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Введение: вопрос возмещения судебных издержек, в том числе по спорам о защите интеллектуальных прав, остается дискуссионным, имеет несколько подходов в судебной практике, один из которых определен Конституционным Судом РФ. Цель: сформировать позицию определения возмещения судебных издержек по спорам о защите интеллектуальных прав с учетом рекомендаций судебных органов. Методологическая основа: анализ судебных актов, индуктивное движение к общему смыслу текущего закрепления вопроса о судебных издержках на основе исследования иных подходов. Результаты: рассмотрен предыдущий подход к возмещению судебных издержек, понесенных на досудебной процедуре урегулирования споров, а также новый порядок, закрепленный Конституционным Судом Российской Федерации, их причины и следствия. Выводы: изменения законодательства в ходе «процессуальной революции» однозначно свидетельствуют о повышении открытости судебной защиты для хозяйствующих субъектов, в том числе в сфере защиты интеллектуальных прав., Background: the issue of reimbursement of court costs, including disputes on the protection of intellectual property rights, remains controversial, determining several approaches in judicial practice, one of which is defined by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Objective: to form a position for determining the reimbursement of court costs for disputes on the protection of intellectual property rights, taking into account the recommendations of the judiciary. Methodology: an analysis of judicial acts, an inductive movement toward the general meaning of the current fixing of the issue of court costs through the study of other approaches. Results: considered the previous approach to the reimbursement of court costs incurred in the pre-trial procedure of dispute resolution, as well as the new procedure enshrined by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, their causes and consequences. Conclusions: changes in legislation in the course of the “procedural revolution” clearly indicate an increase in the openness of judicial protection for business entities, including in the field of protection of intellectual rights.

В данной статье анализируется проблема взыскания судебных издержек на представителя в приказном производстве. Проводится анализ на примере конкретной жизненной ситуации, которая вполне может иметь место в правоприменительной практике субъектов гражданского судопроизводства, а также предлагаются пути возможного преодоления данной коллизии., This article analyzes the problem of collecting legal costs for a representative in writ proceedings. An analysis is carried out on the example of a specific life situation, which may well take place in the law enforcement practice of subjects of civil proceedings, and ways of possible overcoming this conflict are also proposed., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 2 (151) 2023, Pages 1247-1249

Currently, one of the main forms of human rights protection is legal protection. The implementation of these rights, in turn, implies the importance of creating a mechanism for the recovery of court costs by the state. Although public relations associated with legal costs are not a new relationship, they are considered to be an institution that has not yet been fully studied in practice. During the study of the topic, judicial practice and legislation were studied.

A supplementary decision is intended to eliminate the incompleteness of the court decision passed in the case. It is derivative and, therefore, dependent on the decision of the court in the case, but regarding other issues it is autonomous (independent). The author criticizes formal explanations about the possibility of making a supplementary decision exclusively by the same court panel that made the decision on the case, as well as about returning the appeal along with the case to the court of first instance for making a supplementary decision. It is proposed to give the right to raise the issue of making a supplementary decision regarding the distribution of court costs for forensic examination carried out by experts and expert organizations on an equal basis with the court and the persons involved in the case, as well as equate the period for raising this issue with the time limit for appealing the court decision. The author contends the impossibility of presenting new (additional) evidence when the court considers the issue of making a supplementary decision, as well as the impossibility of restoring the procedural period missed for the delivery of this issue. It was revealed that a supplementary decision can also be made in the case when the resolution of a particular issue by virtue of the law is mandatory for the court. The author determines alternative ways for completing the court decision on the case, if the possibility of making a supplementary decision is lost. Attention is drawn to the ambiguity of the assessment given to the supplementary decision as a mechanism for replenishing the court decision in the case due to its objectively inherent shortcomings

This study is determined by the theoretical and practical interest in the study of issues related to the protection of the rights of participants in transport obligations. The need for research is dictated by the direct needs of the subjects of the relevant legal relations in the actual exercise of rights, as well as in connection with the search for the most effective use of existing civil law forms of protection of violated rights of participants in transport obligations. Turning to general theoretical problems, in particular, to the concept of protection of rights, it is concluded that this is common to civil law and civil procedure. The authors state that the specifics of transport obligations determine the specifics of protecting the rights of their participants, where the main role is given to the non-jurisdictional form of protection. The authors pay special attention to the claims procedure for dispute settlement, supporting the position that this procedure is inter-industry in nature. At the same time, it is proposed to use other conciliation procedures along with the claim procedure (or after) before applying to the court, which, in turn, according to the authors, will allow building an effective system for protecting the violated rights of participants in transport obligations.

