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The article is devoted to clarifying the place and role of the commercial court’s judge in executive proceedings during the execution of the executive document issued by this judge. The circle of persons participating in executive proceedings is outlined. Attention has been drawn to the classification of these persons based on their interest in the purpose of the executive process. In the absence of a direct indication in the law regarding a judge as a participant in executive proceedings, it is emphasized that the judge of economic proceedings belongs to this circle of persons, based on the analysis of the norms of the current legislation. The level of legal support for the participation of a judge of the commercial court in executive proceedings is highlighted, including the attention which is paid to the correlation of norms of the commercial process on the specified issue. The cases where the parties to enforcement proceedings can appeal to the judge of the commercial court, the legal regulation of the possibilities and obligations of state and private executors to appeal to the judge of the commercial court in connection with the execution of his executive document are considered and classified. Issues that are decided by the judge of the commercial court in the executive process are highlighted. Only the parties to enforcement proceedings can address certain issues to the court, others - only executors (public and private), some issues can be addressed to the court by both parties and executors. The forms of appeals of the participants in the process, which are complaints, statements, submissions, as well as the form of the reaction of the judge of the commercial court, were considered. All issues in the process of execution of a court decision are resolved by the judge through the issuance of resolutions. Court decisions, which the law recognizes as executive court documents, that can be executed in executive proceedings, are classified. Such can be both actual court decisions and acts of a judge, as well as decisions of other bodies, for the execution of which, in accordance with the law, the judge issues an act, which is an executive document. The concept of the stage of “execution of a court decision” in economic proceedings and “executive proceedings” as a process of enforcement of a decision of a judge of a commercial court is distinguished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal filicide, the murder of a child by a mother, is a complex phenomenon. Relatively little is known of filicide on the African continent, especially in eSwatini. This study highlights the complex dynamics at play when these crimes are committed. Methods: This retrospective study explored offense characteristics of maternal filicide cases in eSwatini from 2005 to January 2024. Thirty-one cases were identified through court documents and news reports. Content analysis was conducted on these cases. Results: The study revealed that socio-cultural factors such as the role of a woman in society and traditional beliefs contributed to these crimes. Poverty and contextual challenges also contributed to the systemic reasons for these murders. Relationship challenges featured prominently. A unique finding in this study was the use of poison by biological mothers in all the filicide-suicide attempts. Discussion: We argue for the inclusion of an additional socio-cultural category to Resnick's classification model. Ultimately, there is a need for further exploration of filicide in eSwatini and other contexts. This would aid in identifying risk factors in pregnant mothers, in young mothers, among couples, and within socio-cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woman is the main component of the family, which constitutes the nucleus of society from past to present, and forms the human character that shapes history with her combative spirit and maternal structure. In addition to her sacrificial and emotional structure, her naive and sensitive structure as a body has made her vulnerable to dangers. The issue of violence against women is as old as human history. Women, who are exposed to many crimes such as murder, assault, rape, theft and slander, often cannot find the strength to resist this violence. This study, which examines the incidents of violence against women in Konya, corresponds to a period when the Ottoman Empire was economically, politically and socially weak. In this period when the state authority weakened, public order incidents increased. The city of Konya was naturally affected by this unfavourable situation and the public order incidents were reflected in the court records. The abundance of data on Konya influenced the selection of this city as the subject of the study. These court records constitute the main source of the study. The aim of the study is to analyse all kinds of violence against women in terms of form and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dowry consists of all kinds of household items, clothing, and similar belongings prepared for the bride. Classical jurisprudence handbooks contain important information about dowry. However, we have not come across any studies on "dowry in Ottoman law", which is also included in Ottoman codes and court records. In the Ottoman Classical period codes, similar versions of the same articles generally appear regarding dowry. In the Tanzimat period Ottoman codes, articles related to dowry generally aim to set an upper limit on dowry to prevent extravagance and to prevent obstacles to marriages. In addition to these, the fact that there is an article on dowry in the "Family Law Decree" shows that the related topic was regulated in Ottoman codifications. It can be stated that the customary practice of dowry was widespread in regions where Islamic law is effective, and of course, in the Ottoman Empire. While this custom is important in terms of helping the household of the people who will marry, it can also become a custom that hinders marriage. In the Ottoman practice, if the dowry posed a risk to the prospective spouses or became an obstacle to marriage, limitations were imposed on the scope and amount of the dowry through legal codes. In this way, dowry, which was originally a beneficial custom for the people to be married, was prevented from harming them. There are numerous disputes and records related to dowry in the Ottoman court records, Istanbul, Konya and Diyarbakır judge' (kadı) registers (sijil) on dowry were examined and evaluated. The relevant court records contain information regarding which goods were given as dowry, whose property the dowry, belong to disputes between the father and daughter and mother over dowry, and the procedural rules for these disputes, as well as issues like exoneration and reconciliation in dowry. The judge' registers also contain important information regarding the legal status of customs such as title payment and weights, which are