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Using Norwegian register data on migrant-background individuals born 1985 to 2001 who were either native born or who immigrated as children or teens, in combination with data from the World Marriage Database, we investigate how residential partner markets and marriage behavior in countries of origin shape partner choice and choice of union type in Norway. Results from crossclassified multilevel hazards models confirmed that a higher share of “co-ethnics” in the county of residence was negatively related to exogamy and positively related to cohabiting endogamously. Further, a pattern of less traditional partnership behavior in countries of origin was associated with less traditional behavior in Norway. More specifically, a later singulate mean age of marriage (SMAM) in countries of origin was positively related to cohabitation, whereas those originating from a country with a higher share of unmarried in ages 25 to 29 were less prone to marry endogamously. These associations varied by ages at arrival and gender. Taken together, our results provide evidence that norms and behaviors in countries of origin continue to shape the partnership behaviors of young migrant-background individuals, even among those who were born and raised in Norway.

В статье рассматривается проблема возвращения на Родину родственников террористов, выехавших в ИГИЛ (запрещена в Российской Федерации). Автор раскрывает гуманитарные, уголовно-правовые, процессуальные и криминологические аспекты специальных операций по возвращению в страны исхода родственников джихадистов. Обосновывается необходимость фильтрации, особого учета и временного надзора за бывшими джихадистами, разработки комплексных программ адаптации и реинтеграции бывших боевиков-террористов и членов их семей., The article discusses the problem of returning to their homeland of relatives of terrorists who left for ISIS (prohibited in the Russian Federation). The author reveals the humanitarian, criminal-legal, procedural and criminological aspects of special operations to return relatives of jihadists to the countries of origin. The necessity of filtering, special accounting and temporary supervision of former jihadists, the development of comprehensive programs for the adaptation and reintegration of former terrorist fighters and their families is substantiated., СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРАВО, Выпуск 5 2021, Pages 99-104

Since the mid-1990s, the concept of transnationalism has been increasingly used and discussed. Some authors have contested its novelty, arguing that all types of migrants, including internal ones, tend to remain connected to their home place. In this paper, we provide new quantitative evidence to show that migration, be it internal or international, entails a similar sort of connectedness between places. Using a nationally representative survey carried out in France (TeO, N = 21,761), we systematically compare the transterritorial connections of international migrants, French migrants born abroad and French migrants born in overseas territories. Our findings show that all migrants maintain transborder ties, with particular intensity among French overseas migrants. Owing to border effects, oversenas migrants exhibit higher levels of sociopolitical and “re-migration” connections and are less engaged in economic relations. The results also show that transterritorial connections are affected by similar determinants across the three categories of migrants.

This paper shows that the Wine Spectator Top 100 list mixes objective and subjective information while resembling abargain wines list, in which the ranking is better when the price (score) is lower (higher). Indeed, there is a weak butpositive and significant correlation between the WS ranking and the hedonic bargain wines rank calculated in thisanalysis. However, significant geographic bias, wineries bias, and the large part of unexplained variance of the WSranking reveal that some subjective information also determines the WS Top 100 ranking. This blend of objective andsubjective determinants, added to the formal aspect of the list, hierarchized from 1 to 100, might mislead theconsumer into considering this ranking as a “best (top 100) bargain wine list”. Therefore, this impossibility todisentangle objective from subjective information could be seen as a source of inefficiency on the wine market.Splitting the WS Top 100 list into a hedonic bargain wine list (based on objective components) and a non-hierarchized“crush” wine list could be a solution for reinforcing the quality of the information on the wine market

On the basis of harmonised statistical data on asylum applications and decisions, this paper attempts to re-examine the state of play of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), and in particular, the two key objectives of achieving a more balanced distribution of asylum seekers across Member States (“solidarity”) and the approximation of national decision-making in asylum cases (“fairness”). It concludes that while there is evidence of unresolved challenges, such as lately with regard to the uneven reception and treatment of asylum seekers from Syria, some fragile trends of progress can be detected in terms of more uniform asylum outcomes.

The decisions of foreign investors on technical cooperation versus equity engagements and on the degree of ownership in FDI projects are likely to depend on their relative bargaining position vis-à-vis the host country. India provides an interesting case for analyzing the interplay between country-of origin-characteristics and host-country-characteristics and their respective effects on ownership decisions since opening up its economy to FDI in the early 1990s. We perform negative binominal regressions by making use of a unique dataset on about 24,500 technical cooperation and FDI projects by investors from 45 countries of origin over the 1991- 2004 period. We find that relative market size, relative financial market development, relative risk, relative endowment of human capital and previous international experience significantly affect the type of engagement by foreign investors in post-reform India.