The scientific article examines the features of reimbursement of court costs for professional assistance of a lawyer in civil proceedings in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to certain aspects in particular: belonging to court costs, the procedure for reimbursement of legal costs to the parties, verification of compliance with the costs of professional legal assistance, determining the amount of attorney’s fees (in proportion to the volume of services provided, complexity of the case). the importance of the case to the party, including the impact of the decision on the reputation of the party or the public interest in the case), reducing court costs at the request of the party or in the absence of such a request. Also, the article analyzes some aspects of the realization of everyone’s right to judicial protection, which is directly guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine. In particular, it is determined that this right can be exercised by anyone whose rights, freedoms or interests have been violated within the constitutional, civil, commercial, administrative and criminal proceedings of Ukraine. The protection procedure is carried out in court. The litigation is characterized by significant costs for the parties involved. The article analyzes in detail the features of reimbursement of legal fees for professional assistance of a lawyer in civil proceedings, highlights gaps in the legal field of civil law, namely the amount of attorney’s fees, the order of reimbursement of legal costs, the possibility of reducing the cost of professional legal assistance in the absence of a request. Also, the article analyzes the case law, analyzes the peculiarities of reimbursement of expenses for individuals and legal entities to receive legal aid. It is directly stated that determining the amount of attorney’s fees always has its own characteristics and individual nature, which depends on the case and costs incurred., В науковій статті досліджуються особливості відшкодування судових витрат на професійну допомогу адвоката в цивільному процесі України. Особливу увагу приділено окремим аспектам, зокрема: належності судових витрат, порядку відшкодування судових витрат сторонам, перевірці відповідності витрат на професійну правничу допомогу, визначення розміру гонорару адвоката (у його співмірності з обсягом наданих послуг, складністю справи, часом витраченим адвокатом на виконання відповідних робіт, а також ціною позову або значенням справи для сторони, в тому числі впливом вирішення справи на репутацію сторони або публічним інтересом до справи), зменшення судових витрат за клопотанням сторони або за відсутності такого клопотання. Також, в статті аналізуються окремі аспекти реалізації права кожного на судовий захист, яке безпосередньо гарантовано Конституцією України та законами України. Зокрема, визначено, що реалізувати дане право може кожен, чиї права, свободи або інтереси було порушено у межах конституційного, цивільного, господарського, адміністративного і кримінального судочинства України. Здійснення процедури захисту відбувається в судовому порядку. Участь у судовому процесі може бути пов’язана зі значними витратами для сторін. В статті докладно проаналізовано особливості відшкодування судових витрат на професійну допомогу адвоката в цивільному процесі, висвітлено прогалини у правовому полі, а саме щодо розміру визначення гонорару адвоката, порядку відшкодування судових витрат сторонами, можливості зменшення витрат на професійну правничу допомогу за клопотанням сторони або за відсутності відповідного клопотання. Також, в статті здійснено аналіз особливостей відшкодування витрат на отримання фізичними та юридичними особами правової допомоги. Безпосередньо зазначено, що визначення розміру гонорару адвоката, завжди має свої особливості та індивідуальний характер, що залежить від розглянутої справи та понесених витрат.

The article examines the main problematic issues in the appointment and conduct of forensic examination, which affect the timing and results of expert research, as well as the solution of these issues in the investigation of criminal proceedings. Based on the analysis of scientific houses and legal regulations, the author's definition of the term "forensic examination" was developed. The analysis of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine is carried out and the main problems and conflicting moments are determined. The implementation of the functions and tasks of forensic forensic examinations in the context of the detection of committed crimes, proving the guilt of specific individuals has become significantly more complicated as a result of the legal reform carried out in Ukraine. In criminal proceedings, the problem of appointing and conducting examinations has always taken place, it has been and remains quite relevant, because an important role in proving the guilt of the person who committed the crime belongs to the examination. It is argued that it is necessary to make changes to the procedure and grounds for conducting a forensic examination, in order to avoid usurpation of such a right by the investigating judge. The necessity of making changes to the procedure and grounds for conducting a forensic examination in order to avoid usurpation of such a right by the investigating judge is argued. Based on the analysis of regulations that constitute the legal basis for forensic examinations in criminal proceedings, it is determined that the mechanism of regulation of this institution should be provided with clear rules, formed taking into account the needs of modern domestic and foreign practice. It is noted that the legal provisions of national legislation in the context of the appointment of forensic examination in criminal proceedings need to be further improved. The main problems of application of current rules of law include, first of all, Art. 244 of the current CPC of Ukraine, according to which "an expert may be involved by an investigating judge at the request of the defense in case of refusal of the investigator, prosecutor to satisfy the request of the defense to involve an expert." It is proposed to solve the problematic aspects of the terminological apparatus, determining the status of an expert and a comprehensive examination, as well as the procedure for conducting a forensic examination in criminal proceedings in the new draft Law of Ukraine "On forensic activities". The application of this provision entails a number of problems, including: sanctioning by the investigating judge of the forensic procedure is inexpedient, as most examinations in criminal proceedings are mandatory, and therefore the transfer of the function of appointment and mandatory examinations to the court will only delay affairs; in such circumstances, it is not possible to optimize court costs for forensic examinations; this causes an imbalance of the parties criminal proceedings, which entails the ineffectiveness of the methods of defense and justice in general, as well as contradict the principle of freedom in the submission of their evidence to the court and proving their persuasiveness; this leads to unjustified formal and informal restrictions in the use of means of proof and leveling the principle of adversarial proceedings of the parties to the criminal proceedings. Key words: expert, court, criminal proceedings, pre-trial investigation, investigating judge, investigator, judge, reforms, justice.