distinct from dowry. The fact that the practice of dowry, which is a Muslim practice, was sometimes brought to court among non-Muslims due to disputes shows that this custom is also used by people of different religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal court records have been available online for nearly a quarter century, yet they remain frustratingly inaccessible to the public. This is due to two primary barriers: (1) the federal government’s prohibitively high fees to access the records at scale and (2) the unwieldy state of the records themselves, which are mostly text documents scattered across numerous systems. Official datasets produced by the judiciary, as well as third-party data collection efforts, are incomplete, inaccurate, and similarly inaccessible to the public. The result is a de facto data blackout that leaves an entire branch of the federal government shielded from empirical scrutiny. In this Essay, we introduce the SCALES project: a new data-gathering and data-organizing initiative to right this wrong. SCALES is an online platform that we built to assemble federal court records, systematically organize them and extract key information, and—most importantly—make them freely available to the public. The database currently covers all federal cases initiated in 2016 and 2017, and we intend to expand this coverage to all years. This Essay explains the shortcomings of existing systems (such as the federal government’s PACER platform), how we built SCALES to overcome these inadequacies, and how anyone can use SCALES to empirically analyze the operations of the federal courts. We offer a series of exploratory findings to showcase the depth and breadth of the SCALES platform. Our goal is for SCALES to serve as a public resource where practitioners, policymakers, and scholars can conduct empirical legal research and improve the operations of the federal courts. For more information, visit www.scales-okn.org. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. criminal legal system is notoriously racialized. Though Black and Latinx people make up less than 30% of U.S. residents, they constitute more than 50% of the nearly two million people currently in U.S. prisons and jails. For decades, research has indicated that one group of decision-makers has had an outsized influence on these numbers: prosecutors. From whom to charge to what sentences to recommend, no actor plays a greater role in determining who goes to prison in this country. Highly subjective and lacking in formal guidance and accountability, prosecutorial decisions are especially vulnerable to racial bias. They are also cloaked in secrecy. Data about how and why prosecutors make decisions often does not exist or is shielded from public view. As a result, it has been nearly impossible to determine the extent to which prosecutors’ decisions contribute to racial disproportionality in the criminal legal process, let alone whether such decisions are the product of racial bias. This Essay argues that prosecutors’ offices must collect, maintain, and publish standardized data on the bases of their charges, declinations, plea offers, and resolutions if we are to ever understand and address vectors of racial bias in the criminal legal system. Contextualizing this “call for data” within two case studies—one on the racialized impact of felony murder and accomplice liability murder laws and the other on the California Racial Justice Act—we demonstrate how prosecutorial data transparency would enable researchers, advocates, and policymakers to better identify and remediate racial bias in decision-making. Data transparency would also promote prosecutorial accountability both internally and externally. Legislative efforts to implement data transparency must address privacy and surveillance concerns, especially since prosecutorial data transparency would expand a carceral source of information. At the same time, the consequences of data opacity are already shaping case outcomes. In this way, data transparency provides one remedy for currently unchecked systems, and serves as a step towards data justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Keynote Address, delivered in celebration of the launch of SCALES, discusses the importance of making local and state court data available for research on the functioning of the American civil justice system. It describes the regulatory and administrative challenges of obtaining high-quality data from courts. It calls for a concerted effort among researchers and policymakers to develop open-source technologies for the development of case management systems and data infrastructure. And it urges researchers to foster a collaborative research ecosystem based on broadly sharing court data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the intercommunal relations between the 17th century Jewish community of Rodoscuk and other social groups. It examines the community's social structure, housing distribution and economic activities, placing particular emphasis on its interactions with Muslims in areas like trade, religious practices and social dynamics. By drawing on local court records, particularly the Qadi Registers, this article reveals how these interactions were shaped by the legal and social frameworks of their day, highlighting the complexities of coexistence in those contexts. In doing so, it evidences not only that Rodoscuk's Jewish community took part in vibrant economic exchanges with its Muslim neighbors but also that it engaged with common social and religious contexts. Via a detailed analysis of these records, this study offers new insights into the nature of intercommunal relations in Rodoscuk. It challenges the often-assumed narrative of segregation and conflict in Ottoman society by testing existing claims in the literature through the case of the Jews of Rodoscuk. It concludes that Jews in this region in fact lived in relative harmony with Muslims and other groups in their vicinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals current problems and the state of scientific research on judicial proceedings in civil proceedings. In particular, special attention is paid to the issue of justice. The definition and content of justice given by both scientists and its normative basis are analyzed. It is established that some scientists define justice as the main function of the court, while others define it as a form of activity of the court itself. The proposed author's definition of the concept of "justice". Issues of access to justice are highlighted. It is suggested that the issue of access to justice be classified as one of the main principles of the civil process. Access to justice and access to the court is considered in the context of the concept of basic human rights and freedoms. Access to justice is defined as a combination of such interrelated elements as unconditional freedom, state-guaranteed opportunity and equality of a person whose rights have