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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motor learning is witnessing great development, especially in the field of children learning some sports, including swimming, which requires us to use new and advanced methods of learning, as it is necessary to create a renewed environment through suspense and excitement to remove the fear factor among children from the water environment using swimming games. The study aims to identify the effect of a swimming games program on learning a freestyle swimming for beginners aged (6- 7) years. The study sample was determined from those wishing to learn to swim (beginners) who were not proficient in swimming, and the number was (20) beginners. They were divided randomly into two groups, experimental and control, with (10) beginners for each group. Thus, the sample percentage is (66.66%). The experimental method was also used to suit the nature of the problem. Then they were given two introductory units. Pre-tests were then conducted, after which the experimental sample was subjected to a curriculum that included a group of swimming games that were included in the main section of the educational unit. The total number of educational units reached 24 educational units over a period of (8) weeks, with two educational units per week. As for the control group, it continued to implement its traditional curriculum, with three educational units per week. As for the data, it was dealt with using the appropriate statistical method. The most important conclusions are that Swimming games have a positive effect on learning freestyle swimming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The tethered swimming (TS) is an ergometer where swimming is simulated in an ecological environment, commonly used for assessing force in water. Objective: This systematic review aims at a critical appraise of the literature on the biomechanical and physiological variables obtained from many protocols and tests assessing force–time curve in TS. Methods: We explored the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Academic Search Premier (PROSPERO protocol CRD42020204826), and manually searched the reference papers list. Observational studies with swimming protocols and tests were included (with any follow-up and published in the full version). The following exclusion criteria would be used, but they were not necessary, as no case met these criteria. Our search was based on the adapted Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist. Results: In total, 55 articles were examined extensively for fitting the established inclusion criteria. Quality of the articles included ranged from 35.7 to 85.7% (65.7 ± 13.3%). Most studies addressing TS were assessed [peak = 41 and average force = 39], whereas only a very few studies referred to measures of [force impulse = 21, fatigue index = 11, force development rate = 5], and physiological variables [oxygen consumption = 10, blood lactate concentration = 8, and heart rate = 6]. The studies were carried out with durations of 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 25 s, 30 s, 55 s, 1, 2, or 3 min, related to the duration to perform 10 and 20 complete strokes in front crawl swimming technique. Conclusion: Based on the general results of this systematic review, the impulse seems to be the most reliable measure and presented linear correlation with swimming speed. In contrast, the TS physiological responses show compatibility for the aerobic response, critical force, and maximal oxygen uptake determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses an intervention in a first-year physics lab course that uses the Vitruvian Man as a teaching tool to develop students' understanding of evidence in scientific inquiry. The activity involves students measuring each other's body height and arm span to investigate whether there is a relationship between the two. The article describes how the data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted, and emphasizes the importance of choosing suitable methods and procedures to obtain valid data. The activity also introduces students to programming and data analysis using Python. The article concludes by highlighting the benefits of this activity and the need for further development of students' understanding of evidence in experimental physics. [Extracted from the article]

Artistic swimming is an Olympic sport requiring a high level of fitness, as well as technical skills, artistry, flexibility, a good sense of rhythm, remarkable lung capacity and physical strength. The artistic swimming of adolescents has been largely untouched by the scientific community, so training this group based on scientific data is difficult. Due to the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, this study aimed to measure the technical elements, strength parameters, and swimming performance of young artistic swimmers and to compare swimming performance and strength with the quality of artistic element performances. Hungarian female junior artistic swimmers (14.36 ± 1.01 year) participated in this study. Swimming tests were performed, and three basic elements (body boost, barracuda, and vertical position) were scored. A negative correlation was found between 100 m freestyle swimming times and vertical position scores, as well as between 50 m breaststroke leg swimming times and body boost scores. Moreover, three months of breaststroke