658 results on '"COUNTERTRADE"'
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2. The Capital-Protection Capacity of Emerging Markets Inflation-Linked Bonds.
- Author
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de Jong, Marielle and Swinkels, Laurens
- Subjects
INFLATION-indexed bonds ,PURCHASING power ,INVESTORS ,EMERGING markets ,COUNTERTRADE ,COMMERCIAL law - Abstract
The authors investigate the capital-protection property of inflation-linked bonds in an international context during the period 2012 to 2022. Inflation-linked bonds compensate domestic investors for loss of local purchasing power. Whether the bonds protect foreign investors effectively depends on the inflation levels they endure and on the currency hedging costs. The authors study the case of an American investor who considers allocating inflation-linked bonds to emerging markets rather than to US bonds in view of reaping higher inflation compensation. Their results suggest that during the past decade such allocation would have been worthwhile, even when taking latent risks, notably country default, into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
3. Global Sourcing
- Author
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Rehman Khan, Syed Abdul, Yu, Zhang, Chlamtac, Imrich, Series Editor, Khan, Syed Abdul Rehman, and Yu, Zhang
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Countertrade
- Author
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Marin, Dalia, Schnitzer, Monika, and Macmillan Publishers Ltd
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Non-Tariff Barriers
- Author
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Beghin, John and Macmillan Publishers Ltd
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The Economics of Offsets : Defence Procurement and Coutertrade
- Author
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Stephen Martin and Stephen Martin
- Subjects
- Defense industries, Armed Forces--Procurement, Countertrade
- Abstract
Despite their growth, outlined and analysed in this book, the claims and counter-claims that surround offsets have not been subjected to critical scrutiny by economists. This book fills that gap. It brings together a team of internationally renowned specialists to document and evaluate the economic impact of several countries'offset policies. In addition, the papers by industrialists and defence officials yield further insights which help to tease out which of the claims made for offsets do not stand critical scrutiny. more...
- Published
- 2014
7. Firm Experience and International Trade Fairs.
- Author
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Seringhaus, F. H. Rolf and Rosson, Philip J.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior ,TRADE shows ,BUSINESS communication ,COMPETITION ,COUNTERTRADE ,BUSINESS planning ,INDUSTRIAL management ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,FINANCIAL performance ,BUSINESS success ,MARKETING strategy - Abstract
This paper examines the behaviour of firms at international trade fairs (ITF). It advances the idea that prior ITF exhibiting experience shapes practice and performance. ITF usage is used as a proxy for experience and two groups identified — “heavy users” and “light users.” Propositions are developed and tested on data collected from 303 Canadian companies. Key findings are that (1) fair selection practices appear to differ only marginally between heavy and light ITF users, whereas (2) exhibit planning and management practices, and (3) performance levels, differ sharply between heavy and light ITF users. Thus, experience impacts on ITF planning and management practices, and on performance levels, but less so on ITF selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Kompensationsgeschäfte im internationalen Marketing : Eine Analyse von Handelsformen auf Gegenseitigkeit und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer optimalen Gestaltung
- Author
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Claudia Fantapie Altobelli and Claudia Fantapie Altobelli
- Subjects
- Countertrade, Marketing
- Abstract
Mit diesem Buch liegt eine betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse von Kompensationsgeschäften vor. Trotz der großen Bedeutung des Kompensationshandels werden solche Geschäfte vielfach als Ergebnis von Ad-hoc-Entscheidungen durchgeführt. Oft wird keine systematische Planung vorgenommen. Eine wissenschaftliche Behandlung dieser Thematik wird ebenfalls vermißt. Dieses Buch liefert damit einen Beitrag zur Schließung der Lücke in Forschung und Praxis. Auf der Basis von zahlreichen Geprächen mit Vertretern aus der Praxis wird ein methodisch fundiertes Konzept entwickelt, welches beiden an einem Kompensationsgeschäft beteiligten Geschäftspartnern eine optimale Angebotspolitik bei internationalen Kompensationsgeschäften ermöglicht. Der Praxis wird hiermit eine Entscheidungshilfe gegeben. more...
- Published
- 2013
9. International Distribution
- Author
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Ross, David Frederick and Ross, David Frederick
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Marketing Motives in International Countertrade: An Empirical Examination.