been violated to apply for judicial protection of his rights and legitimate interests to a competent court; the duty of the court to accept the case for its proceedings, without applying formal reasons for refusal. Application of universal and unlimited court jurisdiction; guarantees of competitiveness, proper judicial procedures, which ensure reasonable terms of consideration of the case. Particular attention is paid to the main principles recommended by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states regarding measures that facilitate access to justice. The opinions of scientists revealing the meaning of such principles as simplification of court proceedings, acceleration of proceedings and court costs are established. The work analyzes official statistical data for the years 2020-2023, regarding the number of cases that were considered in the order of simplified legal proceedings in all courts on the territory of Ukraine. It was concluded that, in minor cases, it would be appropriate to develop and implement national standards that would allow individuals to independently fill out understandable standard forms of procedural documents and submit them to the court, without consulting legal experts. It is proposed to use a differentiated approach to determine the size of the court fee depending on the person's income or depending on the degree of difficulty of the case, taking into account the procedural costs and time for consideration of the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the connection between Thomas Nashe, a prominent writer in the 16th century, and John Danter, a printer-publisher. The author suggests that Nashe may have been involved in writing ballads for Danter, based on their close working relationship and Danter's reliance on printing ballads for profit. Although there is no direct evidence to support this claim, the author presents circumstantial evidence that indicates Nashe's potential involvement in writing ballads for Danter. This perspective provides valuable insights into Nashe's work and sheds light on the relationship between authors and printers during the Early Modern period. [Extracted from the article]

It is possible that a portion of the competency crisis may be due to some defendants being misclassified as incompetent, secondary to evaluations of questionable thoroughness and quality, and perhaps over-reliance on interviews and lesser acquisition of collateral data. Meanwhile, a review of descriptive statistics suggests that, as criminal penalties have become increasingly harsh, requests for competency evaluations have proportionately increased. Thus, there is a risk that lengthy waiting lists, mounting time pressures, and attorney tactics may push evaluators in the direction of expediency, possibly at the expense of higher quality forensic work. Evaluators may therefore consider acquiring and perhaps more significantly relying upon relevant collateral informational sources, including police recorded interviews, jail recorded calls, social media content, and prior court records. While an evaluation of present mental state does not necessarily require significant background data, better use of technologies in an evaluation of competency may provide a more objective representation of competency-relevant, mental health-related history. So doing may help to solve a portion of the competency crisis that may be due to evaluations including inadequate collateral data. Best practice approaches, anecdotes, and limitations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies have been made of different subtypes of individuals who committed sexual homicides, the research into nonstranger and stranger sexual homicides remains limited. This study therefore aimed to examine whether those who sexually murder nonstrangers differ from those who kill strangers. Data derived from police records, court documents, and published case reports spanning a 31 year period (1988–2018) in mainland China were used to examine the modus operandi of 127 males who committed sexual homicides (45 nonstranger and 82 stranger cases). Relative to nonstranger sexual homicides, stranger sexual homicides were more likely to have been committed by individuals with a previous sexual offense conviction and the victims were more likely to have been single and employed at the time of the offense. Furthering the analysis, a logistic regression found that individuals who targeted strangers were significantly more likely to have committed their homicide at an outdoor location, to have been sexually motivated, and to have used murder weapons that required more physical strength than those who killed nonstranger victims. These findings can be informative to law enforcement agents and security professionals in their investigative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1630s, two central cultural arbiters sought to eliminate the figure of the fool from English culture. Both the city and court decried fools as figures of past barbarism. Yet, as this article seeks to demonstrate, rather than eliminating the fool from plays, Caroline playwrights rework the fool to go undetected within the social reform of the court and by the more radical anti-theatrical writers. By doing so, Caroline playwrights in effect allowed any intellect in early modern London to fool. The article examines three bodies of writing (court censorship records, antitheatrical writing and the Caroline plays themselves), to trace how this modified fool becomes rearticulated as a city wit, who still maintains the responsibilities of a fool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the translation of syntactic features in legal documents from Arabic into English. It aims to identify the syntactic features and to describe translatability of the syntactic features of Arabic and English Sharia divorce documents, accordingly, will help in assessing translators’ choices ad decisions. Being a qualitative descriptive study, samples of translated divorce contracts have been collected from Palestinian sworn translators and translation certified offices. Data is collected manually, and analysed using purposeful sampling, open-ended data collection, and personal interpretation. Analysis of the differences of syntactic features between Arabic and English divorce sharia court documents revealed that differences lie in the following aspects: the form of complex sentence structure, use of passive, use of nominal forms, binominals and triplets, modal verbs, conditional sentences, and the form of pronouns. The study concluded that the differences between Arabic and English syntactic features resulted in some problems of mother tongue influence, and using redundant synonyms and the literal translation of the successive dependent and parenthetical phrases which make the sentence long and complex, accordingly, not easy to be comprehended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the Council (Divan) of Amid in Diyarbekir