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Research literature notes differently the time of the minority as compared to the time when the minor gives its assumed consent for sexual intercourse, in the latter case, the age in some jurisdictions being of 16 years old.( Taylor, Quayle,( 2003), : 3). At the international level, there was also the intention to change the biological age with the age that the minor seems to have, but the difficulties deriving from establishing an age that the minor has only apparently determined the maintenance of the chronological age as a criterion for establishing the minority, and implicitly, the existence of the crime. Particular attention is paid to adolescents, who are minors between the ages of 13 and 17. According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (S.1), "child means any human being under the age of 18 (...)." However, the UN Convention leaves the states to determine alone the age of majority, which may be below or above the limit set by the Convention. That is why we find different ages worldwide for determining adulthood. In common language, the concepts of "pornography" and "obscenity" are substantially equal. However, pornography involving minors does not necessarily mean obscene behaviour, it can represent explicit, lewd or suggestive sexual behaviour Starting from the definition of the minor in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, we go beyond the multiple discussions in the research literature on the minority, the term "minor" being considered too imprecise, impliying both the criminal and civil minority. Criminologically speaking, the necessary distinction is made between child - adolescent - adult - elderly. So, both the child and adolescent are subsumed to the concept of minor. We also note that the minority can be a characteristic of the victim, but also of the offender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reflects on the extent to which the personalization determines the press image of the Catholic Church in the context of sexual abuse of minors by clergy. Scientific objective: An attempt was made to indicate the relationship between the phenomenon of personalization and the image of the institution of the Catholic Church in Polish weeklies in the context of the pedophilia scandal among clergy. Research methods: The method of analyzing the press content supplemented with elements of hermeneutics. Results and conclusions: All analyzed press titles addressed the topic of the sexual abuse of minors by clergy and presented the institution of the Catholic Church in the context of particular persons (pope, bishops, victims of abuse, perpetrators). In the left-liberal weekly and in Do Rzeczy, perpetrators' superiors were basically presented as not responding to cases of sexual abuse. The personalization process opens a variety of ways of interpreting the event that goes to the media agenda. It can determine both the positive and negative image of the Catholic Church, and can also be used as a tool to construct an unrepresentative narrative on the subject of sexual offenses by clergy, i.e. a narrative exaggerating or marginalizing the scale of abuse. Cognitive value: The research undertaken proves that the personalization is an important factor determining the image of the Catholic Church in the press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on letters and writings by teenage girls and oral history interviews, this article aims to open a scholarly conversation about the existence and significance of intergenerational sexual relationships between minor girls and adult women in the years leading up to and encompassing the lesbian feminist movement of the 1970s. Lesbian history and culture say very little about sexual connections between youth and adults, sweeping them under the rug in gender-inflected ways that differ from the suppression of speech in gay male history and culture about intergenerational sex between boys and men. Nonetheless, my research suggests that, despite lesbian feminists' caution and even negativity toward teen girls, erotic and sexual relationships with adult women provided girls access to support, pleasure, mentorship, and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on the need for protection of minors in the churches. Topics discussed include, the responsibility of the pastors of Catholic communities to assure the safety of children in church, efforts of Pope Francis to bring together all churches in the world to stand against the crime of child sexual abuse by clergy, and need for spreading the awareness about the prevalence of such crisis.