У статті зроблено спробу узагальнення норматив­них положень та судової практики щодо нарахуван­ня, доведення, розподілу та відшкодування витрат на правничу допомогу в адміністративному судочин­стві. З’ясовано, що практика застосування КАС Укра­їни виявила низку проблемних питань, що виникають під час відшкодування витрат на професійну прав­ничу допомогу. Автором виокремлено групи правил визначення, доказування, розподілу та використання судових витрат на правничу допомогу в адміністратив­ному судочинстві, що визначені кодексом та уточнені Верховним Судом. З’ясовано, що ключовими поняттями, що пов’язані з діяльністю учасників судового процесу щодо витрат на правничу допомогу, є їх визначення, доведення, розподіл, відшкодування та механізм, що охоплює правила проведення такої діяльності. Запропоновано авторське визначення цих понять. Виявлено засади функціонування механізму визначення, доведення та розподілу витрат на правничу допомогу в адміністра­тивному судочинстві (принципи реальності, необхід­ності, розумності, співмірності, обґрунтованості та добросовісності). Запропоновано авторське поняття «механізм визначення, доведення та розподілу ви­трат на правничу допомогу в адміністративному судо­чинстві» як сукупності правил діяльності учасників судового процесу, визначених Кодексом адміністра­тивного судочинства України, щодо з’ясування обсягів сум коштів, що були витрачені (чи планується витра­ти) сторонами під час отримання послуг чи виконан­ня робіт адвокатом (іншим фахівцем у галузі права) з урахуванням показників, визначених законодавством, установлення співвідношення заявлених учасникам процесу складу і розміру витрат на правничу допомогу з доказами у справі за принципами реальності, необхід­ності, розумності та призначення до виплати сторона­ми відповідних сум на засадах співмірності, обґрунто­ваності та добросовісності.

The institute of mediation is becoming increasingly popular. This is due to several factors, including the possibility to save on attorneys' fees and court costs. Mediation also helps to save a lot of time and find a solution to the conflict that would satisfy both parties as quickly as possible. During the pandemic, the institution of mediation, like many other spheres of public life, moved online. The mediation process itself involves individuals who use online communication or even artificial intelligence, such as chatbots. Thus, in connection with the transition of mediation to the online plane, there is a need for legal support for the use of innovative technologies in the field of mediation. Thus, the article is relevant and timely in terms of quarantine restrictions. The object of research is public relations in the field of online mediation. The authors of the article used general and special research methods. The authors of the article concluded that online mediation is a useful institution, but the implementation of appropriate procedures must take care to protect private information, as there is no full control over the situation outside the camera of a computer, tablet, phone, or other device with access on the Internet.