- Author
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Paun, Dorothy A. and Shoham, Aviv
- Subjects
COUNTERTRADE ,MARKETING strategy ,GLOBALIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,BARTER ,SALES promotion ,PURCHASING ,MARKETING ,EMPIRICAL research ,STRATEGIC alliances (Business) - Abstract
International countertrade is an unconventional marketing strategy used widely to promote global business transactions. A mail survey involving 108 countertrade practitioners from 23 countries suggests that marketing motives influence the importance of countertrade, frequency of countertrade use, firm-specific longitudinal change in countertrade sales volume, and orientation towards international countertrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Motives for the Management of Countertrade in Domestic Markets.
- Author
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Neale, C.W., Shipley, D., and Sercu, P.
- Subjects
COUNTERTRADE ,CASH discounts ,MARKETING strategy ,BUSINESS planning ,BUSINESS enterprises ,MARKETING planning ,PRICE cutting ,CASH management ,MAIL surveys ,BUSINESS finance - Abstract
The emergence and persistence of modern countertrade (CT) is attributed to many factors including circumventing credit and foreign exchange problems, surmounting barriers to otherwise closed markets, hiding price cuts or simply exporters' need to remain competitive. Because CT arrangements comprise bundles of buying, selling and financing contracts, explaining why firms conduct CT requires explanation of why a package deal is preferred to a set of component contracts. Examination of domestic CT stripped of "international ramifications" reveals the inherent rationale for CT as a desire to hide price discounts and to overcome cash shortages. Questionnaire data obtained from UK and Canadian firms broadly support this. If CT is worth undertaking, it requires effective management. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of CT for marketing strategy and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Nobody's Grandfather Was a Merchant: Understanding the Soviet Commercial Negotiation Process and Style.
- Author
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Rajan, Mahesh N. and Graham, John L.
- Subjects
BUSINESS negotiation ,AMERICAN corporations ,TRADE negotiation ,SOVIET Union-United States relations ,CAPITALISM ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,COUNTERTRADE ,ETIQUETTE ,COMMERCIAL policy - Abstract
The article focuses on the style and process of the Soviet Union's commercial negotiations, often comparing it to that of the U.S. Soviet negotiations which are noted for being lengthy and time-consuming. Difficulties experienced by the U.S. when negotiating with the Soviets, such as their hazy understanding of concepts like as markets and profits, are discussed. The Soviets tend to propose countertrade after agreements have been made and prices have been settled. Economic relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union have historically been overshadowed and influenced by their political discourses. The author notes that Soviets are traditionally sensitive towards issues of etiquette. The author also describes the Soviet's negotiation techniques as unsympathetic and uncompromising. more...
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Countertrade, Offsets, Barter, and Buybacks.
- Author
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Cohen, Stephen S. and Zysman, John
- Subjects
BARTER ,COUNTERTRADE ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,INFORMAL sector ,CURRENCY convertibility ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,COMMERCE ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,INTERNATIONAL finance ,BALANCE of payments deficit ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Countertrade, offsets, barter, and buybacks have existed since before money was invented but over the last few centuries have been treated as marginal phenomena. However, current estimates of the volume of these activities range from 8 to 30 percent of world trade and could reach 50% by the year 2000. What is surprising is not just the imprecision of the data but the fact that we have no control over this enormous volume of international transactions. This article examines these forms of trade, their causes and policy implications, and their future impact on our open trade system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. MONETARY POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES.
- Author
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PEACOCK, LESLIE C.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL finance ,MONETARY policy ,BALANCE of payments deficit ,BALANCE of payments ,COUNTERTRADE ,MONETARY systems - Abstract
This article discusses the capability of the U.S. to correct its balance of payments deficit in order to protect the international monetary system in a time in which there are no international monetary reforms which will eliminate these problems. If the institution of the necessary monetary policy does not restore equilibrium before the country's supply of international reserves declines too low, international confidence in the dollar will be lost. During U.S. President John F. Kennedy's term, he appointed a three-man task force to work to restore this equilibrium. more...
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
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15. The Slowdown in Global Trade: A Symptom of a Weak Recovery?