Province as a petition-receiving institution throughout the eighteenth century. By drawing on the court records of the city of Harput, one of the sub-districts of Diyarbekir, and the tax farming registers of the larger province, the article discusses the role of the provincial governor in legal procedures. It argues that the Provincial Council had an important function in the operative field of law as it made it possible for the petitioning subjects in Harput to obtain judgments reviewed in the court of Harput in the form of 'trial de novo '. While situating the emergence of the Council in the political-economic context of the time, the article also argues that the Provincial Council was an early modern institution which, in part, paved the way to the constitution of the nineteenth century provincial administration of the Tanzimat state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early modern Italy, stereotypes about Muslim men's supposed inclination towards the vice of 'sodomy' gave rise to fears that Christian masculinity was being tainted. Eighteenth-century court records from the Republic of Genoa and the Papal States contain numerous instances of cross-confessional male relations that faced persecution by state authorities. In each of these cases, Christian men were prosecuted for taking a sexually 'passive' role in relation to sexually 'active' Muslims, while the reverse scenario was never pursued. This article argues that the sexual focus of judicial authorities obscured the enduring bonds of affection and mutual obligation that developed between men across religious lines. The existence of these relationships unveils an intimate sphere of connections across faith in the early modern Mediterranean while highlighting an intersectional site of Christian social anxiety, where fears of religious contamination overlapped with concerns about same-sex intimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "NANCY SHATZMAN STEINHARDT, YUAN. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE IN A MONGOL EMPIRE" explores the architectural legacy of the Yuan dynasty in China, focusing on the construction of various buildings, including palaces, observatories, monasteries, and tombs. The text delves into the historical context of the Mongol empire, the organization of society under the Yuan dynasty, and the influence of different ethnic groups on architectural practices. Through detailed analysis of structures and artistic elements, the article sheds light on the blending of Chinese and Mongol architectural traditions during this period. [Extracted from the article]

The article deals with the issue of proving by the defense the absence of a necessity to extend the pre-trial investigation. The purpose of the article is to identify the possibilities of proving the absence of a need for the pre-trial investigation term extension by the defense and the applicable arguments (based on case law). The article deals with the following issues: general issues of proof; arguments for the defense to object to the pretrial investigation extension; ways of proving the absence of a necessity to extend the pre-trial investigation and violation of the conditions for filing a motion. All issues are covered based on the case law of investigating judges. It is noted that the absence of a rule on serving a copy of the motion reduces the defense's possibilities, since the defense does not always get acquainted with the materials of criminal proceedings in accordance with Article 221 of the CPC of Ukraine. The author proves that the defense can prove that there is no need to extend the pretrial investigation term by denying compliance with the standard of promptness and reasonable speed of investigation and, as a manifestation of this, its effectiveness. In practice, this is done by substantiating the following: proof of the crime event; proof of the suspect's involvement in this event; circumstances indicating the complexity of the proceedings (special complexity, exceptional complexity); the list of procedural actions which require additional time to conduct or complete and the significance of the results of these procedural actions for the trial; the inability to conduct these procedural actions earlier; the time required to conduct or complete procedural actions (in full or at the request of the defense). The author emphasizes that the CPC of Ukraine needs to be amended to enhance the defense's capabilities by providing a copy of the motion to the defense and by requiring investigating judges to indicate and assess the defense's position if it is submitted in the form of written objections or other documents or expressed in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The food policy of the English monarchy on the eve of the revolu-tion in the middle of the17th century, although it was the subject of research in English-language and domestic historiography, such an aspect as the regulation of the production and trade of starch, as well as the trade in beer, was practically not touched upon by histori-ans. Using materials from the northwestern counties as an example, as well as some coun-ties in other regions (Sussex, Herefordshire, etc.), an attempt is made to study this aspect of food policy. Materials and methods. Using traditional methods of historical research (anal-ysis and synthesis, comparative historical method) on the basis of documentary, legal and narrative sources, as well as with the involvement of factual research material by English-speaking authors, a study was undertaken of the politics of the English monarchy from the end of the 16th century. before 1640 this aspect of food policy. Results. An analysis of the sources noted above made it possible to trace the regulation by the government of the first Stuarts of the production and trade of starch and beer in order to reduce the processing of grain for these products in a number of regions of the kingdom. Fiscal reasons also played a significant role, i.e. replenishment of the treasury through the sale of licenses, fees and fines. The degree of effectiveness of the Crown’s policy and its impact on the food market, as well as its possible impact on English society, is noted. Instruments of government regu-lation and regulation have been identified. Conclusions. The Crown, as in other areas of the economy, did not use economic leverage, giving priority to administrative methods of regu-lation and complementing them with judicial prosecution, which certainly caused discon-tent not only among the entrepreneurial elements in this business, but also among the social lower classes of English society. Although the royal courts applied repressive measures to violators of beer trade laws, they were unable to radically reduce beer production and the beer trade. The consumption of ale and beer was widespread and any restrictions and prohi-bitions could potentially lead to widespread social discontent and negative consequences for the monarchy.

