 1889 is here put into value, analyzed, and culturally ascribed. Classic methods from historical ethnobotany were applied, considering the catalogue of the Exposition as a primary source of information. Estimated bio-cultural assignment of each one of the 643 ethnobotanical data was inferred from geographic references to seven Argentinian Criollos groups. These data refer to 173 plant taxa, mainly Prosopis nigra, Condalia buxifolia, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Eugenia uniflora, Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil, and Prosopis alba. Most plant uses belong to the following categories: dyes (89 data), utensils (87), furniture (87), food (86), transport (77), tanning (52), home building (46), other constructions (35), and fuel. Most data are referred to Criollos from Sub-Andean Valleys of Yungas-Chaco Ecotone (246), the remaining to Criollos from Misiones (142), Criollos from Humid Chaco (100), and Criollos from Arid and Mountainous Chaco (91). Much of these data correspond to little known uses or belong to Criollos groups whose relationships with plants are still incomplete or almost unknown

En Carta a los españoles americanos Juan Pablo Viscardo y Gusmán entiende la Independencia como renuncia a un pacto y como emancipación de una tutela. La fluctuación entre ambas interpretaciones corresponde a la referencia a dos tradiciones –la neo-escolástica española y el pensamiento ilustrado–, pero también a dos narraciones diferentes de la propia independencia.

The aim of this article is to identify, update, and analyze medical ethnobotany data on Criollos groups from the Humid Chaco region found in the 1921 National Folklore Survey (NFS). Since plants are mentioned with their vernacular names, identification was based on an exhaustive bibliographical search of their respective scientific name. A total of 816 medical uses, corresponding to ? of those recorded by NFS in 1921, were registered and assigned to 238 botanical taxa. Medical uses were classified into 16 categories, in which the digestive system, respiratory system and vulnerary remedies were the most represented. This classification included 131 kinds of therapeutical prescriptions, the most represented of which were: antitussive, stomachic, blood depurative, cicatrizant, against "empacho", and for healing toothaches. To our knowledge these results represent the most important contribution to the medical ethnobotany and ethnomedicine of Criollos from Humid Chaco. We also conclude that Criollos from Chaco and Santa Fe provinces (within the Humid Chaco region) belong to a biocultural complex clearly distinguishable from those present in the Northwest of the Corrientes province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bees called meliponas (family Apidae, tribe Meliponini) are native stingless bees (ANSA) whose products (honey and other elements from the hive) have been employed by various indigenous and peasant cultures since ancient times. This study lists the native honeybee species known to criollos from northwest Córdoba. It also analyzes in particular the relationship between peasants living in three different environments in the region and the uses they assign to Plebeia molesta honey. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 42 key interlocutors. To analyze the obtained information qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Local people recognize 4 native melliferous insects, being the one called "quella" the most important. Its honey is used mainly for medicinal purposes and as food. The predominant use as medicine is ingestion in pure form (45%) and the most frequently treated conditions are those related to the respiratory system (88.53%). In relation to the changes perceived in the availability of this resource, 75% of the interlocutors considered that the frequency of nest encounters has decreased in the last decades. The assigned uses of honey show a high variability in relation to the sociocultural and occupational characteristics of the inhabitants. It is concluded that this honey is a valuable resource for farmers in the region. Given the perceived decrease of these populations, management and conservation strategies should be implemented that, incorporating the peasant point of view, guarantee their accessibility and perpetuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Letter to the Spanish Americans, Juan Pablo Viscardo y Gusmán understands Independence as a renunciation of a covenant and as emancipation of a guardianship. The fluctuation between both interpretations corresponds to the reference to two traditions -Spanish Neo-Scholasticism and Enlightenment thought-, but also to two different narratives of independence itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los cítricos son frutales introducidos tempranamente a América. Actualmente para Misiones se reconocen 30 etnovariedades (9 etnoespecies), cultivadas de maneras diversas. En la presente contribución se describen los microambientes donde se encuentran, las prácticas sobre dichos microambientes y las etnovariedades presentes en cada uno para luego analizar, desde un enfoque relacional, el efecto de las prácticas de manejo en los procesos de domesticación de las plantas y del paisaje. Los trabajos de campo fueron realizados en Teyú Cuaré (San Ignacio) y Cerro Mártires (Concepción), provincia de Misiones (Argentina), durante los años 2010 a 2013. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas, y caminatas con los informantes. Se relevaron 7 microambientes definidos en relación a la presencia de cítricos, a las prácticas de manejo focalizadas en las plantas propiamente dichas como también sobre los microambientes o grupos de microambientes, así como por aspectos relativos a la vegetación, suelo, disponibilidad hídrica y cercanía al hogar. La diversidad de cítricos registrada representa un continuum de variedades representantes del proceso de domesticación en diferentes sentidos, coincidente a su vez con las prácticas de manejo diversificadoras. El estudio de las prácticas de manejo permite observar patrones de manejo actuales como también interpretar los paisajes actuales infiriendo las prácticas del pasado.

