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The interest of sex determination in embryos has an economical and research implication. This method is directly related to the embryo transfer method, which nowadays is considered to be an industry, in both equine and bovine. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the applicability of equine embryo sexing using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to decide if this method is affordable for Romania and yields good results. Five equine embryos have been obtained by natural breeding using transcervical uterine lavage with Ringer Lactate on 6.5 or 7 days. The DNA extraction was performed by using proteinase K and the DNA was quantified by spectrophotometry. Three sets of primers have been used. The double nested PCR was performed, followed by electrophoresis of the amplified samples. From the five embryos obtained, three samples presented a single 445 bp DNA band and no SRY band and they were considered to be females. In two cases, the 445 bp was accompanied by the SRY-1 217 bp and SRY-2 121 bp band, thus being considered to come from male embryos. The embryo biopsy was done in 2 embryos and one biopsied embryo was transferred to a recipient mare. The transfer of the biopsied embryo did not succeed. PCR is suitable for sexing preimplantation equine embryos, but still in order to perform this type of activity at a commercial level, the infrastructure and the development of Equine Reproduction centres it's mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of horse breeding is depending on the fertility of the stallions and on the fertility of the mares. It is important to assess the clinical examination of a stallion and the quality of its semen in order to prevent the transmission of numerous diseases and to appreciate the fertility of the animal. The main purpose of this work was to establish a protocol for the evaluation of the fertility of the chosen stallions. We were interested in realizing a general clinical examination and of the genital apparatus, a detailed laboratory exam of the collected semen and the pregnancy rate in broodmares. This study was conducted on eight adult stallions. After a general clinical exam, the semen was collected and evaluated macroscopically and microscopically by using the photometric method device Spermacue (Minitub). The fertility of each stallion was assessed by the pregnancy rate of the brood mares (n=5 for each animal). All the examined stallions were clinically healthy. The average of the semen volume was 74 ml, the average concentration of spermatozoids was 120 million/ml. The viability of the semen and the motility of the spermatozoids was 50%. Only 3 stallions presented subfertility. For the assessment of the fertility in stallions it is mandatory to realize a complete clinical examination and also to test the immunity of the animal. In the present research work, we demonstrated that the exam of the semen is the most important step for evaluating the fertility of the stallions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study offers a detailed anatomical description of the macroscopical characteristics of the internal conformation of the postdiaphragmatic digestive tract in the main pet species - the dog and the cat. After domestication, the two species, while of common philogenetic origins, have evolved with certain differences from the point of view of feeding habits in the modern era, to omnivore for dogs and strict carnivore for cats. This fact reflects itself in the pathology of this segment and in therapeutic necessities. This aspect justifies the need for better anatomical knowledge of the differences between the two species in the digestive segment. Having discussed in a previous article the differences between these species in terms of external shape, features and organ topography, we have turned to the inner conformation of the gastrointestinal tract. Our study focused on species characteristics description, without underlining race particularities. The study was carried out in the Comparative Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, on five dog bodies and 5 cat bodies lacking digestive pathological modifications. The research used usual dissection techniques, followed by the isolation, the section and the examination of the gastro-intestinal segment in all subjects. Common traits of carnivorous species displayed overall by the digestive tract aside, the main internal conformation differences between dogs and cats were mainly registered in the stomach. In this segment, the cat displays a uniform gastric mucosa, while the linen varies in the dog. The duodenum of both species has similar mucosa and two duodenal papillae, but the placement and presence of the papillae differ. The large intestine of dogs and cats has lesser differences, aside from the disposition of the lining folds of the colon [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. The distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ), also known as coffin joint, represents an articular complex between the middle phalanx the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid bone. Imaging techniques of this region include radiography, ultrasonography, thermography, nuclear scintigraphy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. The purpose of this study is to describe the technique of ultrasonographic examination of dorsal aspect of the equine foot and to present images of the ultrasonographic anatomy in this region. Materials and Methods. Ten healthy horses with no history of lameness and without any clinical signs like local swelling or joint distension have been