The article analyzes the conceptual approaches to the formation of a legal position when applying the mediation process as a procedure for alternative dispute resolution according to the draft Law of Ukraine «On Mediation». Unfortunately, the problem of providing alternative means of non-judicial protection of the parties in resolving a dispute between the parties in the field of civil, labor, family or administrative law at the legislative level has not been resolved, which adversely affects the judicial practice.It emphasizes the importance of introducing in Ukraine the institute of alternative ways of resolving disputes by applying the mediation procedure in solving the problem of realization of the right of each person. This will help to improve citizens’ access to justice and reduce the burden on the courts, thereby reducing the timeframe for cases and the percentage of appeals, reducing court costs, improving the quality of court decisions and reaching reconciliation between the parties. In this connection, the purpose of the article is to develop proposals for amending the draft law on mediation, in particular, the need to stipulate the responsibility of the parties to the dispute at the legislative level, as well as to specify in more detail the circumstances that prevent the mediator’s neutrality and the consequences of non-compliance with the mediator. bans on mediation of disputes in which he has a personal interest. To date, the law does not reflect any sanctions that may be applied to a mediator for failing to fulfill his or her obligations in relation to the mediation process.That is why one of the main purposes of this article is to attract the attention of scientists to the need to create a universally recognized conceptual apparatus of professional responsibility, including the conceptual apparatus of professional responsibility of mediators, since its absence adversely affects legal practice. The presence of a harmonious system of professional responsibility of the mediator can act as a powerful impetus for the provision of quality mediation services, and then one of the important factors for the development of the mediation institute. At the same time, it is seen that in the course of further development of mediation in Ukraine and the growth of the number of mediators, this issue will be relevant and require further scientific study and legislative regulation., Проаналiзовано концептуальнi підходи до формування правової позиції під час застосування процесу медіації як процедури альтернативного врегулювання спору згідно з проєктом закону України про медіацію. На жаль, проблеми забезпечення альтернативних способів несудового захисту сторін під час урегулювання спору між сторонами в галузі цивільного, трудового, сімейного чи адміністративного права на законодавчому рівні не було вирішено, що негативно впливає на судову практику.Наголошується на важливості впровадження в Україні інституту альтернативних способів урегулювання спорів шляхом застосування процедури медіації в розв’язанні проблеми реалізації права кожної особи. Адже це сприятиме поліпшенню доступу громадян до правосуддя та скороченню навантаження на суди, у зв’язку з чим допоможе скоротити строки розгляду справ i відсоток оскаржуваних рішень, зменшити судові витрати, поліпшити якість судових рішень та досягнути примирення між сторонами.У зв’язку з цим метою статті є розроблення пропозицій щодо внесення змін до законопроєкту про медіацію, зокрема, наголошується на необхідності передбачити на законодавчому рівні відповідальність сторін спору, а також детальніше окреслити перелік обставин, які унеможливлюють нейтральність медіатора, та наслідків недотримання медіатором заборони щодо участі у медіації спорів, у яких він має особистий інтерес. На нинішній день у законі не відображені санкції, які можуть застосовуватися до медіатора за невиконання ним його обов’язків щодо процесу медіації.Саме тому одним з основних призначень нашого дослідження є привернення уваги вчених до необхідності формування загальновизнаного понятійного апарату професійної відповідальності, у тому числі і понятійного апарату професійної відповідальності медіаторів, оскільки його відсутність негативно впливає на юридичний практику. Наявність гармонійної системи професійної відповідальності медіатора може виступати потужним стимулом надання якісних послуг з медіації, а потім і одним з вагомих факторів розвитку інституту медіації. При цьому вбачається, що в ході подальшого розвитку медіації в Україні та зростанні кількості медіаторів це питання матиме актуальний характер і вимагає свого подальшого наукового вивчення та законодавчого врегулювання., Проводится анализ концептуальных подходов к формированию правовой позиции при применении процесса медиации как процедуры альтернативного разрешения спора согласно проекту закона Украины о медиации. К сожалению, проблемы обеспечения альтернативных способов несудебного защиты сторон при разрешении спора между сторонами в области гражданского, трудового, семейного или административного права на законодательном уровне не было решено, что негативно влияет на судебную практику.Отмечается важность внедрения в Украине института альтернативных способов разрешения споров путем применения процедуры медиации в решении проблемы реализации права каждого человека. Это будет способствовать улучшению доступа граждан к правосудию и сокращению нагрузки на суды, в связи с чем поможет сократить сроки рассмотрения дел и процент обжалуемых решений, уменьшить судебные издержки, улучшить качество судебных решений и достичь примирения между сторонами.В связи с этим целью статьи является разработка предложений по внесению изменений в законопроект о медиации, в частности подчеркивается необходимость предусмотреть на законодательном уровне ответственность сторон спора, а также подробнее описать перечень обстоятельств, которые делают невозможным нейтральность медиатора, и последствий несоблюдения медиатором запрета на участие в медиации споров, в которых он имеет личный интерес. На сегодняшний день в законе не отражены санкции, которые могут применяться к медиатору за невыполнение им своих обязанностей относительно процесса медиации.Именно поэтому одной из основных задач нашего исследования является привлечение внимания ученых к необходимости формирования общепризнанного понятийного аппарата профессиональной ответственности, в том числе и понятийного аппарата профессиональной ответственности медиаторов, поскольку его отсутствие негативно влияет на юридическую практику. Наличие гармоничной системы профессиональной ответственности медиатора может выступать в качестве мощного стимула предоставления качественных услуг по медиации, а впоследствии и одним из весомых факторов развития института медиации.