This paper documents the influence of diaspora networks of highly-skilled individuals -- that is, inventors -- on international technological collaborations. Using gravity models, it studies the determinants of the internationalization of inventive activity between a group of industrialized countries and a sample of developing and emerging economies. The paper examines the influence exerted by skilled diasporas in fostering cross-country co-inventorship as well as R&D offshoring. The study finds a strong and robust relationship between inventor diasporas and different forms of international co-patenting. However, the effect decreases with the level of formality of the interactions. Interestingly, some of the most successful diasporas recently documented -- namely, Chinese and Indian ones -- do not govern the results.

Can international migration promote better institutions at home by raising the demand for political accountability? A behavioral measure of the population's desire for better governance was designed to examine this question. A postcard was distributed to households promising that if enough postcards were mailed back, results from a survey module on perceived corruption would be published in the national media. Data from a tailored household survey were used to examine the determinants of this behavioral measure of demand for political accountability (undertaking the costly action of mailing the postcard) and to isolate the positive effect of international emigration using locality-level variation. The estimated effects are robust to the use of instrumental variables, including past migration and macro shocks in the destination countries. The estimated effects can be attributed mainly to migrants who emigrated to countries with better governance, especially migrants who return home. Copyright , Oxford University Press.

The six countries of South East Europe (SEE6) are aging fast and catching up with developed economies that are already far advanced in the aging process. Low fertility rates are reducing working-age populations across the SEE6. The adverse SEE6 demographic dynamic is aggravated by emigration. In the absence of any policy and behavioral responses or changes in labor productivity, and where population aging reflects solely declining overall labor force participation rates, aging itself would be expected to negatively impact economic growth. Boosts in productivity are one of the key ways to counterbalance potential negative effects of aging on economic growth. Changes in both individual and business behavior supported by policies that increase quality of human capital and encourage labor force participation can help seize the opportunities and mitigate the adverse effects of an aging population.

Project greenback 2.0, remittances champion cities consists in identifying cities where a series of measures are implemented to foster the development of a sound remittance market. The objective of the project is the promotion of transparency and competition in the market for remittances and, ultimately, the reduction of prices for remittance services. Montreuil, France is the second Remittances Champion City after Turin, Italy. This report presents the main results of the survey. It starts with an overview of migration from and remittances to the selected countries. It then presents the research objectives and describes both the survey design and sampling methodology as well as the challenges posed by the field work. It is followed by a presentation of the main findings of the survey, based on a total sample of 428 migrants. After a brief description of the socio-demographic characteristics of the surveyed migrants, the discussion focuses on their financial inclusion and their remittance behavior. The last part of the report provides concluding remarks on the policy options for private and public actions to promote the objectives of greenback 2.0.

Migration experiences are often associated with some sort of transnational economic activity which connects the past and the present of migrants abroad, and specifically with remittances. Motivations to send money at origin have been deeply investigated at the micro as well as at the macro level, as remittances can affect recipient households’ well-being, investment and consumption levels in the receiving countries and play an insurance role against external shocks. This paper contributes to the literature on migrants’ remittances providing evidence for migrants from Morocco, Peru and Romania, three traditional labor-exporting countries with a medium level of economic development, from three different geographical areas and with different migration patterns to Italy. Exploiting a relatively rich, albeit small-scale, dataset we analyze the spatial distribution of migrants’ nuclear families and households and we build three different migratory profiles, Loners, Pioneers and followers, characterized by the timing and sequence of the migration event with respect to the rest of the nuclear family. Then author test a negative binomial model to describe the variation in the variable ‘remittances amount’. Beyond cross-country variations and after controlling for the most commonly used individual demographic and economic characteristics, our analysis consistently clusters migrants according to their family and household structure in Italy and abroad to explain the total amount of remittances sent to the origin country.

