7 results on '"CREDIT LAW"'
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2. Credit in the slave trade and plantation economies.
- Abstract
A few years ago, I was invited to prepare for this conference a paper on credit in the slave trade. Over the years, I had accumulated some scraps of data on this topic, as well as bibliographic references to the vast and ever-growing library of scholarly books on slavery. After accepting this deceptively easy assignment, I proceeded through a very long shelf of publications on the slave trade – including many by those here today – only to discover that most of these erudite works had relatively little to say about credit. Thus, of necessity, this chapter is not a rich synthesis of existing scholarship but an exploratory essay suggesting some questions and answers hinted at by our still scrappy evidence. We can perhaps usefully start with a generalized if simplified way of thinking about the problem of credit in the slave trade and slave economies. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the dynamic areas of the slave economies, the principal destinations of the slave trade, were in most cases what can be described from a European perspective as initially frontier areas, underpopulated territories of new settlement. In such areas, land is characteristically abundant and cheap, whereas capital and labor are scarce and, by European standards, expensive. Such almost valueless land can be made productive and valuable – a process succinctly expressed is the French phrase mettre en valeur – only by the application of capital and labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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3. La réception par la jurisprudence de la législation sur le crédit à la consommation
- Author
-
Franc, Patricia, STAR, ABES, Centre de Recherches Critiques sur le Droit (CERCRID), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, and Pascal Ancel
- Subjects
Droit commun ,[SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,Consumer protection ,[SHS.DROIT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,Code de la consommation ,Consumer credit ,Credit law ,Loi Scrivener - Abstract
Consumers often engage themselves in a consumer habit in order to purchase domestic appliances or furniture. They can stand by protection when the parties begin to negociate and during the whole life of the contract. Consumer protection can be effected through a multiplicity of rules. First of all, there are the common rules. This rules are in the Code civil. A special law for consumers was born during the seventies. The first consumer credit law in France was the SCRIVENER law, 1978. Often modified since this date. The last significant modification resulted from an European directive, which was transfered by a law n°2010-737 on first july 2010. The main purpose of my research is to observe how the Cour de cassation articulates special and common rules. Does the special law really protect consumers ? Special law is very formal. Is it a chance or a problem for consumers ? If it is a problem, how the Cour de cassation can get around it ? Are common rules useful ?, Le consommateur, lorsqu’il souscrit un contrat de crédit pour les besoins de sa vie courante, achat d’une automobile par exemple, bénéficie d’un certain nombre de protections. Différentes sources du droit sont susceptibles d’être articulées : les mécanismes du droit commun des contrats présents dans le Code civil, mais aussi une législation spéciale, née de la loi dite SCRIVENER I du 10 janvier 1978, présente dans le Code de la consommation. Cette législation spéciale, bien que récente, a été modifiée à plusieurs reprises, la dernière modification d’importance étant la transposition en droit français de la directive européenne du 23 avril 2008 par la loi du 1er juillet 2010. Le droit du crédit à la consommation est un droit jeune, dense, foisonnant, ambitieux, qui revendique un haut degré de protection du consommateur et fait du formalisme son cheval de Troie. Mais c’est aussi un droit de passion, élaboré souvent dans l’urgence, sensible politiquement, médiatisé, objet de lobbies, parfois maladroitement rédigé ou transposé, approximatif, lacunaire. Au sein de la Cour de cassation, c’est à la Première Chambre civile qu’il appartient de connaître des questions en lien avec le droit de la consommation. Dès lors, comment la Première Chambre civile parvient-elle à manipuler ce droit spécial du crédit à la consommation ? Parvient-elle à en gommer les défauts, à en pallier les manques ? Comment articule-t-elle les protections en présence ? Doit-elle faire face à des résistances de la part des juridictions du fond ? Dans cette tâche unificatrice, le droit commun lui apporte-t-il un secours bienvenu ? Et la CJUE ? In fine, le consommateur emprunteur est-il protégé efficacement ?