The article "Transmission of documentation to courts in original form?" deals with the question of whether medical records must be transmitted to courts in their original form. There is no explicit regulation regarding whether the court is entitled to receive the medical records in their original form. According to the provisions of hospital law, doctors or hospital operators are not obligated to submit medical records to the court in their original form. Instead, access should be granted at the place of storage if the original is needed in a civil proceeding. A restrictive interpretation of the corresponding paragraph of the Civil Procedure Code is recommended in order to fulfill the purpose of making the medical records available at the hospital. [Extracted from the article]

Yarin Eski and Anna Sergi recently published an article in Trends in Organized Crime called 'Ethnic profiling of organised crime? A tendency of mafia‑cation in the Netherlands' Eski and Sergi (Trends Organ Crime, 1?20 2023). In their theoretical contribution, the authors claim that the policing of organised crime in the Netherlands amounts to ethnic profiling of minorities. However, the question of whether Dutch organised crime policies focus on ethnic minorities is in fact an empirical one. While Eski and Sergi claim the existence of an 'ethnicised' focus, the use of the phrase 'theoretical' is a rather ineffective attempt to cover up methodological weaknesses and a lack of empirical substantiation. Court records, records of the Public Prosecution Service, parliamentary documents, and academic research into organised crime provide not a shred of evidence of mafia-cation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the open court principle in Zimbabwe from a language rights perspective. Data were collected through an analysis of the statutes which enshrine this principle to examine their adequacy (or lack thereof). Court observations and semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled key participants were used to corroborate data from document analysis. Findings of this study show that Zimbabwean courts are not open courts in the true sense of the word because members of the public in the gallery are not guaranteed the right to an interpreter or translator. Legally represented litigants or those who express comfort with English are not offered interpretation services, which is a clear indication that interpretation services are primarily meant for litigants and not members of the public in the gallery. Consequently, Zimbabwean courts merely guarantee physical access, and deny members of the public linguistic access. English is the language of the proceedings and record, yet the majority of the members of the public are functionally illiterate in English. Based on this, I therefore argue that opening up the physical space of courts and guaranteeing physical access to the court documents is of little or no use if the citizens are linguistically excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines an episode in the history of the Somlyó castle in Veszprém county in 1518. The trial of the unsuccessful claimant, János Gosztonyi, bishop of Győr, took several unexpected turns within a short period of time, among which two controversial protests of the Pannonhalma convent concerning the document they had transcribed, which the bishop wanted to use as evidence, should be highlighted. The first objection is peculiar in that it prohibits the use of an authenticated document in court proceedings, but the allegations in the explanatory memorandum seemed to implicate Gostonyi in the forgery of a document. In this context, I will briefly review the significance of the charge of charter forgery, examine the legal strategy subsequently pursued by the Bishop of Győr and his opponent, Cardinal Tamás Bakóc, and also seek to answer the question whether the charter transcribed for Gosztonyi was in fact an attempt to support a non-existent legal claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have addressed the question of whether the people of early China wrote with thin bamboo strips held in their hands or whether they wrote with the support of flat desks. However, scholars have not addressed the distinction between jian (bamboo strips) and larger du (wooden tablets) in everyday writing. In early China, tablets would be held in the hand to write, while strips would be laid flat on a writing desk. Tablets were the main medium of everyday writing during the period spanning the pre-Qin and Western and Eastern Han dynasties. In the drafting of various literary texts, taking court records, and taking classroom notes, tablets were the primary writing medium. Among written materials from before the Western Han dynasty, duan zhang (short passages) were the most common style of writing, and most texts were composed of short passages. Among the early Chinese manuscripts that have been unearthed, short passages are also very common. However, almost no one has raised the question of why a documentary system dominated by short passages was formed in the pre-Qin and Western and Eastern Han dynasties period. The number of characters that a writing tablet can accommodate essentially coincides with the number of characters in short passages in early Chinese manuscripts. In view of its wide use, I propose that the formation of the short passage form was potentially influenced by the material writing medium of the tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current analysis originated from a question that frequently arose in practice. We can say with certainty that in 99% of cases, the prescription of the audited entity's right to recover the respective amounts intervenes. This is based on the attributions of the Romanian Court of Accounts, which notes the occurrence of damages in the patrimony of the audited entities and orders recovery measures. Additionally, the administrative documents issued by the audit institution are contested in administrative litigation, and the audited authorities lack any measures for the recovery of damages until the courts issue a definitive solution. Hence the challenge of solving these situations because, on the contrary, it can be determined that the recovery of these damages depends only on the good faith of the verified entities that can initiate damage recovery actions concurrently with the actions whose goal is to challenge the administrative documents issued by the Court of Accounts, in order to prevent the intervention of the statute of limitations sanction. To find inspiration for a potential de lege ferenda proposal, we will highlight the rules pertaining to the courts of accounts in other European states. Concurrently, in order to provide a comparative legal note to this study, we will illustrate the theoretical components with instances drawn from national and European jurisprudence (where applicable) as well as from other EU members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains some of the mechanisms through which corruption by high-level Mexican politicians and other organized crime members is facilitated in the United States through money laundering operations. The analysis is based on information contained in court records related to key money laundering cases, as well as in news articles and reports from law enforcement agencies. These materials highlight the interrelationships among U.S. drug use, cartel activities in Mexico, human rights abuses, Mexican political corruption, and money laundering in the United States. This work demonstrates the pervasive use of legitimate businesses and fronts in the United States as a disguise for criminal activity. Finally, it provides recommendations for a reformation of policies and penalties directed toward U.S. institutions and persons that facilitate money laundering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, California's voters passed a ballot initiative that scaled back the state's "Three Strikes" sentencing law and permitted certain individuals who were serving 