The performance gap in math of immigrant students is investigated using PISA 2012. The gap with respect to non-immigrant schoolmates is first measured. The hypotheses that first (second) generation students coming from (whose parents come from) countries with a higher performance in math fare better than their immigrant peers coming from lower-ranked countries are then tested on a sample of about 13,000 immigrant students. The estimated average immigrant-native score gap in math amounts to -12 points. The results show that immigrant students coming from higher-ranked origin countries have a significantly lower score gap, and are thus relatively less disadvantaged. For example, coming from a country in the top quintile for math and having attended school there for one year improves the absolute score gap by nearly 39 points, the highest coefficient among the variables that reduce the gap, such as parental education and socio-economic status.

Land and property rights, migration, and citizenship are complex issues that cut across all social, economic, and political spheres of West Africa. This paper provides an overarching scoping of the most pressing contemporary issues related to land, migration, and citizenship, including how they intersect in various contexts and locations in West Africa. The way issues are analytically framed captures structural challenges and sets them against the regional and global meta-trends of which policy makers and practitioners should be aware for conflict-sensitive planning. The paper points to some of the effective practices in managing and mitigating these issues and also raises several questions on areas for future research. Part one lays out the migratory context in West Africa. It points to the type, nature, and extent of mobility that characterizes the region. Part two sets out West Africa’s land tenure and management systems, including structural challenges, general management policies, and key issues related to land tenure and migrants. Part three frames the key land and migration meta-trends in the context of fragility. Part four concludes with an overall exploration of the paper’s results and puts forward a series of research questions that are necessary in order to discern the most effective and realistic operational approaches.

A study was carried out to evaluate preferences for two cuts, four countries of origin, two forms of presentation, brand and different prices of beef cattle among supermarket buyers in southern Chile, and to distinguish the existence of different market segments, through a survey of 800 people. Using a fractional factorial design for conjoint analysis, it was determined overall that the origin was more important (44.5%) than price (20.8%), form of presentation (12.2%), cut (12.0%) and brand (10.5%), with preference for Chilean and Argentinean striploin, packaged on trays, with no brand at medium price. Using a cluster analysis, three market segments were distinguished. The largest (52.3%) placed great importance on origin and preferred the highest price. The second (27.5%) also valued origin with the greatest preference for Argentinean beef, and it was the only group that preferred the ribeye as the cut. The third (20.5%) placed the greatest importance on price, and was the only group that preferred Paraguayan meat. The segments differed in the importance of eating meat for their personal well-being. The low importance of packaging and brand indicates poorly developed marketing of this product. In order to properly insert brand beef in the Chilean market, communication strategies must be implemented that identify the product with superior quality and that position the brand in the consumer's mind. Se evaluaron las preferencias hacia dos cortes, cuatro países de origen, dos formas de presentación, marca y distintos precios de carne bovina en compradores de supermercados del sur de Chile, y la existencia de diferentes segmentos de mercado, mediante una encuesta a 800 personas. Mediante análisis conjunto de diseño factorial fraccionado se determinó, en general, que el origen fue más importante (44,5%), que el precio (20,8%), la forma de presentación (12,2%), corte (12,0%) y marca (10,5%), con preferencia por el lomo liso chileno y argentino, envasado en bandejas, sin marca a un precio medio. Mediante análisis cluster se distinguieron tres segmentos de mercado. El mayoritario (52,3%) dio alta importancia al origen y prefirió el precio mayor. El segundo (27,5%) también valoró el origen con la mayor preferencia por la carne argentina y fue el único que prefirió el lomo vetado al corte. El tercero (20,5%) dio mayor importancia al precio, siendo el único que prefirió la carne paraguaya. Los segmentos difirieron en la importancia asignada al consumo de carne para su bienestar personal. La baja importancia del envase y de la marca indica un bajo desarrollo comercial en este producto. Para lograr una adecuada penetración de carne bovina con nombre de marca en el mercado chileno, se deben implementar estrategias comunicacionales que identifiquen el producto con una calidad superior y que posicionen la marca en la mente del consumidor. Fil: Schnettler, Berta. Universidad de La Frontera (Chile). Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Fil: Sepúlveda, Néstor. Universidad de La Frontera (Chile). Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Fil: Sepúlveda, José. Chile. Universidad de La Frontera. Centro de Psicología Económica y del Consumo. Fil: Orellana, Ligia. Chile. Universidad de La Frontera. Centro de Psicología Económica y del Consumo. Fil: Miranda, Horacio. Universidad de La Frontera (Chile). Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria. Fil: Lobos, Germán. Universidad de Talca Fil: Mora, Marcos. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas. Departamento de Economía Agraria.