leg swim training resulted in improvements in body boost performance. In addition, a positive correlation was found between mean hand grip strength and barracuda scores, as well as between vertical position scores. According to the results of three months of breaststroke leg training, swimming practice improves artistic swimming performance by itself. A correlation was found between strength parameters and the execution of synchro elements, showing the importance of complex training strategies in this sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the relationship between dryland tests and swimming performance in elite Paralympic swimmers. Fifteen competitive swimmers (age: 27.4 ± 5.4 years, height: 1.70 ± 6.8 m, body mass: 67.9 ± 9.2 kg; 9 males, 6 females) performed a lat pull-down and a bench press incremental load test to determine maximum power (Pmax), the strength corresponding to maximum power (F@Pmax), and the barbell velocity corresponding to maximum power (V@Pmax) from the force–velocity and power–velocity profiles. These outcomes were also normalized by the athlete's body mass. Swimming performance was carried out from the best result in a 100 m freestyle race registered during an international competition. Lat pull-down F@Pmax was significantly associated with 100 m freestyle chronometric time (ρ = −0.56, p < 0.05), and lat pull-down V@Pmax presented a relationship with mean swimming velocity (ρ = 0.71, p < 0.01). Similarly, bench press F@Pmax and the normalized F@Pmax were significantly related to the mean swimming velocity (ρ = −0.51, ρ = −0.62, p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression showed that lat pull-down V@Pmax, bench press normF@Pmax, and V@Pmax accounted for 40.6%, 42.3%, and 65.8% (p < 0.05) of the mean swimming velocity variance. These preliminary results highlighted that simple dryland tests, although with a moderate relationship, are significantly associated with 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite Paralympic swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay titled "What Water Is" by Lauren K. Watel explores the author's personal experiences and memories with water. The author discusses childhood incidents involving swimming lessons, beach trips, and pool parties, highlighting her fear and anxiety towards water. The essay also touches on the concept of water as an enemy and draws parallels to the art of war. The author reflects on the allure and fascination of water, despite its potential dangers. The essay concludes by mentioning the influence of films and television shows in shaping the author's perception of water. Overall, the text delves into the author's relationship with water and her journey to become a proficient swimmer, emphasizing the importance of respecting and appreciating water as a powerful force. [Extracted from the article]

The effects of IT and R.I.C.E. treatment on arm muscle performance in overhead athletes with elbow pain (EP) have been partially validated. However, there is a lack of research evidence regarding the efficacy of these two methods on arm muscle performance among swimmers with EP. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends and differences in the effects of IT and R.I.C.E. treatment on arm muscle performance among swimmers with EP. The main outcomes were the time effects and group effects of interventions on muscle voluntary contraction (MVC). Sixty elite freestyle swimmers from Tianjin, China, voluntarily participated in the study and completed a 10-week intervention program. Swimmers with EP in the IT group showed a positive trend in MVC, with an approximately 2% increase, whereas the MVC of subjects in the R.I.C.E. treatment group and control group decreased by approximately 4% and 5%, respectively. In comparison, the effects of the IT intervention on the MVC of the triceps and brachioradialis muscles in swimmers with EP were significant (p = 0.042 < 0.05, p = 0.027 < 0.05). The mean MVC value of the IT group (0.60) was greater than that of the other two groups (0.51, 0.50). IT has a beneficial impact on the MVC performance of the triceps and brachioradialis muscles in swimmers with EP. It is recommended that professionals consider incorporating IT into regular training routines to mitigate the risk of EP issues. Future research should examine the effectiveness of both interventions on hand-grip strength and completion time in 50-m freestyle swim drills in order for swimmers with EP to return to this sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the Effect of Swim Board Aids on Learning Basic Freestyle Swimming Techniques in Class VII Students of SMP Negeri 5 West Karawang. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach with experimental research methods. The population in this study was all students of SMPN 5 Karawang Barat class VII which amounted to 394 students. The study sample was taken using cluster random sampling technique. This research instrument uses freestyle swimming skill tests that have previously been made by previous researchers. Data analysis techniques using pretest posttest design. The result of the study was a pretest mean of 9.20 and a greater posttest mean = 12.07. The results of the paired sample t-test analysis with the data obtained are the significance value (2-tailed) = 0.000 less than the significance level (α) = 0.05, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that learning using swim board aids can affect the improvement of basic freestyle swimming techniques at SMPN 5 West Karawang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of plyometric exercises on the development of leg kicks in freestyle swimming. The study sample consisted of 24 students from the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Mutah University (advanced swimmers). They were randomly divided into two equal groups, with the first group using traditional training methods, and the second group using plyometric exercises. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher employed an experimental approach suitable for the study's nature. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the study, when comparing the pre-test and post-test results of the control group, indicated that the traditional method had a positive effect on improving leg kicks in freestyle swimming. Similarly, when comparing the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group, the experimental method showed a positive effect in enhancing leg kicks in freestyle swimming. Based on the study's findings, the researcher recommended raising awareness among coaches about the importance of using plyometric exercises due to their positive impact on improving leg kicks in freestyle swimming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat: Educational Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Health Sport Rehabilitation is the property of H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pacing strategy refers to the distribution of effort and speed throughout the race to achieve optimal performance. This study aims to understand whether the choice of pacing strategy in swimming depends on the length of competitions and how sex, age, and performance level influence this strategy. Participants were the finalists of the 800 m and 1500 m freestyle events at the elite and junior world championships in 2022–2023. Race outcomes and pacing parameters were compared between the two distances and across different groups of swimmers. Swimmers in both distances did not break world records. Pacing strategy generally followed a U-shape with significant differences in the frequency and duration of speed changes between the two distances. The 800 m exhibited more frequent changes in acceleration, while the 1500 m events generally followed a more consistent time-series pattern. There were differences in pacing strategies between males and females and between junior and elite swimmers. Swimmers closer to world records showed more consistent pacing patterns compared to those farther from records. This study suggests that pacing strategies are influenced by race distance, sex, age, and performance level. The research highlights the complex interplay between physiological and psychological factors that shape a swimmer's decision-making during a race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by various tissues and cells under normal physiological or pathological conditions. Exercise-induced EVs may be involved in the adaptation of exercise-induced fatigue. The 1500-m freestyle is the longest pool-based swimming event in the Olympic Games, and there is a paucity of information regarding changes in the miRNA profiles of circulating EVs after a single session of fatiguing swimming. In this study, 13 male freestyle swimmers conducted a fatiguing 1500-m freestyle swimming session at the speed of their best previously recorded swimming performance. Fasting venous blood was collected before and after the swimming session for analysis. 70 miRNAs from the circulating EVs were found to be differentially expressed after the fatiguing 1500-m freestyle swimming session, among which 45 and 25 miRNAs were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. As for the target genes of five miRNAs (miR-144-3p, miR-145-3p, miR-509-5p, miR-891b, and miR-890) with the largest expression-fold variation, their functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the target genes were involved in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glutathione metabolism pathway, dopaminergic synapse, signal transmission, and other biological processes. In summary, these findings reveal that a single session of fatiguing swimming modifies the miRNAs profiles of the circulating EVs, especially miR-144-3p, miR-145-3p, miR-509-5p, miR-891b, and miR-890, which clarifies new mechanisms for the adaptation to a single session of fatiguing exercise from the perspective of EV-miRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of a proposed cross-training program on the development of arm muscle strength for advanced swimmers pursuing water rescue certification in Jordan. The researcher employed an experimental approach, and the study sample consisted of 30 swimmers registered in the water rescue course at the Youth Leadership Development Center in Jordan, within the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Mutah University. They were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two equal and comparable groups: an experimental group comprising 15 swimmers who underwent the proposed cross-training program for arm muscle strength development, and a control group consisting of 15 swimmers who followed the conventional training program. The implementation of the training program took 8 weeks, with two instructional units per week, totaling 16 instructional units. The study results revealed statistically significant differences at a significance