The purpose of the article is to study the legal essence of contingency fee of judicial representative in the context of legal expenses, to outline the judicial and psychological aspects of application of contingency fee, as well as main problems and tendencies of law enforcement practice in this sphere of legal relations. Methodology. The methods used in the survey were chosen according to the defined purpose, specific of object and subject of the research. The survey is based on the use of general and specific scientific methods. By means of cognition method the problems of legal background of contingency fee were studied. The method of comparative analysis was used while analyzing of legislation and scientific categories of the research. For theoretical investigation of various sides of the problem the methods of analysis and synthesis were used (in particular, for determent of the possibility of adaptation of foreign legislation to the processes that take place in modern Ukraine). Scientific novelty lies in the formulation of the scientific concept of application of contingency fee in the national legal field. The proposition was made to determine the amount of attorney’s remuneration in the fixed sum or by applying of calculation formula, in particular in the percentage equivalent to the amount of claim, or otherwise provided that it can be clearly defined, the payment of which depend on the outcome of legal aid provision. It was proved that the limits of application of contingency fee must be established not by prohibitions and restrictions as to certain categories of cases, but by formation of moral and ethical characteristics of attorney, by the prohibition of abuse of the rights for contingency fee in the context of moral, material, disciplinary responsibility of attorney at law. Conclusions. On the basis of conducted research, it is established that the contingency fee, as a part of a fee of legal representative (attorney at law), belongs to the legal expenses for legal aid. The procedure of reimbursement of these expenses comprises: existence of provisions about contingency fee in the legal aid agreement with clear prescription of the rules of definition if its size and conditions of payment; confirmation of the fact of incurring of expenses for payment of contingency fee; compliance with the criteria of proportionality and reasonableness while distribution of court costs. Keywords: contingency fee; attorney’s fee; legal aid expenses; court expenses; economic judicial procedure.

Texto se propõe a discutir a violação do direito de acesso à justiça a partir da análise da atual redação dos art. 790-B, 791-A e 844 da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), introduzidos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pela Lei nº 13.467/17, conhecida com a alcunha de Reforma Trabalhista. Tais dispositivos permitem que ocorra, em algumas situações, a condenação do beneficiário da justiça gratuita em custas processuais. Por meio de um estudo teórico-normativo, discute-se, por meio do método dedutivo, a inconvencionalidade desses novos dispositivos na medida em que violam frontalmente, não só a Constituição Federal, mas também convenções internacionais de direitos humanos.

The article attempts to outline the boundaries of responsibility of legal representatives for the obligations of the legally incompetent, the procedural status of the legally incompetent and their legal representatives in civil and administrative court proceedings. The opinion was expressed that the duties of a minor defendant could be performed at the expense of his legal representative. A legal representative should also be charged legal costs.

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito Tributário, No contexto da litigiosidade, a taxa de justiça representa um importante instrumento de financiamento do Estado, mas também poderá ser concebida como uma ferramenta extra-redíticia com vista a reorientar comportamentos. A presente dissertação pretende ser uma análise, sob uma perspetiva jurídico-tributária, das diversas taxas cobradas no acesso à justiça, em particular, da taxa de justiça, enquanto contrapartida pecuniária que os utilizadores da justiça suportam pelo impulso processual. Começamos, assim, por uma narrativa mais genérica, em que analisaremos os diversos tributos existentes no nosso espaço jurídico, e sua carga principiológica, procurando, posteriormente, salientarmos a natureza jurídico-tributária da taxa de justiça. Será também oportuno estudarmos os antecedentes legislativos desta figura. Exploramos como, e de que forma, se manifestam o princípio da capacidade contributiva e o princípio da equivalência na taxa de justiça, exercício este de magna essencialidade para podermos compreender outras problemáticas que lhe estão associadas, como é o caso da base tributável. O objetivo também será atomizar a taxa de justiça das custas processuais – em especial, das custas de parte – procurando contribuir para uma autonomia do seu tratamento no Direito tributário, evidenciando esta sua ligação aos cosmos tributário, característica que não encontramos nas restantes custas. Dedicaremos também atenção à taxa de justiça agravada, ao fenómeno da litigância em masse e à taxa sancionatória excecional, mas sempre direcionados para uma análise de cunho mais tributarista. Convocamos à reflexão algumas questões de conformidade constitucional, analisando, sempre que possível, a jurisprudência sufragada pelo Tribunal Constitucional, bem como a análise de ordens jurídicas externas. Finalmente, analisamos a taxa de justiça sob o esquema da relação jurídica tributária, procurando, uma vez mais, contribuir para a insuficiência do tratamento desta figura., In the context of litigation, the justice tax represents an important State’s financing instrument, but it can also be conceived as an extra-redictive tool for reorienting behaviours. This dissertation aims to be an analysis, from a legal-tributary perspective, of the various taxes charged upon access to justice, in particular, the justice tax as a pecuniary compensation that justice’s users pay for the procedural impulse. The justice tax represents an important State’s financing instrument, but it can also be conceived as an extra-redictive tool for reorienting behaviours. Therefore, we begin with a more generic narrative in which we analyse the various taxes existents in our juridical space, and its principles, posteriorly seeking to emphasize the legal tributary nature of the justice tax. It will also be opportune to study the legislative background of this legal figure. We explore how, and in what way, the principle of contributory capacity and the principle of equivalence manifests in the justice tax, an exercise of great important for comprehending other problematic subjects associated, such as the taxable base. The objective it is also to atomize the justice tax from the court costs – specially, the unsuccessful party’s costs – seeking to contribute for a better understanding of that legal figure and accentuate its close connection to the tributary cosmos, a feature that we do not find on the other court costs. We will pay attention to the aggravated justice tax, to the mass litigation phenomenon and exceptional penalty tax, but always directed towards a more tributary analysis. We call for reflection some questions of constitutional conformity, analysing, whenever possible, the jurisprudence emanated by the Constitutional Court, as well as external legal orders. Finally, we analyse the justice tax under the tributary legal relationship pursuing, once again, to contribute to the insufficient treatment of this legal creature.