This report starts by presenting the international and Italian context of international remittance flows in the past decade, as a general framework of the study (chapter two). The connection between the labor market integration of migrants with the more general economic trends in their destination countries is a crucial issue in the current academic and political debate. Trends and impacts of the economic crisis reflect themselves in micro-behaviors and affect also the transnational activities of migrants. Chapter three presents the objectives of the research and the related survey design and sampling techniques for the fieldwork, while a specific methodological note is added at the end of the report on the fieldwork phase. Chapter four focuses on empirical findings from the analysis of the 480 interviews collected. After a brief description of demographic and economic conditions of interviewed migrants, the core of this section is devoted to the analysis of migrants’ attitudes and behaviors in sending remittances, in engaging in investments and savings, and to explore changes across time and according to their occupational status at destination. In light of the global commitment to the reduction of remittance costs as a part of a more comprehensive strategy to foster the migration and development nexus, a specific section deals with remittance service providers and remittance costs revealing still room for improvement for the development of a competitive and transparent remittance market. The conclusive chapter highlights the main empirical findings and suggests further lines of analysis on migratory models, migrant economic integration and transnationalism from the collected empirical evidence.

This article tries to analyse whether the right to development as cornerstone of other human rights is present in the European Union Global Approachto Migration established since 2005. One of Global Approach to Migration main objectives is to strength the synergies between migration and development inorder to cooperate with development of EU immigrant’s countries of origin. However, there are not reasons that lead us to think that EU Institutions and EU Member States are focusing on Global Approach just to emphasize the fight against illegal immigration. And, moreover, to use cooperation with countries of origin in order to improve legal immigration towards Europe through selectionprocesses and brain drain. Este artículo intenta analizar hasta qué punto el derecho humano al desarrollo —el derecho de los derechos— está presente en el Enfoque Global de la Migración que la Unión Europea ha adoptado desde 2005. Dicho Enfoque Global de la Migración tiene como uno de sus principales objetivos fomentar las sinergias entre migración y desarrollo, con el fin de favorecer y atender las necesidades de los países en desarrollo de los que son nacionales los inmigrantes. Sin embargo, algunos datos concretos nos inclinarían a pensar que bajo este noble propósito la UE y los estados miembros podrían tan sólo estar reforzando las políticas destinadas a luchar contra la inmigración irregular, así como, gracias a la cooperación con los países de origen de las migraciones, sacar mejor partido a los aspectos positivos —para la región receptora— de la inmigración legal (incluso favoreciendo la fuga de cerebros).

The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report.

Migration has become an important phenomenon in many countries of Europe and Central Asia. The development implications of migration in the region were first examined in the flagship report "Migration and Remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union." This report builds on the World Bank's earlier work and focuses on an aspect of migration which is important, from various aspects, to practically all countries of the Europe and Central Asia region. The role that the diaspora can play is a major part in overall migration policy of the countries of Europe and Central Asia. This report represents a first step towards understanding the role that Europe and Central Asian diaspora can play in their home countries and how the Bank can facilitate these relationships. The report is part of the World Bank's migration program in countries of Europe and Central Asia, which was initiated with the aim to help countries respond to policy, institutional and program challenges of migration and remittances in the quest for sustained economic growth and poverty reduction.

Inclusive growth (IG) analysis involves analyzing the available data in a country to determine the best course of action for accelerating growth and or improving the distribution of the opportunities and benefits from the growth process. In economies in which international migration is a significant trend, that determination may be especially challenging. The international migration phenomenon can contribute to (or detract from) growth and its distribution through myriad number of complex and sometimes divergent channels, and these effects can change substantially over time. The ability to analyze these impacts, however, is often significantly handicapped by a lack of appropriate data. Moreover, because the migration decision is inherently a private decision made by households in the best interest of their welfare, determining the policy conclusions based on the results of inclusive growth analysis is often unclear. Governments are rightfully wary of interfering with the migration process. This paper examines the issue of international migration in inclusive growth. The aim is to provide the practitioners of inclusive growth diagnostics a useful framework for assessing the nature of the international migration phenomenon, and to highlight the key tools utilized in evaluating its current and potential impact on shared growth.