- Author
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Aslam, Aqib, Boz, Emine, Cerutti, Eugenio, Poplawski-Ribeiro, Marcos, and Topalova, Petia
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL trade , *COMMERCE , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *COUNTERTRADE , *EXPORTS - Abstract
Global trade growth has slowed since 2012 relative both to its strong historical performance and to overall economic growth. This paper aims to quantify the role of weak economic growth and changes in its decomposition in accounting for the slowdown in trade using a reduced form and a structural approach. Both analytical investigations suggest that the overall weakness in economic activity, particularly investment, has been the primary restraint on trade growth, accounting for about 80% of the decline in the growth of the volume of goods trade between 2012-2016 and 2003-2007. However, other factors are also weighing on trade in recent years, especially in emerging market and developing economies, as evidenced by the non-negligible role attributed to trade costs by the structural approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The Cuban Hustle.
- Author
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Miller, Jonathan
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL trade , *COMMERCIAL policy , *INTERNATIONAL markets , *INTERNATIONAL finance , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *COUNTERTRADE - Abstract
Focuses on efforts made by government official Kirby Jones to develop international trade in Cuba. Job responsibilities of Jones; Advantages of investing in Cuba to corporations; Response of the Cubans to Jones' endeavor; Information regarding National Executive Conference, started by Jones, specializing in introducing businessmen to government officials. INSET: The New American Hustler. more...
- Published
- 1977
17. NEW RESTRICTIONS ON WORLD TRADE.
- Subjects
FOREIGN trade regulation ,COUNTERTRADE ,FOREIGN exchange ,BARTER - Abstract
The article discusses the foreign trade regulations in the U.S. in 1982. It offers information on countertrade and states that in such practice, the governments are replacing money and credit as the medium of international exchange with a plague of variations on barter. It also tackles the countertrading practices of the various companies in the U.S. and their trading transactions in several countries. more...
- Published
- 1982
18. Profiting from countertrade.
- Author
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Yoffie, David B.
- Subjects
COUNTERTRADE ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,COMMERCIAL markets ,CORPORATIONS ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,COMMERCIAL policy ,GLOBALIZATION ,EXTERNAL debts - Abstract
International business is not popular with many American executives.The rules of the game abroad are trickier than those at home, the chances of winning more slim. Most managers would prefer to ignore international sales altogether. But in today's economic climate, few companies can afford to sell only in their home markets. One particular element of the international business scene that causes executives enormous difficulties is countertrade, or barter. Countertrade can help managers not only make sales but also find lower-cost sources of procurement, clean up bad debt situations, and build customer relationships. This exchange of goods for goods instead of goods for money is messy and complex, and as David Yoffie points out, more often than not loses money for the participating company. But he also shows how pragmatic companies have turned apparently impossible situations to their advantage. If the executive keeps in mind the pitfalls, he can take advantage of what some observers think is a market equal to 30% of the world's $2 trillion sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 1984
19. International trade without money.
- Author
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Weigand, Robert E.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade ,BARTER ,EXPORT & import trade of commercial products ,PUBLIC-private sector cooperation ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,DEVELOPING countries ,INFORMAL sector ,EXPORT marketing ,COUNTERTRADE ,GOVERNMENT trading - Abstract
Although U.S. business people generally have a "cash on the barrelhead" approach to selling their products abroad, much of the trade involving Eastern European and developing countries takes place without any exchange of money. Since deals worth hundreds of millions of dollars are not unknown, such transactions might well appeal to large U.S. businesses, according to this author. He describes the most commonly used approaches to noncurrency trading as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] more...
- Published
- 1977
20. New directions in East-West trade.
- Author
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Hertzfeld, Jeffrey M.
- Subjects
EAST-West trade ,SOVIET Union-United States relations ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,COMMERCIAL policy ,TRADE blocs ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,STRATEGIC alliances (Business) ,COUNTERTRADE ,FIVE year plans - Abstract
Saddled with enormous trade deficits and external debt, the Soviet Union and its partners in the Eastern European economic alliance (Comecon) are understandably reluctant to allocate hard currency to new purchase programs for Western plant, equipment, and supplies. Until the imbalance is corrected, there appears to be little prospect of boosting sales to Comecon along traditional lines--despite the Carter administration's professed intentions to encourage "a new beginning" in East-West relations. But opportunities exist for U.S. and Western European businessmen to make major deals if they are willing to accept unconventional compensation arrangements, including counter-purchase of licensed products and other goods; and the terms are negotiable. With the right mixture of imagination and caution, profitable contracts can be arranged. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] more...