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Journalists of Malay and English newspapers from Brunei and Malaysia are found to adopt different stances in terms of their inclusion of detail and their level of involvement or detachment in crime and accident reports. This study combines an analysis of online news reports of rape cases with interview data from journalists and editors of Malay and English newspapers in Brunei and Malaysia. Our original hypothesis is that Malay news reports would demonstrate a more restrained approach to crime and accident news compared to English news stories. Four parallel pairs of rape stories from four newspapers were analysed using Fairclough's (1995) framework and van Leeuwen's (2008) representation of social actors and social action approach. Critical case purposive sampling method was used to collect the news stories. The findings reveal clear differences in how rape cases are reported by the Malay newspapers vis-à-vis their English counterparts, with reports in the Malaysian Malay paper, for example, being longer and containing more details of the crimes while the opposite is found in the Bruneian Malay paper. Our findings suggest that differences in the reporting of rape cases are not just due to linguistic differences but are culturally, ideologically and politically situated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper we have examined the crime of trafficking in minors, given the recent changes and additions made by the legislator in the legal content of this crime with the adoption of the G.E.O. no. 18/2016. Within the examination we have identified elements of similarity and difference between the two measures (the previous law and the law in force at the moment), and the constitutive content, forms, penalties, complementary explanations, the previous legislation and the application of more favorable criminal law in this transitory situation. The innovations consist in the conducted examination with the new changes and additions to the text originally published in the new Criminal Code, presenting comparative elements and examining the constitutive contents and the variants of applying the more favorable criminal law in transitory situations. This paper continues the examination of the offenses provided in the new Romanian Criminal Code, publishing in the near future a new university course in this field. As it is organized, the paper may be useful to law students from Romania, practitioners in this field, as well as European citizens who wish to supplement their knowledge in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have examined the constitutive elements of the offense of recruitment of minors for sexual purposes, having regard to the new depositions of the Romanian criminal law. Within the examination we have taken into consideration the constitutive content, forms, methods, penalties and some procedural aspects. The innovative elements of this paper consist in highlighting the importance and necessity of incriminating such act and to examine the new offenses introduced into the Romanian law with the adoption of the new Criminal Code. The paper can be useful to law students in Romania, the bodies with concrete responsibilities in judicial practice and to those who want to improve their knowledge in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have examined the crime of sexual corruption of a minor according to the new rules laid down in the new Criminal Code. To support theorists and practitioners we have insisted on examining the constitutive content of the offense and the elements of similarity and difference between the regulations of the Criminal Code of 1969 and the Criminal Code in force; the examination itself is extremely useful in terms of identifying and applying the more favorable criminal law. The innovations brought by this paper consist in a comparative examination of the provisions of the two laws, the examination of the content of constitution, and the consideration of alternatives regarding the enforcement of the more favorable criminal law. The paper can be useful for law students and the practitioners in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's claim that minors who are victims of sexual crimes should be paid restitution by criminal offenders under the U.S. Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA) since the coercion and enticement of a minor is a crime of violence under the U.S. Code, and it mentions the discrepancies between the U.S. Code and the nation's Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.). The danger-related risks that sexually exploited children face are assessed, along with U.S. criminal justice.