Bislang konnten die Folgen unterschiedlicher Operationalisierungen des Migrationshintergrunds im deutschen Kontext kaum abgeschätzt werden. Mit dem Mikrozensus 2005 eröffnet sich nun die Gelegenheit einer solchen Gegenüberstellung. Sie steht im Zentrum des Beitrags. Betrachtet werden unterschiedliche Strategien der Operationalisierung der Herkunft und des Generationenstatus. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass je nach Umsetzung abweichende Anteile von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund an der Gesamtbevölkerung identifiziert werden, wobei die Verzerrungen die jüngeren Altersgruppen in stärkerem Maße betreffen. Zudem ergeben sich für die einzelnen Herkunftsgruppen unterschiedliche Muster in der generationalen Zusammensetzung. In den multivariaten Analysen zur Bildungsbeteiligung lassen sich ebenfalls Unterschiede in den Befunden nachweisen. Hervorzuheben ist zum einen die gesonderte Identifizierung der Spätaussiedler, die zu veränderten Aussagen über das Abschneiden der russisch- und polnischstämmigen Befragten führt. Zum anderen erweist sich die Verknüpfung mit dem Generationenstatus als bedeutsam, weil sich hierüber die unterschiedlichen Bildungsmuster der ersten und zweiten Generation aufdecken lassen. Unberührt von der Art der Operationalisierung bleibt dagegen die Gültigkeit einer der Kernaussagen der bisherigen Forschung, wonach die bestehenden Bildungsdisparitäten zwischen der Bevölkerung mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund über die Berücksichtigung sozialer Herkunftsmerkmale aufgeklärt werden können und sich für bestimmte Gruppen in Vorteile umkehren., To date, it has been difficult to gauge and compare the effects of different operationalizations of immigrant origins in the German context. The 2005 microcensus provides an unprecedented opportunity to address this issue. In this paper, we first take a look at the typical operationalization of immigrant origins and generation status. Subsequently, we show that differing proportions of the total population can be identified as immigrants and their descendants depending on the operationalization used, whereby the greatest discrepancies are found in the younger age groups. Divergent findings also emerge when information on group membership is combined with information on generation status. Similar effects of different types of operationalization can be identified in multivariate analyses of educational attainment. Once ethnic German repatriates from Central and Eastern Europe (the so-called Spätaussiedler) are identified separately in the records, we observe changes in the findings for the remaining respondents from Russia and Poland. Generation status turns out to be important as well, since it reveals the contrasting educational patterns of the first and second generation. At the same time, one of the key messages of previous research is not affected by different types of operationalization: when considering characteristics of social background immigrants’ educational disadvantages disappear and sometimes initial disadvantages even turn into benefits.

The movement of people in search of better economic conditions and a more secure environment is as old as human history. Such movements not only profoundly affect the lives of the migrants, but also lead to significant economic and social transformations in migrants' countries of origin and destination. In recent years, a significant increase in the growth of international migration and remittance flows and in awareness of their development impact has led to a resurgence of interest by academics, policymakers, and analysts in what has been referred to as the third leg of globalization (the other two being international trade and international capital flows). The renewed interest in international migration led the World Bank Development Research Group to initiate the Research Program on International Migration and Development in 2003. More recently, the Research Department of the Agence française de Développement (AFD) and the World Bank Development Research Group have collaborated on several research projects and conferences. This symposium issue gathers some of the papers presented at the Second International Migration and Development Conference, held at the World Bank in Washington, DC, on September 10–11, 2009. The success of the conference series and the commitment of the World Bank and AFD to sponsoring the conferences reflect the recognition by international development agencies and the academic community of the importance of international migration to the development agenda. The five articles in this symposium issue fall into two groups. A first group of three articles deal with the measurement, determinants, and political effects of international migration. A new global bilateral migration database for 1960–2000 ( Özden and others 2011) updates and extends the Parsons and others (2007) database back to 1960.

The decisions of foreign investors on technical cooperation versus equity engagements and on the degree of ownership in FDI projects are likely to depend on their relative bargaining position vis-à-vis the host country. India provides an interesting case for analyzing the interplay between country-of origin-characteristics and host-country-characteristics and their respective effects on ownership decisions since opening up its economy to FDI in the early 1990s. We perform negative binominal regressions by making use of a unique dataset on about 24,500 technical cooperation and FDI projects by investors from 45 countries of origin over the 1991- 2004 period. We find that relative market size, relative financial market development, relative risk, relative endowment of human capital and previous international experience significantly affect the type of engagement by foreign investors in post-reform India., KOF Working Papers, 283