- Published
- 1977
21. HOW TO SELL TO CASHLESS BUYERS The Third World is a huge potential market but tough to crack. Making customers out of countries that are essentially broke takes creativity -- and lots of patience.
- Author
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Kraar, Louis and Nickel, Karen
- Subjects
DEVELOPING countries ,BUSINESS conditions ,COUNTERTRADE ,PUBLIC debts ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) - Published
- 1988
22. Who profits more from U.S.-Soviet trade?
- Author
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Goldman, Marshall I.
- Subjects
EAST-West trade ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,BALANCE of trade ,TERMS of trade ,COMMERCIAL treaties ,IMPORTS ,EXPORTS & economics ,COUNTERTRADE ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Concepts such as ‘trade deals’ with the Russians not so long ago rated little or no attention in the long-range thinking of American businessmen. Today, though, ‘the switch from animosity to enthusiasm is a welcome change, but it also requires caution.’ So argues this author, who adds that, in U.S.-Soviet trade situations, ‘the hazards mount rapidly, and many Americans in the passion of the moment have already made injudicious commitments and evidenced a lack of caution that may come back to haunt them.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 1973
23. Optimization of Selected Agricultural Export Commodities to Improve Indonesia's Weaponry Countertrade
- Author
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Agus Suman, Zainal Arifin, and Moh. Khusaini
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Sociology and Political Science ,Agriculture ,business.industry ,Business ,Law ,Agricultural economics ,Countertrade - Abstract
In an increasingly open global economy, international trade, including exports, is an inseparable part of economic activity between countries. This paper aims to analyze the choice of commodities that have the potential to encourage the implementation of defense equipment trade-in Indonesia along with some optimization efforts. Using the literature review and library research by exploring data of national agricultural export and arms trade, this article identifies selected commodities that have the potential to be exchanged with defense equipment in trade returns, and also attempts to optimize exports to encourage the implementation of trade returns themselves. The results showed that trade return is one of the schemes in international trade in the form of two-way sales. The weaponry system is a strategic product that is still imported by Indonesia from abroad so that it has the potential to be implemented in a trade return scheme. On the other hand, Indonesia is known to excel in agricultural products, especially the plantation subsector, and has succeeded in becoming the top exporters for many agricultural commodities in the global market. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The Relationship between Stakeholder Marketing and Reciprocity in Eastern Europe: A Conceptual Analysis
- Author
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Ron Berger and Moti Zviling
- Subjects
Eastern Europe ,reciprocity ,stakeholder ,hostages ,countertrade ,emerging environments ,Education ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
This conceptual paper deals with important implications of ‘reciprocity’ in marketing in emerging and developing business environments, such as Eastern Europe. In mature, developed, high income, business systems, both transaction and relationship based marketing have been well researched. We posit that in less mature business systems, especially transition or emerging economies, there is a third way to look at marketing and exchange, which we call ‘reciprocity-stakeholder marketing.’ We believe that our framework shows the importance of reciprocity, a fundamental concept in business, for marketing in emerging environments such as Eastern Europe. This paper provides a meaningful starting point for empirical research for developing strategies in Eastern Europe. more...