level (= a 0.05) in arm muscle strength development among advanced swimmers pursuing water rescue certification between the two groups in the post-measurement, in favor of the experimental group, with an effect size ranging from 13.10% to 17.25%.Based on the study's findings, the researcher recommends the use of cross-training programs that focus on arm muscle strength development in the freestyle swimming stroke, as it can lead to improved swimming speed for advanced swimmers pursuing water rescue certification in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This study aimed to determine the difference in the parameters of the level and degree of motor swimming skills formation among winner swimmers based on monitoring the results of the final swims at the XIX World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, held on June 18-30, 2022. Methods. Theoretical analysis of literary sources and practice experience, monitoring ascertaining experiment, generalization of documentary materials and mathematical statistics. The best final achievements of athletes among 114 men and 115 women at all 49 distances of sports and marathon swimming were established according to the program of these prestigious competitions. Results. For the first time, the dynamics of formation of motor swimming skills according to the possibilities of overcoming distances by different methods of swimming depending on the gender difference of participants by almost similar age (men, x±m=23.85±1.65; women, x±m = 22.64±2.23; t =0.039, p>0.05) and a significant difference between the achievements of men and women (men, x±m=1.84±0.18; women, x±m = 1.67±0.16; t = 9.097, p<0.05) at the final starts of the XIX World Swimming Championships in 2022. Thus, the biggest difference was recorded in freestyle swimming for short and medium distances - 0.22 m/s, butterfly swimming - 0.20 m/s, backstroke swimming - 0.20 m/s and relay swimming - 0.20 m/s, breaststroke - 0.19 m/s, then in medley - 0.17 m/s, and the smallest difference was recorded at stayer freestyle distances - 0.12 m/s, in marathon - 0.12 m/s and joint relay races - 0.11 m/s. Thus, the overall difference between the average swimming speed in men and women at all swimming distances is above - 0.17 m/s (men, x±m=1,84±0,18; women, x±m = 1,67±0,16; t=9,097, p<0,05). Conclusions. The dynamics of the formation of motor swimming skills according to the possibilities of overcoming different swimming distances depending on the gender difference of the participants of the final races at a similar age at the XIX World Swimming Championships 2022 has been carefully studied. The biggest difference in average swimming speed was recorded: 50 m - 0.235 m/s, 100 m - 0.205 m/s and relay swimming - 0.203 m/s, 200 m - 0.172 m/s, 400 m and stayer swimming distances - 800-1500 m - 0.135 m/s, and the slightest difference was observed in marathon swimming - 0.12 m/s and compatible relay races - 0.11 m/s. The overall difference in indicators is more than 0.17 m/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Determine the objective level of formation of swimming skills based on the results of performances of the strongest prize-winning swimmers among men and women, participants in the final swims of sports and marathon swimming at the XXXVI European Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, held on August 11-17 and 20-21, 2022. Methods. Theoretical analysis of literary sources and practice experience, monitoring ascertaining experiment, generalization of documentary materials, mathematical statistics. The best final achievements of European swimmers among 117 men and 117 women on all 49 distances of sports and marathon swimming were established according to the program of these prestigious competitions of the continent. Results. In terms of age, men and women wanderers were almost the same: men, x±m=23.84 ± 1.92; women, x±m = 23.80 ± 2.05; t = 0.93, p>0.05. The level of difference in achievements among men from women in terms of average swimming speed is determined by the distances of their overcoming by various means: first, it concerns freestyle sprint swimming and freestyle relay and combined at the level up to - 0.21 m/s. A further advantage of the average swimming speed in men compared to women is observed in swimming butterfly and backstroke - 0.20 m/s, breaststroke at the level - 0.19 m/s, medley swimming - 0.17 m/s, and stayer swimming at 400-800-1500 m - 0.15 m/s. Less difference in average swimming speed in women from men is observed in mixed relay races up to - 0.13 m/s and in marathon swimming - 0.12 m/s. Therefore, the overall difference in average swimming speed is more than - 0.18 m/s: men, x±m=1.84 ± 0.16; women, x±m=1.66 ± 0.14; t=7,46; p<0.05. Conclusions. The generalized difference in the results of the formation of swimming skills in men from women in terms of average speed is determined by distances: primarily at 50 m: freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke at the level - 0.22 m/s and 100 m - 0.22 m/s. Smaller difference by 400 m - 0.19 m/s, distance by 200 m - 0.18 m/s, by 800-1500 m - 0.16 m/s, and the smallest difference in mixed joint relay races - 0.13 m/s and marathon swimming 5000-10000 m - 0.12 m/s. The generalized difference between the average swimming speed of men and women was 0.18 m/s: men, x±m=1.84 ± 0.16; women, x±m=1.66 ± 0.14; t=7,46; p<0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon in which there is an increase in induced momentum in sporting activities after muscle contractions. In swimming, the start of the race and the increase in speed in its first few meters are important. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the PAP protocol, which included a simulated body weight start on the ground, on the swimming start and on the 25 m freestyle performance. Methods: The study included 14 male and 14 female swimmers, 14.9 ± 0.6 years old. All the swimmers performed three maximal attempts of 25 m freestyle swimming from the starting block on three different days in a randomly counterbalanced order. In each session, swimmers performed either a 25 m freestyle without any intervention before the swimming trial (CG), or performed four vertical simulated ground starts at maximal effort, 15 s before (15 sG) or 8 min before (8 minG) the swimming trial. The jump height, entry distance, flight time, and flight speed for each attempt were calculated. Results: The CG entry distance was significantly longer than that of the 15 sG and 8 minG (3.39 ± 0.20 vs. 3.31 ± 0.21 and 3.25 ± 0.25 m, respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Four simulated swim starts on the ground, 15 s or 8 min before the swim sprint, had no positive effect on the swim start or swim performance, and it is up to the swimmer to perform these jumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sport Sciences / Magallat ulum Al-Riyadat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The purpose of this paper is to identify the values of some biomechanical variables for the starting phase, swimming, and completion of the 50-meter freestyle swimming, and identify the effect of using a device (the launch angle changer for the starting stage of swimming) on some of the biomechanical variables affecting the starting stage of 50m freestyle swimming. Methods: The researcher used the experimental approach using the experimental design method (pre and post-test for one group) due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The selection of the research sample came within the basic and important points in the research procedures, which the researcher adopts to reach results with high credibility. Therefore, the researcher chose six swimmers representing (100%) of the origin community, and they are the players of the Iraqi national team, category (13 - 15) years old in the 50-meter freestyle swimming event. Results: The change in the kinematic variables of the starting phase showed significant differences, which contributed to the development and increase of the swimmer, is starting speed, and the change in the kinematic variables of the starting stage showed significant differences, which contributed to the development and increase of the horizontal distance achieved. One of the most important recommendations is that: increasing focus on the starting stage of swimming during training and including it within the training units for its effective role in improving the level of achievement, and the use of auxiliary tools and devices that help detect weaknesses and enhance strengths, which facilitate the coach's task in developing swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proprioception is closely linked to control of movement, and it has been shown that athletic performance is based on good proprioceptive abilities. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the weighting of the fist joints (in the form of weighted fabric wrist cuffs) has an impact on the swimming technique and thus on performance in freestyle swimming. A number of 16 male subjects with a medium age of 20.74 years took part in our study and were distributed into 2 separate groups: experimental group and control group. Calculations were made using descriptive statistics and the data for the participating subjects proved to be statistically relevant. Using stimulating elements for proprioception can render positive effects on the swimming technique in freestyle swimming and thus on athletes' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to prepare exercises of varying resistances and muscular work exchange for 200m freestyle swimmers, in addition to these exercises' effects on physical adequacy and the time needed to complete this distance. The experimental method is the basis for the design of the experimental group and the control group of a 100% intentionally chosen sample from a community of eliteyouth swimmers of 200m freestyle swimming for the sport season of 2020-2021 at the Police Sports Club. The sample consists of 15 swimmers that were divided, randomly, into two groups; 7 of them in the experimental group while 8 were in the control group. Physical adequacy was calculated with the use of swimmers' mechanical energy measurements while they were on the treadmill. This was done to measure the kinetic energy by fixing the potential energy and in order to measure the kinetic energy from the calories measurements by linking the Fitmate Pro device' system. The following equation was applied: physical adequacy = mechanical energy\kinetic energy. Exercises' preparation relies on resistance' quantity graduation and diversification in every instrument within these exercises. This was achieved by two methods of periodic, intensity elevated, and repetitive training with the addition of applying this procedure for 10 consecutive-training weeks at the rate of 3 units each off day within the same-training week. In each training