In discussions of the sexual assault of minors, feminists, historians of sexuality and religious authorities are in uncommon agreement. They concur that, although minors have been subject to sexual assault throughout the modern era, the late 1970s and 1980s saw a new ‘discovery’ of the phenomenon. This discovery initially was located in feminist critiques of male violence within the family, but quickly spread to other sites: homosexuals, paedophile rings, satanic ritual abuse and most recently clerical sexual abuse. Recent inquiries into sexual abuse in Christian Churches have collated data of abuse on a scale hitherto unimagined. The data suggests that abuse was most prevalent between 1945 and 1980, the period prior to the articulation of feminist critiques of sexual violence. Many have sought to explain this historic ‘black spot’ as the product of a failure of comprehension. Feminists have claimed that their articulation of sexual politics was required before child sexual victimhood could be recognised. Church authorities, on the other hand, have repeatedly stated that their failure to respond appropriately to allegations of abuse was because such abuse was ‘unthinkable’. This paper seeks to complicate these explanations of historic blindness to child sexual abuse by examining the capacity of church law to comprehend and articulate the harms of child sexual abuse prior to the feminist critiques of the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The explosion of the internet and online communication has led to an alarming increase in an existing epidemic: domestic minor sex trafficking. Sex traffickers utilize websites, such as Backpage.com, to post trafficking advertisements depicting minors, which are minimally regulated as a result of the civil immunity provision of the Communications Decency Act (47 U.S.C. § 230). This immunity provision has been interpreted broadly by the courts, granting expansive immunity to websites as both publishers and distributors of content. In an effort to combat minor sex trafficking at a local level, some state legislatures enacted statutes criminalizing the knowing publication of online commercial sex advertisements depicting minors. Backpage.com challenged these statutes in district courts with great success. Because these statutes could hold websites liable for the publication of third-party content, the courts enjoined the laws as preempted by the Communications Decency Act. Thus, preemption places the states in a lose-lose situation: states can enact legislation knowing that the legislation will likely be enjoined or attempt to litigate against websites with little promise for Success. This Note argues that courts should narrow the scope of § 230's immunity given changes in technology and the increase in offensive and illegal content online. This Note also argues for the enactment of a new federal criminal statute, in place of individual state legislation, which would put liability back in the right hands and avoid preemption, while reducing domestic minor sex trafficking online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critiques, as a First Amendment debacle, the Colorado appellate court's recent opinion in Saint John's Church v. Scott and the U.S. Supreme Court's 2013 decision not to review it. Scott upheld a ban on "gruesome" images of aborted fetuses in a public venue where minors might view them. Scott came just one year after the Supreme Court in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association held that California failed to prove a compelling interest in protecting minors from "violent" images in entertainment-based video games. The article: 1) demonstrates how Scott improperly evaded Brown's rigorous proof-of-causation requirement; 2) contextualizes Scott within a larger framework of recent gruesome-image cases and laws; 3) illustrates the importance of protecting shocking images affecting matters of public concern; and 4) argues that Scott, which involved political speech, cannot be reconciled with Brown, which involved entertainment-centric content. The pro-censorship result in Scott, and the Supreme Court's decision not to disturb it, takes on added significance as the Court re-evaluates its abortion-protest jurisprudence in 2014 in McCullen v. Coakley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on the findings of Barber (2009) and presents some interrogations upon the connections found (in some European countries) between various economical, demographic and social country indicators and the rate of minors (as percent of the total population convicted) convicted for violent crimes. The main objectiv of the investigation was toverify if there is a certain country profile in what regards the violent crimes committed by minors and if such a profile is influenced by certain macro-economic indicators (GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards, Gini coefficient, percent of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion, public expenditure on education as percent of GDP or public expenditure), the political regime or the the predominant religion in the country. The findings show that the most relevant country indicators for the violent crimes committed by minors seem to be the macro-economic indicators (GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards, Gini coefficient, percent of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion, public expenditure on education as percent of GDP or public expenditure), as opposed to the other type of indicators (social, cultural etc.). In respect to the latter, the previous existance of a communist regime, predominant religion in the country and the sex ratio seem to be in some kind of connection with the rate of minors commiting violent crimes, as percent from the total number of convicts in the respective country. A certain degree of caution is advised in accepting these findings and their explanations (based more on a philosophical perspective than a sociological one) until corroborated by controlled research and a deeper analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the seriousness of the phenomenon on a large scale, the age and innocence of the minors involved in pornography, there arises a strong motivation for the implementation of several measures against these acts, mainly because the application of a simple standard is not a satisfactory solution as long as child pornography is concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate hazards for minor users while they are exposed to social networks. In particular, it provides the statistical relationship of these hazards with the exposure time as well as the amount of published personal information. Design/methodology/approach – An experiment was conducted that has revealed a huge number of personal information exposed by users of social network applications. Moreover, a significant amount of suspicious activity against minors has been recorded. Experimental data led to the hypothesis that online hazards can be modeled with known statistical distributions. In order to examine this hypothesis, survival analysis techniques, which involve the estimation of certain functions that reflect the relation of a disastrous event with time, were applied. Findings – The results show that the incoming hazards for minor female profiles follow the Logistic distribution, while the corresponding hazards for minor male profiles follow the Normal distribution. Originality/value – The findings of this work are crucial for developing an effective system for automated grooming recognition in real time by optimizing the detection threshold as a function of time. Thus, the threshold sensitivity can be appropriately adjusted such that lower frequencies of occurrence lead to lower threshold sensitivities, and higher frequencies of occurrence lead to higher threshold sensitivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In case of the minors aged between 14 and 18 years old, who are liable from the criminal point of view, the presumption according to which their judgment has not reached its maturation, but is in full process of development and stabilization is instituted. In view of these circumstances, minors under this category of age do not have the psycho-physical ability to fully become aware of the gravity of the perpetrated crimes and, especially, their injurious consequences on the social values protected by means of criminal regulations. Given this context, the author claims that the new Criminal Code excludes the possibility of enforcing punishments in case of under aged criminals and establishes a specific system of criminal penalties, entitled educational measures, classified into two categories: educational measures without deprivation of liberty and educational measures with deprivation of liberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses cyberbullying in Louisiana as of July 2012, focusing on the state's laws which are relevant to acts between minors under the age of 17, as well as the legal differences between cyberstalking and cyberbullying. The use of a civil claim of defamation against an alleged cyberbully is examined. The author argues for a holistic and proactive approach by the State Legislature to the growing problem of cyberbullying in Louisiana.

Sexual intercourse with minors have been considered dangerous since the earliest of times, so that, under a name or another, we can also find them in the Romanian criminal law. Even if the analysis of this offence involves a consented sexual intercourse with a minor, this consent is not valid because it is considered that the child can not appreciate the full implications of his act of will, or, according to the current regulation, his freedom of will is more restricted by the influence, the authority, the trust etc., which the offender benefits from and makes use of, in order to commit the offence. In the present study the criminal provisions relating to the offence of sexual intercourse with a minor are presented and analyzed in a comparative manner starting with the feudal law, through the Criminal Code of 1864, the Hungarian Criminal Code (Act V of 1879, about the crimes and offences), applicable also in Transylvania, the Criminal Code of 1936, the one of 1969 with subsequent amendments, in force today, completing this approach with the new Romanian Criminal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the types of undercover investigations conducted on the Internet. Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with police about 544 undercover cases ending in arrest for an Internet-related sex crime against a minor in 2006. The two most common types of undercover investigations involved police posing online as minors (76%) and undercover police investigations of child pornography (20%). Additionally, a few investigators were posing as adults having access to minors to sell or wanting to purchase sex with a minor (4%). The findings of this paper are a first step in understanding the efficacy of various types of investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