- Published
- 2013
25. Nature and Effects of Offset Transactions in the Law of Iran and Islamic Jurisprudence
- Author
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Rabia Eskini and Reza Aqamusa Tehrani
- Subjects
compensatory transactions ,offset transactions ,countertrade ,sale of unascertained goods under obligation ,post delivery sale ,sale of arts and techniques ,Islamic law ,KBP1-4860 - Abstract
Nowadays the prevalence and significance of mutual transactions particularlyoffset contracts in an international level on the one hand and lack of adequatefamiliarity with such transactions in the law of Iran on the other hand havegiven rise to the fact that natural and legal persons are deprived of a widerange of transactions current in international trade. Studying the concept andvarious types of offset contracts, the present article deals with their nature andeffects from the perspective of law of Iran and Shiite jurisprudence. Accordingto these transactions, the customer supplies a product and the vender in turnpromises to provide the material used in that product from the purchasingparty, or generally to buy an amount of goods equivalent to the value of thesale contract from the first party. As a result, according to the way of relationof vendor’s obligations to the original contract, offset transactions are dividedinto two categories, direct and indirect ones. The novel idea in this researchcan be in framing and finding the nature, and effects of one of the mostcomplex transactions in the field of countertrade lying in the domain of mutualsale in terms of concepts, rules and principles in Iranian legal system as well asin Shiite jurisprudence. A variety of ideas can be raised towards determiningthe specific nature of offset transactions in Iranian law and the Shiitejurisprudence. Hiring persons, mixed contracts, private contracts, promisedsale, and the sale of unascertained goods under obligation are the frameworkssubject to investigation in this regard. As to the effects of these transactions,suspension in transfer of the object of sale, delivery of the purchase moneywhile concluding the contract, determining a contractual sanction againstfailure to fulfill obligations, and sale before due can be raised here. Certainpoints are briefly mentioned in the article while their explanations can befound in a dissertation with the same topic. more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The Concept and Nature of the Offset Transaction Ebrahim Dianatinasab
- Author
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Ebrahim Dianatinasab
- Subjects
offset contracts ,countertrade ,offset agreement ,complex contract ,Law ,Private international law. Conflict of laws ,K7000-7720 - Abstract
AbstractIn the late 1950s, some contracts were invented in the field of armaments sale whichlater their usages became common in sale of expensive hi-tech items such assatellite, submarine, military and commercial aircrafts. The purpose of the offsetcontract is to reduce stress and unpleasant economic or political consequenceswhich are originated from macroeconomic costs spent for exporting the expensiveitems. In these contracts which are known under the title of “offsets”, “industrialpartnership”, “industrial compensations”, the shopper -who usually is government- purchases the services and expensive industrial goods provided that series ofremedial and reciprocal commitments are conducted by another party. Theinteraction between the purchase and remedial obligations, makes these formulascomplex. In this essay, not only am I going to explain a short story, concepts, statusof the offset contract in mutual trade, types of offset contracts, mutual and remedialexporter’s obligations, but also I am going to examine the nature and relation ofsuch contracts under the title of complex contract while having a legal analysisapproach. more...
- Published
- 2013
27. Direct offsets in international trade as a remedy for asymmetric information
- Author
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Baranowska‐Prokop, Ewa, Tsounis, Nicholas, and Vlahvei, Aspasia
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT OF GOODS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
- Author
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V. A. Kardanov, V. N. Kulik, T. A. Petrova, and V. V. Vulshonok
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,republic of poland ,Context (language use) ,International trade ,HM401-1281 ,Goods and services ,Political science ,import ,0502 economics and business ,European integration ,Sanctions ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Sociology (General) ,050207 economics ,European union ,HB71-74 ,media_common ,protectionism ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Protectionism ,russian federation ,Negotiation ,non-tariff measures ,Economics as a science ,business ,export ,Countertrade - Abstract
The issues related to the analysis of export and import of goods between two neighboring states: the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation have been examined. Relations between the EU countries and Russia to date have been in a significant crisis. Cooperation in the economic field is reduced in the context of mutual sanctions. According to the authors, for the Russian Federation in the near future the main task should be set – economic rapprochement with the countries of the European Union and further negotiations on easing mutual sanctions, since these and other reasons significantly complicate the countertrade in goods and services and impede European integration. It is obvious, that European companies are also interested in normalizing commercial and economic relations. The limitations of non-tariff regulation in foreign trade have been considered also in the paper. It has been concluded on the need to gradually mitigate restrictive measures. And efforts in this direction should be made by both the Russian Federation and the member States of the European Union, including the Republic of Poland. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. THE UTILITY OF THE BARTER AGREEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TRADE
- Author
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OANA RĂVAŞ
- Subjects
countertrade ,barter ,agreement ,contract ,offset ,transaction ,negotiation ,sales ,import ,export ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This paper tries to explain how barter, as an economic institution, can help deal with the problem of contract enforcement across national borders in international trade and within borders in transition economies. more...