unit, there were 4 quick movement exercises. After the previously mentioned was done, the data was processed by the use of the SPSS program in order for the conclusions and applications of this research to demonstrate the helpful quality of these exercises, of varying resistances and muscular work exchange, in the development of the level of physical adequacy and the improvement of the period needed to complete the 200m distance for the elite-youth swimmers. It is of the utmost importance to support the knowledge of coaches on how to utilize the laws of physics to help them affect the energyproducing chemical processes in swimmers. Furthermore, it is vital to account for the muscular contractions and their direction, in swimmers, whenever the employment of resistances is involved. This enables swimmers to overcome the circumstances of the race at maximum speed; avoiding negative side effects, when the quantity of these resistances rises, on the decrease of the speed of completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the daytime effects on flip turn performance [i.e., 3 m round trip time (3mRTT) as measure of turning performance] as well as global performance during a 50 m freestyle at maximal speed. Twelve college swimmers performed 3 × 50 m freestyle at maximum speed with a flip turn and glide in a 25 m pool in two experimental trials, one in the morning (08:00 h) and one in the evening (18:00 h). Kinematic and dynamic parameters of flip turn performance are analyzed using one underwater camera and a force platform recording wall force peak and time contact. Results showed that oral temperature is significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the evening than in the morning. Also, this study reported that daily variations have been observed for both, changes in swim performance and changes in (3mRTT). Thus, kinematic and dynamic flip turn variables associated with an improvement of freestyle swim performance. It is concluded that maximal swimming trials are performed better in the evening than in the morning, and that this might be linked to variations in oral temperature; also, might be explained by better flip turn performance at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Resisted and assisted in-water training methods are often employed in swimming training but their effectiveness remains unsubstantiated for different strokes and age groups. The study aim was to quantify the effects of a 3-week combined assisted and resisted in-water training program on 50- and 100-m adolescent backstroke performance. Methods. In addition to regular swimming training, 9 (5 male, 4 female; age: 15.4 ± 1.7 years; 50-m backstroke FINA points: 346 ± 142) competitive backstroke swimmers performed a combined in-water machine-resisted and bungee-assisted training program 3 days/week with 3 resisted and 3 assisted 25-m sprints per session. Before and after the 3-week training, 50- and 100-m backstroke time trials were undertaken, with stroke rate, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion collected. Results. There was a significant small improvement in 100-m backstroke times (3.4 ± 3.4% faster; ES = 0.27, p < 0.01), but only a trivial improvement in 50-m backstroke times (1.0 ± 3.1% faster; ES = 0.07, p = 0.19). Females had substantially greater improvements than males in both 50-m (2.4 ± 2.7% faster vs. -0.2 ± 3.2% slower) and 100-m (5.1 ± 2.6% faster vs. 2.0 ± 3.5% faster) backstroke time trials, but with the small sample size, this warrants further investigation. Conclusions. We demonstrated that adding a 3-week combined in-water resisted and assisted training was likely more beneficial for the longer 100-m distance; females seemed to benefit more than males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Swim start technique analysis is usually conducted in elite swimmers or only limited to above-water phases. The aim of the study was to analyse kinematic parameters of above- and underwater kick start phases among young male swimmers. Methods. The study group comprised male swimmers (FINA points per 100-m freestyle: 525 ± 84). The subjects performed a 15-m front crawl with kick start. The trials were recorded above and below water with 3 recording devices synchronized with the starting signal. Kinematic analysis by using 2 models (above- and underwater) of body was done. On the basis of time to cover 15 m, 2 groups were distinguished: quickly (FS) and slowly (SS) performing the swim start. Results. FS and SS demonstrated differences (p < 0.05) regarding hip joint height at starting signal (1.56 ± 0.05 m vs. 1.45 ± 0.05 m), push-off angle (23.89 ± 6.50° vs. 35.12 ± 3.43°), hip joint angle upon completing push-off (163.83 ± 8.37° vs. 149.73 ± 9.93°), and horizontal velocity during flight (3.70 ± 0.35 m/s vs. 3.24 ± 0.22 m/s), submersion (4.88 ± 0.09 m/s vs. 4.36 ± 0.22 m/s), and glide phase (3.40 ± 0.17 m/s vs. 2.99 ± 0.29 m/s). Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that position on the block significantly influences the movement course in consecutive phases. Young competitors should aim towards elevated hip positioning, allowing to maximize horizontal velocity during the flight, submersion, and glide phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to identify the biochemical effects off subjecting (50) meter freestyle swimmers to the simultaneous manner of the S.A.Q exercises, in addition to its effect on the time of completing this distance. The experimental approach depend on designing two experimental, control, equal and equal in number groups. It was subject on 100% deliberately chosen sample of the 12 swimmers of (50) meters freestyle swimmers in the Iraqi Youth National team for the sports season (2019-2018). The biochemical tests indicators and achievement time included both Sodium and Potassium tests. The experiment was in the form of complex exercises that combine muscular strength training, that is using different resistances in a simultaneous manner, with training intensity, ranging from (85-95%) of the maximum strength for swimmers, and with repetitions of (1-4) with (2-5) minutes rest between exercise and another, according to the phosphagenic energy system, determinants with (4) varied exercises, targeting exchange in the work of muscle groups. It is given at the basic of the training unite by adopting (8) weeks gradual training for (3) units per training week. After completing the experiment and its pre and posttests The data was processed using the (SPSS) system. From all what is proceeded we conclude that: The S.A.Q exercises in the simultaneous manner positively affect the improvement of the level of condensation of the mineral elements "Sodium and Potassium" and the completion time of (50) meters free swimming of young swimmers during special preparation. when putting simultaneous S.A.Q exercises in action, It is important for trainers to take care in following free ways of compound exercises complexities especially when using resistances outside water. it is, also, impornant for the trainers not to exaggerate the training load, and supporting their knowledge of integrating methods into the training mixture in a way that allows young swimmers to cross the threshold of their numbers in the time of completing (50) meters free swimming distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 1979, the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) imposed a lifetime ban on Maggy Jones, a medal-winning British Paralympian. Her crime: distributing leaflets about the healthcare disparities in apartheid South Africa. Two years later, Bernard Leach, the British record holder in the freestyle swim, withdrew from the International Stoke Mandeville Games in protest when he learned that South Africa planned to send a team. ISMGF administrators took a softer line towards Leach, however, because the swimmer partnered with the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) to transform his withdrawal into a public relations weapon against Paralympic administrators. In recent years, historians have expanded our knowledge of the external struggle against apartheid, one of the most sustained and significant transnational movements of the twentieth century. This struggle, a notable antecedent of the Black Lives Matter movement, played out in all realms of sport, yet little has been written about campaigns of anti-apartheid solidarity within the Paralympic movement. This study of Paralympic protests and the politics of public critique adds to this literature, centres athlete agency in British disability sport, and offers an important perspective on sport, race, and protest to better understand the Black Lives Matter movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to Preparing a codified training program according to the system of physical competence in developing some physical abilities and completing the 200-meter freestyle swimming for youth. The researcher used the experimental method with the pre and post-test for the experimental and control groups, and the research community was determined, swimming club (Al-Ḥashd ash-Sha bi) Youth Sports Club for the effectiveness of 200 meters free swimming for the 2021 season, numbering (14) swimmers, as the research sample was chosen by a comprehensive inventory method and the sample was divided into two experimental groups and a control group with (7) swimmers for each group A codified training program was applied according to the physical competence system on the experimental group for a period of eight weeks, with three training units per week. The SPSS statistical package was used to process the data and obtain the results. Including the researcher reached the most important conclusion - that a training program is codified according to the system of physical competence in the development of some physical abilities and the completion of the 200-meter freestyle swimming for young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: During sports training, it is relevant to monitor performance parameters, as, for example, stroke and kick count in swimmers. However, as stroke number can be detected by using a wearable "swim stroke meter", the number of kicks is usually detected by acquiring video images, which requires dedicated staff. The availability of a wearable kick-count device may be an opportunity to better monitor swim performance also during individual training. Monitoring sports training performances with automatic, low cost, low power, and ergonomic solutions is a topic of increasing importance in the research of the last years. A parameter of particular interest, which has not been extensively dealt with in a state-of-the-art way, is the count of kicks during swimming training sessions. Coaches and athletes set the training sessions to optimize the kick count and swim stroke rate to acquire velocity and acceleration during swimming. In regard to race distances, counting