Transformation and sustainable development of modern countries is not possible without providing all participants in economic relations with equal access to justice, which should be based on respect for fundamental rights, the Rule of Law, transparent courts and the effective administration of justice, guaranteeing public access to information about activity of commercial courts. The term "access to court" is a complex legal category based on several basic criteria, the simultaneous provision of which guarantees the actual observance of a person's right to access to justice, in particular: 1) financial, which provides for the obligation of the state to establish such an algorithm for determining the amount of court costs, which takes into account the property of the party and does not create obstacles to the exercise of the right to go to court, while acting as a safeguard against abuse of the right to go to; 2) territorial, which provides that the system of courts of general jurisdiction should be built taking into account the territorial structure of the state, with local courts, which consider all cases as courts of first instance, should be territorially as close as possible to the person; 3) organizational — provides for the optimal organization of the judicial system, which should be simple and, at the same time, clear and effective, in the context of access to court and the procedure for protection of individual rights. In addition, both the system of general courts as a whole and each individual court of general jurisdiction must be established and carry out their procedural activities in strict accordance with national law; 4) informational, according to which each state must legislate to inform its citizens and business entities about the procedure for going to court, about the conditions of providing certain categories of socially vulnerable citizens engaged in business activities, professional legal assistance provided by lawyers at the expense of the state, as well as the cur rent procedural rules; 5) procedural, which guarantees the administration of justice on the basis of the Rule of Law, as well as impartiality and impartiality of the court and judges, reasonable timeliness of court proceedings, publicity of proceedings and promulgation of court decisions, proper motivation and justification of court decisions, ensuring effective execution of court decisions and respect for final court decision; 6) quality of legislation, which imposes on the state the obligation to adopt legislation that meets the requirements of accessibility and predictability, so that each person has the opportunity to obtain adequate information about the circumstances of the application of legal norms in a particular case. REFERENCES Peretvorennia nashoho svitu: Poriadok dennyi u sferi staloho rozvytku do 2030 roku: Rezoliutsiia Heneralnoi Asamblei Orhanizatsii Obiednanykh Natsii vid 25.09 2015. URL: http://sdg.org.ua/ua/resources-2/344-2030-2015 [in Ukrainian]. Tsili staloho rozvytku: Ukraina: Natsionalna dopovid. Ministerstvo ekonomichnoho rozvytku i torhivli Ukrainy, 2017. 174 p. URL: http://un.org.ua/images/SDGs_NationalReportUA_Web_1.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Zahalna deklaratsiia prav liudyny vid 10.12.1948. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_015 [in Ukrainian]. Mizhnarodnyi pakt pro hromadianski y politychni prava vid 16.12.1966. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/995_043 [in Ukrainian]. Yevropeiska konventsiia pro zakhyst prav liudyny i osnovopolozhnykh svobod vid 04.11.1950. URL: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004 [in Ukrainian]. Rekomendatsii Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy shchodo zakhodiv, shcho polehshuiut dostup do pravosuddia vid 14.05.1981 No. R(81). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_133 [in Ukrainian]. Rekomendatsii Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy shchodo vvedennia v diiu ta polipshennia funktsionuvannia system i protsedur oskarzhennia u tsyvilnykh i torhovelnykh spravakh vid 07.02.1995 No. R(95)5. URL: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_153 [in Ukrainian]. Rekomendatsii Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy shchodo prymusovoho vykonannia vid 09.09.2003 No. Rec(2003)17. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_868 [in Ukrainian].