This paper uses micro data from the Demographic National Survey and the Census in Romania (2002-2003) and in Countries that have received large number of Romanian immigrants over the period 1990-2000 (US, Austria and Spain) to identify the wage earning ability (skills) of migrants and returnees relative to non-migrants. This determines what is called 'selection'. Using observable characteristics (education, age, gender and family status) that affect wage earning abilities of non-migrant, migrants to specific countries and returnees the authors can construct measures of average selection across skills for each skill group. Also, by observing the actual wages of these groups in Romania, US, Austria and Spain the author can measure the average and the skills-specific premium for migrating and for returning. As the three receiving countries differ in their skill compensation structure we can test the hypothesis that migration to a country is larger for those groups that receive higher migration premium. The authors find strong support for the idea that migrants in different skill groups move depending on the premium that they will get in the receiving country. Similarly the authors find evidence of a premium to returnee that is increasing in their skills, which drives positive selection of returnees. As migration and return seem consistent with optimal utility-maximizing choices of individuals the authors use a model of education, migration and return to predict the effects of increasing international mobility on skill and wage of Romanians. The authors find average positive long-run effect on average skills and wages in Romania from relaxing migration constraint.

CONTENIDO Editorial. Aja Díaz, Antonio y Alvarez de Flores, Raquel Investigación La migración desde Cuba. The migration from Cuba. Aja Díaz, Antonio Haitianos y dominicanos en el mismo bote: derechos humanos y trabajo social con comunidades migrantes. Haitians and dominicans in the same boat: human rights and social work with Caribbean migrant communities. Pascual Morán, Vanessa La emigración de profesionales desde el país que la emite. El caso cubano. The emigration of highly skilled professionals from the perspective of the sending country. The cuban case. Casañas, Ángela Migración irregular y tráfico de personas: nuevos problemas para America Latina y el Caribe. Irregular migration and human trafficking: new problems for Latin American and the Caribbean. Martín Quijano, Magali Nuevas direcciones para estudios sobre familia y migraciones internacionales. New directions for family and international migration studies. Martín Fernández, Consuelo Presupuestos teóricos para el estudio de la identidad étnica de la segunda generación de cubanos en los Estados Unidos. Theoretical budgets for the study of the ethnic identity of the second generation of cuban in the united states. Díaz Fernández, Marta Migración internacional y derecho de familia: realidades y retos. International migration and family law: facts and challenges. Valido, Ana María Análisis Evolucion historica de las migraciones en Venezuela. Breve recuento. Alvarez de Flores, Raquel Agenda De las relaciones colombo - venezolanas (noviembre 2006 - abril 2007). López, María Eugenia Reseñas Diálogo suramericano: otra integración es posible. Reseñado por: Bello de Arellano, María Eugenia Índice acumulado. 33-42 angela@rect.uh.cu semestral Nivel analítico

Why do immigrants in different countries perform differently at school, and what explains the fact that immigrants from different countries of origin perform differently? This paper explores the extent to which the macro-level characteristics of destination and origin countries and immigrant communities can explain differences in educational achievement. Using data from the 2003 PISA survey, analyses on the mathematical performance of 7459 immigrants, originating in 48 different countries and 94 communities, in 13 countries of destination are performed. Cross-classified multilevel analysis shows that the better educational performance of immigrants in traditional immigrant receiving countries cannot be reduced to compositional effects caused by strict immigration laws. Furthermore, it is found that immigrants from predominantly Islamic countries perform worse at school than immigrants from predominantly Christian countries. This can be explained by the greater cultural and socioeconomic distance from the native population. Results indicate that the characteristics of countries of destination, countries of origin and immigrant communities are an important component in explaining differences in the educational performance of immigrants.

Mostly due to the lack of suitable data, cross-national research on the integration of migrant pupils is still scarce. We aim to fill this gap by addressing the question of the extent to which native and first- and second-generation migrants from various regions of origin, living in thirteen different countries of destination, differ in their scholastic ability. Using the PISA 2003 data, we focus primarily on the impact of origin and destination effects on the scholastic achievement of migrants. The results indicate that family characteristics and origin and destination effects can offer a significant contribution to the explanation of difference in scholastic knowledge between natives and first- and second-generation migrants. However, certain primary origin and destination effects, as well as interactions between these and family characteristics, remain significant and substantive after controlling for family characteristics, suggesting serious integration problems in the case of migrants from a few regions of origin in some European countries of destination.