kicks can influence the athlete's performance. However, it is difficult to record the kick count without facing some issues about subjective interpretation. In this paper, a new method for kick count is proposed, based on only one triaxial accelerometer worn on the athlete's ankle. The algorithm was validated on data recorded during freestyle training sessions. An accuracy of 97.5% with a sensitivity of 99.3% was achieved. The proposed method shows good linearity and a slope of 1.01. These results overcome other state-of-the-art methods, proving that this method is a good candidate for a reliable, embedded kick count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Sprint interval exercise is a time-efficient way of inducing beneficial adaptations. However, little is known about its minimal effective volume, especially in swimming. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two sprint interval swimming sets of different low volumes on blood biomarkers. Method: Twenty-one master swimmers [11 females aged 38.5 (8.5) years, 10 males aged 42.7 (5.7) years] completed two freestyle swimming sets of 4 × 50 m and 4 × 25 m at maximal intensity and a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1, on different days, in random and counterbalanced order. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and one hour after exercise for determination of a number of biochemical parameters. Results: Swimming speed was higher in the 4 × 25-m set. Lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and reduced glutathione increased immediately post-exercise, while uric acid increased 1 h post-exercise (p <.05). All aforementioned biomarkers, excluding glucagon, increased more with the 4 × 50-m set, compared to the 4 × 25-m set (p <.05). Session rating of perceived exertion was higher after the 4 × 50-m set (p =.011). Conclusion: Both sprint interval swimming sets elicited increases in blood biomarkers in master swimmers. The set of higher volume elicited greater increases in most of the biochemical markers studied but also in subjective load. Thus, although the set of higher volume was more efficient in perturbing blood biomarkers, even the very low-volume set induced metabolic stress that may trigger adaptive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of core training in the swimming performance and neuromuscular properties of young swimmers. Methods: Eighteen healthy male swimmers (age: 13 ± 2 years, height: 159.6 ± 14.5 cm, weight: 48.7 ± 12.4 kg) were recruited from the Public Authority for Sports swimming pool in Dammam and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed a six-week core-training program consisting of seven exercises (three times/week) with regular swimming training. The control group maintained its regular training. Swimming performance and neuromuscular parameters were measured pre- and post-interventions. Results: The experimental group benefitted from the intervention in terms of the 50 m swim time (−1.4 s; 95% confidence interval −2.4 to −0.5) compared with the control group. The experimental group also showed improved swimming velocity (+0.1 m.s−1), stroke rate (−2.8 cycle.min−1), stroke length (+0.2 m.cycle−1), stroke index (+0.4 m2·s−1), total strokes (−2.9 strokes), and contraction time for erector spinae (ES; −1.5 ms), latissimus dorsi (LD; −7 ms), and external obliques (EO; −1.9 ms). Maximal displacement ES (DM-ES) (+3.3 mm), LD (0.5 mm), and EO (+2.2 mm) were compared with the baseline values for the experimental group, and TC-ES (5.8 ms), LD (3.7 ms), EO (2.5 ms), DM-ES (0.2 mm), LD (−4.1 mm), and EO (−1.0 mm) were compared with the baseline values for the control group. The intergroup comparison was statistically significant (p < 0.05; DM-ES p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that a six-week core-training program with regular swimming training improved the neuromuscular properties and the 50 m freestyle swim performance of the experimental group compared with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Performance intra-variability has not been studied in long-distance swimming. The aims were to describe the pacing profile in 400-, 800- and 1500-m freestyle events and to analyse the variability (coefficient of variation[CV]) and performance progression (%Δ) within and between rounds. A total of 256 swims of 130 elite-swimmers (70 males and 60 females) were analysed at the 2021 European Championship (indoor long-course). Linear mixed-effect models were applied for each swimmer and race time performances to obtain the CV and %Δ between each lap and rounds (i.e. heats and final). T-test was conducted to compare the CV between medallist and non-medallist. First and last laps were the fastest (p < 0.001) in all events compared to the intermediate laps which showed an evenly-pace. Parabolic pacing profile was adopted in all events. Male swimmers obtained a CV-average of 0.52 ± 0.49% between rounds (−0.64 ± 0.8%Δ) and females, a CV-average of 0.70 ± 0.45 (−0.71 ± 0.92%Δ). Medallist swimmers obtained higher CV between rounds (1.00–1.08%) compared to non-medallist finalist (0.22–0.47%). Parabolic pacing profiles were adopted in 400-, 800-, and 1500-m races. The best swimmers adopt conservative strategies in heats to improve their performance in final, obtaining higher CV and %Δ between rounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Studies & Reseaches of Sport Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)