This work is part of the court costs debate, a delicate issues, especially concerning the Brazilian Public Defender's Office. It aims to analyze the position of Brazilian Superior Court of Justice regarding the granting of suing in forma pauperis, provided by the Code of Civil Procedure, to the defendant, party served through constructive service of process, and thus represented on judicial process by what is called special curatorship, usually carried out by the Public Defender's Office. One of the hypotheses for not granting the benefit, in principle, would be the lack of legitimacy of the Office of the Defensoria to request it and judgment, which is soon dismissed. As a result of the search for judgments in the Court's database, it is clear that the current understanding is that the benefit of the absentee defendant is not presumed, since the Public Defender would not, obviously, have any personal contact with him, whose economic conditions could not be verified. This is the majority position of the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice, although there are precedents that do not require recursal preparation, recognizing the need to protect the right to due process and adversary system.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a crisis of the judicial system (litigation explosion) broke out in the United States. It manifested itself in a multiple increase in the number of appeals to the courts, the duration of cases, and the legal expenses of the parties. Under the pressure of the idea of reducing the burden on the judicial system, the US civil procedure undergone changes. This paper is a part of a larger study of the nature of these transformations. Thus, the author analyzes the causes and factors that contributed to the development of this crisis. It is established that they are largely related to the sphere of civil procedure. In particular, these are features of the distribution of legal costs between the parties to the dispute — the so-called American rule, which does not impose the legal costs of the opponent on the losing party and therefore does not prevent the presentation of obviously unfounded claims (as in the case of the "loser pays" rule). The possibility of a contingency fee contract between the lawyer and the plaintiff, combined with other factors, led to the emergence of a huge industry based on damages, including class actions. The 1938 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure significantly simplified the requirements for a claim, which also contributed to an increase in the number of appeals. Abuse by the parties during the evidence disclosure procedure became a significant problem, since it is during this procedure that the parties incur the maximum costs. Identifying the factors that contributed to the development of the crisis will allow us to better understand the essence of the changes that the US civil procedure has undergone in recent decades.

The updated list of powers of the court of appellate instance has been analyzed and it has been established that the renewal of the powers of the appellate court has the purpose of strengthening the position of the appellate court in specific powers in order to prevent abuse of procedural rights. The procedure for adjudication (passing judgments) by the appellate court and proclamation thereof has been considered. It has been established that the current procedural law replaced the term “resolutions and decisions of the appellate court” with the term “decisions of the appellate court”. Today, the term “court decision” remained only in the court of first instance. It is proved that judgments are made by courts of first instance in connection with the consideration of the case on the merits, and decisions are taken in the appellate instance, since the appellate court verifies the legality and/or substantiality of the court decision of the first instance, and also that the decision as a term has a more definitive character than a judicial decision. The scientifically substantiated proposals on improvement of civil procedural legislation of Ukraine in the part of appeal proceedings have been formulated. The renewal of the powers of the Court of Appeal is intended to strengthen the position of the Court of Appeal in specific powers in order to prevent abuse of procedural rights in accordance with the principle of legal certainty and the finality of the judgment. According to the rules of the Code of Civil Procedure of Ukraine, a change in the decision is possible not only in the case of errors in the application of substantive rules, but also in procedural law. A change of decision in violation of procedural law occurs, for example, when the amount of court costs established by the court of first instance is changed. It should also be noted that the Code of Civil Procedure of Ukraine has excluded the possibility of appealing an appeal against a court order, which seems to be a positive change in the appeal proceedings due to the fact that the purpose of the criminal proceedings is to simplify the procedure of such cases and speed their execution. And the possibility of appealing against court orders complicates the achievement of such a goal.

The article is devoted to the study of the notion of legal costs and the importance of their fair collection for the civilprocess and the civil turnover in general, as well as types of legal costs. The peculiarities of determining the sizeof the legal costs in different categories of cases and other problems of court practice are analyzed.The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the institute of the reimbursement of costs has undergone significant changes in the new version of the CPC, the application of legislative amendments causes some difficulties injudicial practice.The purpose of this article is to analyze the problems of case law when considering issues related to the composition, size of court costs, etc.The procedure for the distribution and reimbursement of court costs is governed solely by the CPC of Ukraine.These costs are not losses within the meaning of Art. 22 of Civil Code of Ukraine, are not included in the costof the claim and cannot be recovered as damages (clause 2 of the resolution of the plenum of the High SpecializedCourt of Ukraine for consideration of civil and criminal cases from October 17, 2014 № 10 “On the application bythe courts of the law on court costs in civil cases”).Article 133 of CPC establishes a comprehensive list of costs associated with the case: 1) professional legal assistance (Article 137 of CPC). At the same time, the possibility of reimbursement of legal aid costs is only available if a lawyer acts as a representative; 2) related to the involvement of witnesses, specialists, translators, experts and expertise(Article 139 of CPC); 3) related to the demand for evidence, review of evidence by their location, provision of evidence(Article 140 CPC); 4) related to taking other procedural actions necessary to consider the case or to preparation forits consideration (referral of attorney’s requests; receipt of evidence, etc.). Probably this category includes the costsof the parties and their representatives, which are related to the court appearance (Article 138 of CPC).