Los obstáculos impuestos a los americanos para entrar a la Compañía de Jesús fueron una constante en la Nueva España durante el generalato de Claudio Acquaviva (1581-1615). Si bien aquellos pueden ser considerados como la prolongación de un debate que había comenzado con la llegada de los primeros franciscanos en 1524, y como parte de tensiones que existían a nivel global sobre la viabilidad de aceptar no europeos en las órdenes religiosas, esta cuestión evolucionó conforme a los nuevos estándares de la Iglesia postridentina, y a los cambios sociales y políticos del virreinato. Las tensiones provocadas por diversos grupos sociales emergentes al reclamar sus propios espacios dentro de la sociedad novohispana, ocasionaron que la discusión en torno a la creación de un clero indígena se subsumiera en una serie de pugnas entre diferentes facciones de la Compañía de Jesús, bajo la sombra de los poderes de la Corona española y Roma. Así, en una época en donde la Compañía de Jesús se debatía sus prioridades apostólicas con la disyuntiva colegios/misiones, el caso de la Provincia de México nos muestra cómo este problema estuvo inmerso en una lucha de bandos por los puestos de poder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An updated contribution about the ecological knowledge of "criollos" of San Marcos Sierras about practices that originated and maintain the different landscape units is made. From semistructured interviews with key informants and participatory walks, the names of the managed units, the species, uses, and associated practices were documented. The "criollos" recognize and name 2 units of landscapes: "cerco" and "monte". A total of 57 ethnospecies were recorded, 33 for the "cerco" and 55 for the "monte". Both units share 54% of the species that receive different uses and management according to the unit where they are located. Medicinal, food, firewood and fodder are the main uses. All practices and uses were taught by the family group and belong to the traditional heritage of the farmers. Increased ethno-ecological and ecological analyzes are necessary to understand the changes in the floristic composition of the forest and / or the abundance of some woody species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify, update and analyze ethnobotanical data from Criollos groups of Eastern Chaco found in the 1921 National Survey of Folklore. Since plants were named by their vernacular names, the scientific nomenclature is estimated on the basis of an exhaustive bibliographic research. A total of 1242 ethnobotanical data were registered and assigned to 308 botanical taxa referred through 294 vernacular names. For the last ones, a plausible taxonomic identification could be found in 1565 bibliographic reports. Results show that 2/3 of these data (814) correspond to medicinal plant uses, while the remaining (428) became the objective of this study. Most of them (120 data, 78 taxa) refers to religious meanings of plants, construction uses (55, 47 taxa), cultigens (52, 52 taxa), and food (47 data, 38 taxa). Other use-categories show minor proportions. This article discusses many issues about this data characterization and concludes that it constitutes the major contribution to the ethnobotany of the Criollos of the Eastern Chaco up to the present, for both its quantity as their quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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