25‐to‐life prison terms to petition for resentencing and potentially release. Using analysis of original qualitative interview data supplemented with court administrative records, this study examines how characteristics of courtroom workgroup members; their intergroup dynamics; political, professional, and administrative considerations; and allocated resources were perceived by court officials to facilitate or impede the implementation of this reform in county courts. Availability of staff and budget was associated with a higher proportion of completed case dispositions in the first 2 years of implementation, but resources were not the only factor associated with timely case processing. Courtroom actors' seniority, experience, and professional security facilitated agreement on processes, schedules, and other details. Small, stable, close‐knit groups established routine procedures and developed expertise more quickly, but could not always avoid bottlenecks or delays. Less stable workgroups had higher rates of denial of petitions for resentencing. Positions toward Proposition 36 shaped by political, professional, or other priorities were perceived to influence some elected DAs' positions and line prosecutors' behavior, manifesting in cooperation, opposition, or mixed messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic, Slovakia was an ethnically mixed territory, the scene of the meeting of Czechoslovak, Slovak, and Hungarian nationbuilding, among other things. From this point of view, the use of different national symbols, including national anthems, was a sensitive and much debated issue. This study attempts to outline the conflicts that the issue of national anthems had provoked between the state and its citizens, based on the archival records of county courts in Slovakia. The main focus of the paper is on the conflicts between the Czechoslovak state and the Hungarian population in Slovakia over the Hungarian national anthem. Based primarily on the county courts of the period and news reports in the contemporary press, the paper describes the court cases over the anthem and their outcomes. In doing so, it shows that the First Czechoslovak Republic, which was considered a liberal democracy, did not have a liberal attitude towards the use of symbols of national minorities at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines decision-making in Federal Court of Canada immigration law applications for stays of removal, focusing on how the rates at which stays are granted depend on which justice decides the case. The article deploys a form of computational natural language processing, using a large-language model machine learning process (GPT-3) to extract data from online Federal Court dockets. The article reviews patterns in outcomes in thousands of stay of removal applications identified through this process and reveals a wide range in stay grant rates across many justices. The article argues that the Federal Court should take measures to encourage more consistency in stay decision-making and cautions against relying heavily on stays of removal to ensure that deportation complies with constitutional procedural justice protections. The article is also a demonstration of how machine learning can be used to pursue empirical legal research projects that would have been cost prohibitive or technically challenging only a few years ago--and shows how technology that is increasingly used to enhance the power of the state at the expense of marginalized migrants can instead be used to scrutinize legal decision-making in the immigration law field, hopefully in ways that enhance the rights of migrants. The article also contributes to the broader field of computational legal research in Canada by making available to other non-commercial researchers the code used for the project, as well as a dataset of several thousand Federal Court dockets that can be used for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper studies on multilingual administrative writing in Sweden during the early modern era of emerging national language ideology within the domain of court writing. The source material for this study consists of lower-court records from Finnish-speaking areas of the Swedish realm c. 1620–1700. The court system in Sweden was reformed in 1614 with the establishment of appellate courts that scrutinized the sentences passed by lower courts. Court records were written in Swedish, the official language of administrative writing of the period, but certain segments, notably represented speech, could be rendered in Finnish. This required textual mediation between the prescribed Swedish language of the court protocol, and the non-standard spoken Finnish in the courtrooms. The aim is to examine the embedding strategies, retention patterns, and textual mediation in the multilingual writing of 17th-century Finnish court scribes. The results show that Finnish is retained for especially pertinent or untranslatable witness statements. At the end of the 17th century, the use of parallel Swedish translations and clarifications to Finnish items increased. It is argued that this increase is due to the imposition of autocracy in 1680 and a concomitant push towards monolingual Swedish uniformity within the entire realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trafficking in women for forced marriage is a serious violation of women's rights and a pervasive concern globally. However, empirical studies about trafficking North Korean women for forced marriage in China based on Chinese official documents have generally remained overlooked. Drawing on a sample of 66 court documents involving 222 traffickers and 192 buyers from 2012 to 2020, this study contributes to the trafficking literature by providing an in-depth analysis of the trafficking of North Korean women for forced marriage in China. Content analysis is used to explore (a) the identity characteristics and motivations of traffickers, buyers, and victims, (b) the trafficking procedure, and (c) the division of labor among traffickers and patterns of penalties imposed on the traffickers. Findings suggest that both traffickers and buyers are mainly with low education, without stable employment, and geographically concentrated in Northeastern China. The trafficking process can be divided into recruitment, border crossing, transportation, matchmaking, transfer, and transaction. The implications for research and policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "CAJÓN DE SASTRE BIBLIOGRÁFICO" presents a list of bibliographic references on various topics related to Spanish culture and history. These topics include illness and correspondence of Spanish intellectuals in the 18th century, medicine and diseases in the correspondence of the Spanish Bourbons, national literature in liberal Spain, Spanish literary history, expelled Jesuits and their influence in America, among others. The article provides a wide range of sources for those interested in researching these specific topics, including articles and documents related to court culture in the 18th and 19th centuries, the relationship between the Church and the State, the Spanish navy, the typhus and malaria epidemic in Andalusia in the 18th century, and many other topics related to Spanish culture and history. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Individuals with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face an elevated risk of criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. However, understanding this link involves considering sex differences, coexisting psychiatric conditions, and unmeasured familial factors. This study aimed to explore the connection between ADHD and criminal convictions (both violent and non‐violent) in males and females, while also assessing the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders and familial factors. Methods: Using Swedish national registers, we identified individuals born between 1986 and 1997 (635,391 males and 600,548 females). ADHD was defined through clinical diagnosis and prescribed medications, while criminal convictions were determined based on Swedish lower court records. Unmeasured familial factors were accounted for using a sibling design approach. Results: Findings revealed that individuals with ADHD had a notably higher absolute and relative risk of both violent and non‐violent criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. While criminal convictions were more frequent among males with ADHD, females with ADHD exhibited higher relative risks (HR violent 10.50, non‐violent 4.04) than their male counterparts (HR violent 6.03, non‐violent 3.57). Additionally, lower socioeconomic status (SES) in individuals with ADHD was associated with increased relative risks for criminal convictions compared to individuals with ADHD who had higher SES. Adjusting for childhood and internalizing psychiatric disorders partially attenuated these associations, while substance use disorders (SUD) substantially attenuated them. SUD also contributed to an elevated absolute risk of criminal convictions in both male and female individuals with ADHD. Accounting for unmeasured shared familial factors slightly reduced the estimates, but the association between ADHD and criminal convictions persisted. Conclusion: In conclusion, ADHD remains a potent independent risk factor for criminal convictions, with varying effects based on gender. This underscores the importance of tailored crime prevention strategies and early interventions for individuals with ADHD, especially when comorbid SUD is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosimilar market launch delays are likely costing healthcare systems billions of dollars and preventing patients accessing affordable biologic therapies sooner. Many claim these delays are mostly caused by originator biologics' large patent portfolios asserted during litigation against biosimilar developers, particularly that the manufacturing patents filed after the originator is approved is an important driver of these delays. Our objective was to investigate the accuracy of these claims. We reviewed US Court document submissions for litigation data, including the details of patents asserted against biosimilar owners, and collated biosimilar market launch dates from publicly available databases. We find that, although approximately half of all patents asserted in litigation were manufacturing patents, a greater proportion of composition, active pharmaceutical ingredient, and treatment patents are associated with longer market launch delays, whereas a greater proportion of manufacturing patents are associated with shorter market launch delays. Our results suggest that manufacturing patents were having less of an impact on market launch delays than other types of patents. Our findings have implications for both biosimilar and originator developers, as well as patent policy and its association with healthcare accessibility. • Although it has been claimed that manufacturing patents filed after the originator is approved are a key driver of biosimilar market launch delay, we lack a detailed empirical understanding of the association between the number and types of patents asserted in litigation by originator owners in the United States and how that affects litigation outcome and length of biosimilar commercial market entry delay. • It was found, unexpectedly, that manufacturing patents were having less of an impact on market launch delays than other types of patents, which is contrary to current thinking. • These findings support greater efforts at exploring and addressing biosimilar market launch delays caused not just by manufacturing patents, but also active pharmaceutical ingredient, composition, and treatment patents and the broader implications for patent policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes through which northern townships, customarily governed by strong manorial institutions, came to embrace the structures and routines of vestry governance and supervision by county justices have long required further scholarly investigation. This paper presents a reassessment of the role played by the constables of the West Riding township of Sowerby, Halifax parish, in managing the highways function over the seventeenth century. This is feasible through the happy combination of contemporaneous paper records for the Wakefield court leet and of unusual and exceptionally revealing petty constables' accounts. Sowerby's constables creatively exploited mechanisms at the leet to enforce tenurial and township obligations for road repairs. While the appointment of surveyors is unattested before 1694 and statute duty arrangements are, at best, uncertain, a precocious policy of tax-funded maintenance became embedded in governance routines, as the township's propertied and clothier elite responded to the mid-century political crisis and pulses of assertiveness from the Justices' bench. Independency and improvisation are strongly supportive of change from below as the north's distinctive contribution to state formation in early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-hispanic ballgames have an extensive temporal depth and geographical breadth across Mesoamerica, with over 1,500 ball courts recorded on 1,200 archaeological sites in Mexico alone. It is likely that ballgames played critical but variable roles in how communities related to each other. Most interpretations emphasize ballgames as cosmological rituals and legitimation practices exclusive to elites, perhaps often overlooking the more mundane sociopolitical processes and reasons why they carried such critical meaning for people of all classes and statuses. Ethnographic research on modern ballgames played by Indigenous and mestizo communities today can helpfully provide some insights or maybe deeper understandings into ancient ballgame practices and their relation to Mesoamerican communities. While modern games are not isomorphic with the ancient games, the duration of these traditions underscores their continuing importance and their relativity to current research. In this article I present the results of an ethnographic study of the modern ballgame pelota mixteca de hule (Mixtec rubber ballgame) in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. Considering the results from the ethnographic data, I then discuss an archaeological case study in the Nejapa Valley of southeastern Oaxaca where numerous ballcourts were recently documented over the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication diversion, the act of illegally redirecting prescription drugs from their intended path, is a growing problem in the United States, with significant implications for patient safety and the integrity of the health care system. Objective: The objective of this study was to link reported diversion cases from state boards of pharmacy to state court docket records to describe the legal ramifications of medication diversion. A retrospective analysis of state board of pharmacy records and state court docket records from six states between 2016 and 2021 was completed. A total of 207 medication diversion cases were identified and 61 of these cases were able to be linked to state court cases. The study found that pharmacy technicians were involved in the majority of cases (77.3%). The study found that medication diversion frequently occurred in community pharmacies (59.2%), involving controlled medications (87.4%). The primary reasons for medication diversion were personal use (43.7%) and undetermined motives (48.5%). Of the 61 cases linked to court cases, prevalent disciplinary actions included "misdemeanor or felony charges" (21.4%) and "jail time, suspended" (9.2%). The findings underscore the need for robust systems and protocols within health care facilities to prevent medication diversion, particularly in pharmacy settings. Measures such as implementing physical and electronic controls, addressing flaws in operations, and conducting thorough background checks during the hiring process are crucial for minimizing the risk of diversion. Furthermore, the