REPRESENTATION OF UNKNOWN HEIRS BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT — SELECTED ISSUES OF THE RIGHT OF ASSISTANCEThe guardian of inheritance may initiate proceedings before an administrative court when the interests of unknown heirs so require e.g. due to the need to determine the tax liability included in the estate. In the case of lodging a complaint to the administrative court by the guardian, he may apply for exemption from court costs because he has not been relieved expressis verbis from incurring them under the law. The guardian of the inheritance may also apply for the appointment of an public attorney because of the right to court, especially when a professional representative is required to draft an appeal. Not always the guardian is a professional attorney advocate, legal counselor, tax advisor who can submit such a remedy by representing the interests of unknown heirs within. In the case of submitting the application with demand of granting the right of assistance it should have been taken into account that the guardian represents the interests of the inheritance. In consequence, the application should present actual information about the inheritance.

Successful adaptation to correctional environments requires following the rules and procedures in the midst of changing and competing situational demands. Inmates with psychiatric, developmental, and cognitive disorders have difficulty independently programming and consistently following lawful orders. The symptoms of their conditions create functional impairment which interferes with their ability to complete tasks, take independent personal action, and follow directions. Impaired inmates do not consistently or uniformly meet inmate role expectations. They may need extra time and/or additional prompting to respond successfully. The inmate disciplinary system operates on the premise that rule infractions are caused by volitional antisocial behavior. The system assumes that inmates have control over their behavior and simply choose to act out. The system responds to these infractions with punishment. Functional impairments cause or contribute to inmates violating rules. This is not antisocial behavior, and when it is treated as such, inmates with recognized disorders are punished because their symptoms and consequences are imposed without understanding how they might impact an inmate’s underlying condition or help the inmate follow the rules. Imposition of these penalties can be stressful and doing so without knowledge or consideration of an inmate’s condition can unwittingly exacerbate symptoms, destabilize conditions, and interfere with access to, or utilization of, coping skills and protective factors which the inmate relies upon to manage in the correctional environment. Inmate disciplinary actions are costly. District attorney referrals and new trials result in court costs and segregated environments are more expensive to run. Consequently, it is important to recognize when rule violations have resulted from functional impairment and treat the underlying problems instead of punishing inmates for having recognized psychiatric, developmental, or cognitive conditions.

The subject of the paper are basic principles for the responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity and consolidation of these principles in the procedural legislation. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the basis of principles for imposing the responsibility for the legal costs on co-plaintiff or codefendant includes substantive criterion (the nature of the disputed material relationship) and procedural criterion (the procedural status of the co-participant). The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition and the resulting private-scientific methods, in particular: the system-structural method and the method of comparative law. The main results and scope of their application. Civil and commercial procedural legislation does not regulate the issue of responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity. The mechanism of such a responsibility has a significant influence on the formation of legal bodies’ position in resolving the issue from whom and in what amount the costs of the of the case consideration are to be recovered in the case of several claimants or defendants participating in the dispute. The author proposed four principles to imposing the responsibility for the legal costs on the parties in civil and arbitration proceedings due to the content of the controversial material legal relationship. 1) The principle of equal share distribution of legal costs among the parties is the main principle for recovering legal costs in the case of procedural complicity. This principle is applicable in all cases arising from legal relations with a shared plurality of persons on the creditor’s or the debtor’s side. 2) The principle of joint collection of legal costs is applicable for disputes in which joint debtors or joint creditors take part. 3) The exclusion from the principle of equal imposing the responsibility for the legal costs is allowed by the court in case of a violation of procedural rights by one or several parties. 4) The inadmissibility of imposing the responsibility for the legal costs to the plaintiff in favor of improper co-defendant in the case when this co-defendant appeared on the court’s initiative. It is unreasonable to use the criterion of the actual procedural behavior of the parties during the imposition the responsibility for the legal costs, because this criterion is vague and evaluative, it depends on the will of the person who claims to reimburse legal costs and on the opinion of the judge resolving this issue. The proposed principle of legal costs equal sharing among the parties will not affect the adversarial character in the civil and arbitration procedure. Conclusions. In order to unify approaches of courts and to prevent a discretionary attitude to this issue, it is necessary to develop basic principles for imposition of responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity and consolidation of these principles in the procedural legislation. The nature of the controversial material relationship is put on the basis for the joining of the parties in the civil and commercial proceedings. This criterion should also be taken into account by the court when deciding on the court costs distribution among the parties involved in the case.