- Published
- 2015
4. Bankgarantin enligt svensk rätt : Särskilt om Adjudication Bond
- Author
-
Lindstrand, Henrik
- Subjects
Credit ,Självständighet ,Säkerhetsrätt ,Krediträtt ,Independence ,Sekundär ,on demand ,Adjudication Bond ,Primär ,Accessoritet ,Private law ,Civilrätt ,Bankgaranti ,primary ,Credit law ,bank guarantee ,Garanti ,Betalningsmekanism ,secondary ,Accessory ,Payment mechanism ,On demand-garanti - Abstract
I uppsatsen utreds Adjudication Bond, vilket i Sverige är en ny typ av bankgaranti. För att bedöma denna görs en jämförelse med hur bankgarantier som rättsligt institut förhåller sig till svensk rätt. Bankgarantier används både i Sverige och internationellt. De utgör säkerhet för ett underliggande avtals riktiga fullgörelse. Den ena parten (uppdragsgivaren) till det underliggande avtalet ger banken i uppdrag att ställa ut bankgarantin till förmån för dennes motpart (beneficienten) för det fall att uppdragsgivaren inte uppfyller sitt åtagande enligt det underliggande avtalet. Bankgarantier kan varieras på olika sätt och ställas ut för alla typer av underliggande avtal. Bankgarantier är antingen självständiga eller accessoriska. Vid den självständiga bankgarantin ska beneficientens rätt till ersättning endast bedömas enligt bankgarantins villkor, emedan vid accessoriska bankgarantier denna rätt ska bedömas också enligt det underliggande avtalet. I garantins s.k. betalningsmekanism uppställs de krav som beneficientens begäran måste uppfylla för att ersättning ska utbetalas. Således kan det endast krävas en begäran från beneficienten (on demand), men därutöver kan det krävas att beneficienten till sin begäran presenterar ytterligare dokument, bestående av ett expertintyg eller ett domslut, som bekräftar beneficientens rätt till ersättning. Adjudication är ett speciellt tvistelösningsförfarande där en tvist ska avgöras med tillämplig lag men där avgörandet inte är slutligt. Således faller Adjudication Bond mellan expertintyget och domslutet. I uppsatsen framgår det att Adjudication Bond ska presumeras vara en självständig bankgaranti, med mindre det tydligt framgår i garantivillkoren att den är accessorisk. Vidare fastslås att Adjudication Bond är en bankgaranti som kan bedömas både enligt remburs- och borgensreglerna. The thesis examines Adjudication Bond, which is a new kind of bank guarantee in Sweden. The examination is conducted by a comparison of how bank guarantees, as legal institutes, relate to Swedish law. Bank guarantees are used in Sweden and in international trade. They guarantee the due performance of an underlying contract. A party (principal) to the underlying contract instructs the bank to issue the guarantee on behalf of the principal in favour of the other party to the underlying contract (beneficiary) for the due performance of the underlying contract. Bank guarantees can be altered in various ways and be issued for all kind of underlying contracts. Bank guarantees are either independent or accessory. Under the independent guarantee the beneficiary’s call on the guarantee shall be assessed only pursuant to the conditions in the guarantee, whereas under the accessory guarantee the call shall be assessed also pursuant to the underlying contract. The guarantee’s payment mechanism specifies what requirements the call must fulfil in order to trigger the payment. Thus, the call may be honoured on the beneficiary’s demand (on demand), or the beneficiary may have to submit any additional document, such as expert certificate or a court decision, that confirms the beneficiary’s right to payment. Adjudication is a special sort of dispute resolution; the dispute is settled in accordance with applicable law but the decision is not final. Hence, the Adjudication Bond encompasses partly the expert certificate and partly the court decision. In the thesis I argue that the Adjudication Bond shall be perceived as an independent bank guarantee, unless it is clear from the guarantee’s conditions that it is accessory. Further, I hold that Adjudication Bond is a bank guarantee on which the rules of letter of credit and suretyship can be applied.