During the 20th century, erotic experiences between minors and adults occupied a position of increasing interest, both public as well as scientific. In this area of research, one of the most notable evolutions in how these experiences are treated has been the progressive disappearance and/or the intense redefinition of what earlier researchers called 'participating victims,' i.e., minors apparently interested in accepting and/or sustaining these relationships. The present work, through a comparative analysis of the literature, seeks to substantiate this transformation during the second third of the 20th century. It will also argue that this evolution can be fundamentally explained in terms of the intense emotional, moral, and ideological importance that is ascribed to these experiences in the rise of the current victimological paradigm. Finally, this study endeavors to contribute to the understanding of childhood and the scientific study of child sexuality as well as of these experiences with adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From criminological point of view, the recidivism is closely related to its causes, representing one of the fundamental characteristics of the crime phenomenon in the contemporary society. The main objectives of this research are the following: the identification of the significant variables of the recidivism in minors and young people; finding correlations between variables and risk factors as an indicator of the vulnerability to criminal recidivism (gender, age, deviant or delinquent antecedents, and offence's type); the elaboration of a typology of vulnerability, in order to approach the primary delinquency. The findings outlined a criminogen profile, in which being an in-group member, the number of the offences, and motivation are important for structuring a criminal career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the evolution of incidence and prevalence rates of child sexual abuse recorded in the statistics of different states and regions of the world, including the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Central America and South America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The paper also discusses the conclusions of the main international reports and assessments on the extent of the child sexual abuse phenomenon and it emphasizes certain distinct characteristics of child sexual abuse perpetrated by women against minors, mainly against teenagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some decades now in the West, there has been a growing social anxiety with regard to a phenomenon which has become known as child sexual abuse (CSA). This anxiety is fed by scientific theories whose cornerstone is the assessment of these experiences as necessarily harmful, due to their presumed serious consequences for the present and future lives of the minors involved in them. This principle, widely held by experts and laypersons alike, was also part and parcel of the danger presumably posed by Onanism, a phenomenon which occupied a similar position in society and medical science in the West during the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. The present work is a comparative review of these two hypotheses and the central objective was to compare the evolution and fundamental elements of the two hypotheses in light of what history tells us about Onanism theory. This comparative analysis will allow a critical look at the assumptions of the CSA hypothesis in order to make evident the similarities to the conceptual model that enabled the Onanism hypothesis in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the pending cases of trafficking of minors in Croatia. It notes that human trafficking is one of the most profitable illegal businesses worldwide with an estimated annually global profit of $31.6 billion. It states that there are still seven pending cases in the country, in which the public prosecution office has charged the offenders with trafficking in minors and children and in one case with rape of a minor. Furthermore, in the case where the passport of the child was confiscated and was sexually abused by the perpetrator during the last day of the captivity, the prosecutor accused the offender for instigating sexual intercourse with a child. It also mentions that poverty is a significant criminogenic factor in trafficking.

The main objective of this article is to share the intervention experience at a shelter for women and minors who have been victims of domestic violence. This document illustrates the main characteristics of women and minors who have been under observation at the centre, as well as the process they underwent during their stay, both at an external and internal level. Thus, the aim is to create an open space to think over, discuss, and gather knowledge on the development of interventions from the professionals working on and involved in this social problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which examines the local civil laws and the legal protection they offer for teens in cases of intimate partner abuse. The researchers have found that some states have vague laws that require parental involvement in most cases and do not recognize dating violence as a form of intimate partner violence. However, they believe that amendments to these laws can be made to protect underaged victims which they think can increase safety for victims and promote behavior change among teenager abusers.

The article reports on the smuggling of children into the U.S. with commentary on the case study "Children Smuggled Into the United States From Central America and China: A Case Study of the Unaccompanied Minors Shelter Care Program" by R. Ortega. The history of legislation and judicial and policy decisions is described by the case study in addition to the results of some human rights investigations into the treatment of these children. The U.S. policy relating to the treatment of illegal alien children is discussed.

About minors sexually abused. This is a convincing essay about a recurring crime, trying to trace its origin since earlier times to the present. Especially interesting seems the section devoted to the study of the environment in wich sexual abuses on minors are more commonly performed. Most important, according to the Author, because more difficult to detect is the abuse that takes place within the family, only rarely beeing disclosed. More in depth research is necessary especially in a mass society in which any kind of tight control on individual behavior is clearly unfeasable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses collaborative agreements in relation to illegal immigrant minors with commentary on the case study "Children Smuggled into the United States from Central America and China" by R. Ortega. In particular the case study examines the U.S. Unaccompanied Minors Shelter Care Program on the multiple levels of administrative injustice, policy development, and implementation. In doing so it sets about a framework for important reform to immigration policy in the U.S. as well as issues of human rights.