ultrasounded. Longitudinal and transverse sections were realized. The results were compared to anatomical dissections and reference anatomical images. Results. The dorsal ultrasonographic approach of DIPJ allowed us to examine and to imagine the specific anatomic features of the following anatomical structures: skin, periople, corium limbi, pulvinus coronae, dorsal digital extensor tendon, coronal artery and vein, dorsal rami (artery and vein) of the middle phalanx, dorsal recess of the distal interphalangeal joint, the subchondral bone and articular surface of the middle phalanx and processus extensorius of the distal phalanx. Conclusions. Ultrasonography is a non-invasive procedure that allowed us to adequately examine the dorsal aspect of the equine foot in most of the clinical cases. A complete topographic imaging can be done on longitudinal sections. The main abnormal findings include periarticular fragmentation and osteophytes as well as synovitis of the dorsal recess of DIPJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study initiated by us aims to describe, interpret and elucidate several aspects regarding the topography, the morphology and the drainage of the mammary lymphatic circulatory system.Because this paper is part of a more complex research project we chose to present a comparative study with results regarding the cranial abdominal mammary gland (A1) in pregnant cats and lactating cats. We have used the method of radiographic indirect lymphography with a contrast agent. The lymphographies were taken in the Radiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, using a TEMCO GRx-01 type fixed radiographic equipment. This study method has allowed us to underline the mammary lymphatic drainage and interglandular lymphatic connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we tried to evidence the type of lymphatic vascularisation in the mammary gland at bitches, as well as the capture of some possible lymphatic connections between the border homo-lateral mammary glands, including the hetero-lateral ones. All of these things imply a good knowledge of the mammary lymphatic irrigation, the lymphatic's drainage way and the possibility of communication between the mammary glands through the lymphatic vessels, although, in this field of study there are few data on these kind of connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study was developed by using and observing six mammary glands coming from: two cows, two mares and two camels of the Camelus Bactrianus species. The procedure consisted of introducing a tube into the arterial vessels' lumen, through which we then injected a special material, consisting of the industrial product Palux and a red dye. The injected mammary glands were kept in a 2% formaldehyde for 24 hours and then dissected, a process that was done both by direct observance and by using a magnifying glass, to enable a more accurate study of our case. The arterial vascularization in large ruminants is carried out by the external pudendal artery, which branches at the terminal point - in most cases, developing the caudal mammary artery, A. mammaria caudalis, and the cranial mammary artery, A. mammaria cranialis. The caudal mammary arteries participate, after issuing the collaterals responsible for the vascularization of the limphonodes adjacent to the mammals, to the vascularization of the posterior quarters. The cranial mammary artery emits one or two collaterals which ensure the vascularization of the medial gland region, eventually branching into the lateral mammary artery and the medial mammary artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study we have performed was conducted during 2006-2007, on a number of 16 horses, aged between 4 and 18 years, belonging to following breeds: Quarter Horse, Dutch Warmblood, Thoroughbred, Passo Fino, Hanoverian, Selle Française. There is no direct correlation between the age and incidence of this degenerative process. The therapy of this disease has sought the combination between medical treatment and recovery one, and surgical treatment when the results of medical treatment and the recovery were negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the anatomical study that we have done is represented by a comparative description of the pelvic limb skeleton in dromadery camel (Camelus Dromedarius), cow (Bos Taurus) and mare (Equus Caballus). From these animals, only camel doesn't live in the natural habitat of our country. We obtained the material, consisting of two camels, two cows and two mares corps with the support of The Management of Globus Circus Bucharest and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj. The corps were prepared as a teaching aid in The Comparative Anatomy laboratory from The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj Napoca. The purpose of this study is the emphasis of the distinctive elements from the pelvic limb skeleton from these three species, being directly linked to: Os Coxae, Femur, Patella, Tibia and Fibula and Autopodium. The major differences were observed at Cingulum Membri Pelvini, as well as Stylopodium Pelvini and Autopodium Pelvini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study has been done on seven fresh state hearts of adult healthy pigs that had been slaughtered by exsanguinations. Anatomical observations had been effectuated in the aim of describing the particularities of the cardiac orifices configuration and cardiac vascular system in swine. For this purpose we emphasize the peculiarities of the aortic opening and the right coronary artery origin, trajectory and branches in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]