- Published
- 2010
5. Bank guarantees under Swedish law : In particular regarding Adjudication Bond
- Author
-
Lindstrand, Henrik
- Subjects
Credit ,Självständighet ,Säkerhetsrätt ,Krediträtt ,Independence ,Sekundär ,on demand ,Adjudication Bond ,Primär ,Accessoritet ,Private law ,Civilrätt ,Bankgaranti ,primary ,Credit law ,bank guarantee ,Garanti ,Betalningsmekanism ,secondary ,Accessory ,Payment mechanism ,On demand-garanti - Abstract
I uppsatsen utreds Adjudication Bond, vilket i Sverige är en ny typ av bankgaranti. För att bedöma denna görs en jämförelse med hur bankgarantier som rättsligt institut förhåller sig till svensk rätt. Bankgarantier används både i Sverige och internationellt. De utgör säkerhet för ett underliggande avtals riktiga fullgörelse. Den ena parten (uppdragsgivaren) till det underliggande avtalet ger banken i uppdrag att ställa ut bankgarantin till förmån för dennes motpart (beneficienten) för det fall att uppdragsgivaren inte uppfyller sitt åtagande enligt det underliggande avtalet. Bankgarantier kan varieras på olika sätt och ställas ut för alla typer av underliggande avtal. Bankgarantier är antingen självständiga eller accessoriska. Vid den självständiga bankgarantin ska beneficientens rätt till ersättning endast bedömas enligt bankgarantins villkor, emedan vid accessoriska bankgarantier denna rätt ska bedömas också enligt det underliggande avtalet. I garantins s.k. betalningsmekanism uppställs de krav som beneficientens begäran måste uppfylla för att ersättning ska utbetalas. Således kan det endast krävas en begäran från beneficienten (on demand), men därutöver kan det krävas att beneficienten till sin begäran presenterar ytterligare dokument, bestående av ett expertintyg eller ett domslut, som bekräftar beneficientens rätt till ersättning. Adjudication är ett speciellt tvistelösningsförfarande där en tvist ska avgöras med tillämplig lag men där avgörandet inte är slutligt. Således faller Adjudication Bond mellan expertintyget och domslutet. I uppsatsen framgår det att Adjudication Bond ska presumeras vara en självständig bankgaranti, med mindre det tydligt framgår i garantivillkoren att den är accessorisk. Vidare fastslås att Adjudication Bond är en bankgaranti som kan bedömas både enligt remburs- och borgensreglerna. The thesis examines Adjudication Bond, which is a new kind of bank guarantee in Sweden. The examination is conducted by a comparison of how bank guarantees, as legal institutes, relate to Swedish law. Bank guarantees are used in Sweden and in international trade. They guarantee the due performance of an underlying contract. A party (principal) to the underlying contract instructs the bank to issue the guarantee on behalf of the principal in favour of the other party to the underlying contract (beneficiary) for the due performance of the underlying contract. Bank guarantees can be altered in various ways and be issued for all kind of underlying contracts. Bank guarantees are either independent or accessory. Under the independent guarantee the beneficiary’s call on the guarantee shall be assessed only pursuant to the conditions in the guarantee, whereas under the accessory guarantee the call shall be assessed also pursuant to the underlying contract. The guarantee’s payment mechanism specifies what requirements the call must fulfil in order to trigger the payment. Thus, the call may be honoured on the beneficiary’s demand (on demand), or the beneficiary may have to submit any additional document, such as expert certificate or a court decision, that confirms the beneficiary’s right to payment. Adjudication is a special sort of dispute resolution; the dispute is settled in accordance with applicable law but the decision is not final. Hence, the Adjudication Bond encompasses partly the expert certificate and partly the court decision. In the thesis I argue that the Adjudication Bond shall be perceived as an independent bank guarantee, unless it is clear from the guarantee’s conditions that it is accessory. Further, I hold that Adjudication Bond is a bank guarantee on which the rules of letter of credit and suretyship can be applied.
- Published
- 2010
6. Economic Integration in the Maghreb
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,CUSTOMS ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,WORLD TRADE ,FOOD PRICE ,CROSSING ,COMMODITIES ,ROAD ,SPEEDS ,BOTTLENECKS ,GLOBAL INTEGRATION ,INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR ,RENEWABLE ENERGY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,TRADE OPENNESS ,TRADE PERFORMANCE ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,RAILWAY ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,TRADE AGREEMENTS ,FOREIGN COMPETITION ,FINANCIAL SYSTEMS ,REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ,TRANSPARENCY ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,MARITIME TRANSPORT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,TRADE BARRIERS ,POLITICAL REASONS ,CREDIT LAW ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,CROSS-BORDER TRADE ,FOREIGN BANKS ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,TRUE ,AIRPORTS ,INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE ,TRADING BLOCS ,OPEN SKIES ,PATTERN OF TRADE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE ,WEALTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,CONSUMERS ,GRAVITY MODEL ,BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,WTO ,GDP ,INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS ,FREE TRADE ZONE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,OPEN ECONOMIES ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,ROADS ,EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ,EXPORTS ,AIR ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE REFORMS ,EXCHANGE MARKET ,UNIVERSAL COVERAGE ,CUSTOMS CLEARANCE PROCEDURES ,MARKET SEGMENTATION ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,EXCHANGE RATE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,PRODUCTION STRUCTURES ,CURRENCY ,CROSS-BORDER CAPITAL ,INFLATION RATES ,FUELS ,FULL LIBERALIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,PRIVATIZATION ,MOBILE PHONE ,ARAB FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ,SECURITIES ,AD VALOREM ,REAL GDP ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,FUEL TRADE ,MICROFINANCE ,CENTRAL BANKS ,TRUCKS ,COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER ,EXPORT PRODUCTS ,BILATERAL IMPORTS ,TRADE DIVERSION ,INSPECTION ,TRANSPORTATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,DEEPER TRADE INTEGRATION ,MARKET ECONOMY ,HIGH TRANSPORT ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE ,FOREIGN TRADE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,EXPORT PATTERNS ,DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,TAX ,CUSTOMS UNION ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,TRADE TRANSACTION ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,DRIVERS ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES ,POLITICAL CONDITIONS ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS ,TRADE FACILITATION ,PORT SERVICES ,TARIFF EQUIVALENT ,COMMON MARKET ,IMPORTING COUNTRY ,VOLUME OF TRADE ,INFORMATION SHARING ,FINANCIAL SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,PAYMENT SYSTEMS ,BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE ,NET EXPORTERS ,INTRAREGIONAL TRADE ,RAILWAY SECTOR ,SANITATION ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES ,APPLIED TARIFF ,POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS ,LABOR MARKET ,POTENTIAL BENEFITS ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,TRAINS ,ROAD NETWORK ,TRADE INTEGRATION ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,BORDER TRADE ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,MOBILITY ,TRADE POLICIES ,CUSTOMS CLEARANCE ,FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ,GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ,CREDIT INTERMEDIATION ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,TRANSIT ,COUNTRY TARIFF ,CAPITAL MARKET ,FUEL ,FREE TRADE AREA ,FINANCIAL SECTORS ,HARMONIZATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,REGIONAL TRADE ,FREE TRADE IN MANUFACTURES ,DERIVATIVES MARKETS ,LIBERALIZATION ,EUROPEAN UNION ,APPLICABLE LAW ,ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ,AVERAGE TRADE ,HIGH DUTIES ,BENCHMARK ,FINANCIAL INTEGRATION ,HIGHWAY ,REGIONAL GROUPINGS ,QUALITY OF TRANSPORT ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,TRADE VOLUMES ,PAYMENTS SYSTEMS ,REGIONAL TRANSPORT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,TRADE FLOWS ,ROAD LINKS ,TRADE MORE ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,POLICY RESEARCH ,ROAD SYSTEM ,MONOPOLIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,MONEY MARKET ,EXTERNAL TARIFF ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,EQUITY MARKETS ,FOREIGN OWNERSHIP ,AIR TRANSPORT ,AIR TRAVEL ,REGULATORS ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TRADE CREATION ,OPEN MARKETS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,TRADE ASSOCIATION ,TARIFF RATES ,TARIFF LEVELS ,TARIFF SCHEDULE - Abstract
This report reviews the status of Maghreb countries' economic integration with the world, with the Arab world, and within the Maghreb itself. It focuses on trade in goods and services, labor and capital flows, financial integration and cross-border infrastructure integration. It discusses the potential benefits of and key constraints to greater integration. The focus on trade liberalization with the European Union (EU) provides an opportunity for individual Maghreb countries to lock in policies that would eventually help them harmonize policies within their own region. The same argument can be made regarding accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The Maghreb countries would reap significant additional benefits if, in parallel to reforms undertaken to improve trade liberalization with Europe, they improved conditions for streamlined trade among themselves. There is significant potential for trade in services in the financial sector, transportation and logistics, and communications and information, among other sectors. According to some studies, comprehensive services reforms that involve increased competition and regulatory streamlining would yield benefits that are at least twice the magnitude of those achieved through tariff removal alone.
- Published
- 2010
7. The machinery of crediting and the prospects of its development in Ukraine
- Subjects
механізм кредитування ,економічні і соціальні програми розвитку ,workforce ,кредитное законодательство ,трудові ресурси ,credit law ,трудовые ресурсы ,механизм кредитования ,economic and social development programs ,экономические и социальные программы ,credit mechanism ,кредитне законодавство - Abstract
У статті розглядається зміст механізму кредитування, його особливості функціонування в Україні. Проведено короткий аналіз таких складових механізму кредитування, як законодавчі і нормативні акти, економічні і соціальні програми, кредитні ресурси, трудові ресурси. Автором запропоновано шляхи підвищення ефективності механізму кредитування. The mechanism of crediting, its peculiarities in Ukraine are considered in the article. A short analysis of such components of the mechanism of crediting, as legislative and normative acts, economic and social programs, credit resources, labour resources in done. The author suggests the ways how to rise the efficiency of mechanism of crediting.
- Published
- 2003
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