study reveals inconsistencies in the disciplinary actions taken by state boards of pharmacy and state legal systems, indicating the need for more standardized and consistent processes for prosecuting medication diversion cases. Future research should aim to include a broader sample size and develop standardized data collection methods to further explore medication diversion and its legal implications. In conclusion, addressing medication diversion requires a collaborative effort between health care facilities and regulatory bodies. By prioritizing prevention strategies and aligning disciplinary actions, the health care system can ensure patient safety, uphold professional integrity, and effectively combat medication diversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous recently uncovered cartels operated along the supply chain, with firms at one end facilitating collusion at the other—hub-and-spoke arrangements. These cartels are hard to rationalize because they induce double marginalization and higher costs. We examine Canada's alleged bread cartel and provide the first comprehensive analysis of hub-and-spoke collusion. Using court documents and pricing data, we make three contributions: (i) we show that collusion was effective, increasing inflation by about 50 percent; (ii) we provide evidence that collusion existed at both ends of the supply chain; and (iii) we develop a model explaining why this form of collusion arose. (JEL E31, K21, L12, L14, L22, L42, L81) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Les raisins de la domination: Une histoire sociale de l'alcool en Tunisie à l'époque du Protectorat (1881–1956)" by Nessim Znaien is a book that explores the production, commercialization, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in Tunisia during the French protectorate era. The author analyzes the attitudes of public authorities towards alcohol consumption in a Muslim society and examines various sources such as administrative records, diplomatic archives, court records, and hospital archives. The book is divided into three parts, each focusing on different chronological periods, and provides insights into the development and changes in alcohol production and consumption during the protectorate era. The author also discusses the social and cultural implications of alcohol consumption in colonial Tunisia. [Extracted from the article]

The establishment of the Documents and Manuscripts Center at the University of Jordan was a response to a need felt by university's founders since its establishment. In 1972/1973, the Royal Decree was issued to establish this center, which became a pioneering landmark of the university that plays its role in encouraging scientific research, preserving heritage, and providing a conducive environment for students. The center's mission includes collecting documents, manuscripts, records of Sharia courts, Islamic endowments, newspapers, in addition to collecting reports, maps, narratives, files, memoirs and photos, preserving and documenting them in accordance with scientific standards. Sharia Documents are also considered one of the most important historical sources, and these documents include laws, decrees, proclamations, appointments, transactions, personal status cases, marriage contracts, divorces, inheritance inventories and endowments. Therefore, Sharia records chronicle historical facts about social, economic, administrative, and cultural life, which do not exist elsewhere, unveiling the ambiguity surrounding the Ottoman era in the Levant. Based on the aforementioned, this study aims to highlight the role of the Documents and Manuscripts Center at the University of Jordan in preserving the history of the Levant during the Ottoman era by digitizing all the relevant records, manuscripts and documents related to this period, and thus allows researchers and specialists in modern and contemporary Levantine history to access rich scientific material previously scattered, consolidating historical knowledge within an electronic cloud, facilitating study of this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Reconstruction Congress provided for civil rights removal jurisdiction to enable a state-court defendant with defenses based on federal civil rights to remove the case against them to federal court. A series of late nineteenth-century Supreme Court decisions rendered the provision practically useless until Congress invited federal courts to reinterpret the statute in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. New archival research reveals how lawyers at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement immediately embraced the tool, now codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1443, to shift from state to federal court thousands of cases brought against demonstrators and local residents seeking to exercise their federal civil rights. That brief moment came to an end when the Supreme Court reaffirmed its narrow view of the provision just two years later, and the statute has remained mostly dormant ever since. This Note argues that the utility of civil rights removal, as revealed in the overlooked story of its use during the Civil Rights Movement, should be restored through a modernized statute that clearly defines removal's role in shifting the power over forum choice to defendants when other forms of relief and review are inadequate to address the potential for bias against those raising civil rights defenses. It includes an analysis of court records for almost 5,000 criminal cases filed in federal courts in Mississippi from 1961 through 1969, including almost 1,200 cases removed from Mississippi state courts between 1964 and 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During its age-long existence, dozens of ordinances concerning the competence and procedure at the Court of Holland were issued. For a clear understanding of the functioning of the Court of Holland in a general sense, the ordinances of 1462, 1480, 1515, 1522 and 1531 are essential. After 1531 many ampliations and specific instructions followed, but the Instruction of 1531 remained the fundamental document for the functioning of the Court of Holland until its dissolution in 1811. Until recently, historians relied upon seventeenth-century handwritten copies and ignored contemporary prints of the existing ordinances. Nevertheless, the Dutch authorities immediately used the printing press to proclaim laws publicly since the 1500s. The Instruction for the Court of Holland of 1515 was one of the earliest printed state publications in the Low Countries. This paper analyses the issuing, publication and printing of the consecutive ordinances for the Court of Holland in the sixteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalation of conflicts in intimate relationships to potentially fatal partner violence poses a massive safety risk for victims involved. In addition, separations represent a particularly vulnerable phase for the dynamics of violent escalation. Based on an analysis of court records of three cases of attempted or completed homicides in the course of intimate partner separation in Germany, we outline the conditions under which the separation process is to be assessed by the police as a high-risk phase for the escalation of violence. The study's findings suggest that police work would be more effective if measures were implemented to focus on the overall history of violence rather than on isolated cases, and if these measures were aimed directly at the perpetrators. Moreover, inter-institutional cooperation would support the police in identifying perpetrators at an early stage and carrying out valid risk assessments, rather than working in isolation. The study presents starting points and options for police prevention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces and publishes the court record of a 1491 lawsuit filed in London claiming the loss of "a printed book called a Buk off Caunturbury Talles." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]