- Published
- 2011
30. Лизинг, бартер, товарообмен в современных условиях
- Subjects
clearing ,возвратный лизинг ,countertrade ,клиринг ,sale and leaseback ,лизинг с полным набором услуг ,full-package lease ,встречная торговля - Abstract
Ситуация на международном рынке требует российских участников рынка своего рода умения приспосабливаться, скрадывать несовершенства регулирования не шаблонными, но проверенными на практике схемами контрактации, требующими в ряде случаев комбинативного подхода, заключения сложных, многоступенчатых сделок, объединенных единым замыслом, в которых сочетаются несколько коммерческих инструментов для уменьшения рисков и обеспечения прибыльности сразу нескольким, а иногда и множеству участников таких сделок. Вопрос касается не только области лизинга, но и смежных областей, таких как товарообмен в многообразии форм встречной торговли, в отдельных случаях межфирменный товарный клиринг, расширение торговли в национальных валютах., The global market conditions require Russian companies to adapt to changes. Regulatory inefficiencies should be eliminated and changed for modern contracting schemes. Combinative, multi-tasking and multi-level transactions should be preferred. The article deals with several kinds of complex multi-level transactions such as leveraged lease, full-package lease etc. Besides, particular attention is paid to different types of countertrade, including intra-firm trade, and pros and cons of expanding trade in national currencies. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Встречная торговля: за и против
- Subjects
мировая торговля ,региональная экономическая интеграция ,countertrade ,компенсационные соглашения ,экономическая глобализация ,barter ,встречная торговля ,world trade ,economic globalization ,regional economic integration ,бартер ,compensation agreements - Abstract
Интерес к встречной торговле возрастает в периоды кризисов и неустойчивого состояния финансовой системы. Такая закономерность наблюдается как в рамках отдельного национального хозяйства, так и в масштабе всей мировой экономики. Сегодня мир, не вполне оправившийся после пандемии COVID-19, столкнулся с угрозой нового экономического кризиса. Его возможными источниками служат последствия пандемии и политические конфликты, которые все вместе создают существенные риски для интеграционных процессов на глобальном и региональном уровнях. В этих условиях представляется своевременным обратить внимание на встречную торговлю, которая не раз доказывала свою практическую полезность, а также демонстрировала свой определенный интеграционный потенциал. В статье рассматриваются основные формы встречной торговли, факторы, способствующие расширению ее использования, а также присущие ей недостатки. Сделан вывод, что встречная торговля обладает определенным интеграционным и стабилизирующим потенциалом, однако она не может заменить собой обычные торговые операции на постоянной основе. В наибольшей степени позитивные качества встречной торговли проявляются в периоды мировых кризисов и осложнения экономического положения в отдельных странах., The interest in countertrade increases in times of crisis and instability of the financial system. This pattern can be observed both within the single national economy and in the global economy. Today, the world that has not fully recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic is facing the threat of a new economic crisis. Its possible causes are the consequences of the pandemic and political conflicts, which together create significant risks for integration processes at the global and regional levels. Under these conditions, it seems reasonable to pay attention to countertrade, which has repeatedly proved its practical usefulness, and also demonstrated its certain integration potential. The article considers the main types of countertrade, factors contributing to the expansion of its use, as well as its inherent disadvantages. It is concluded that countertrade has certain integration and stabilizing potential, but it cannot replace regular trade transactions on a permanent basis. To the greatest extent, the advantages of countertrade are manifested in times of global crisis and recession in some countries. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. THE USE OF COUNTERTRADE: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES FOR COMPANIES.
- Author
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BURTESCU, CLAUDIA LUCREŢIA, DUMITRU, MIHAELA IULIANA, and BONDOC, MARIA DANIELA
- Subjects
BUSINESS ,HARD currencies ,COUNTRIES ,COUNTERTRADE ,EXPORTS - Abstract
When we refer to countertrade transactions, we talk, in fact, about the possibility to trade worldwide otherwise than by using the monetary element as trading tool. Countertrade transactions eliminate the shortcomings of currency deficiencies, regardless of the cause element. The main objective, worldwide, is to support and increase the efficiency of export and especially that of those countries overproduction is very common. This activity has a number of advantages and disadvantages, which have grown continuously, with an increasing coverage area, being expressed in various forms, supported, in their turn, by a variety of bodies. The problems approached in this article focus on these aspects, as well as on the connections between them and aim, among others, to review the forms of these trade operations and to highlight their advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
33. Differences in perceived fairness and health outcomes in two injury compensation systems: a comparative study.
- Author
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Elbers, Nieke A., Collie, Alex, Hogg-Johnson, Sheilah, Lippel, Katherine, Lockwood, Keri, and Cameron, Ian D.
- Subjects
- *
COUNTERTRADE , *FAIRNESS , *HEALTH status indicators , *HEALTH surveys , *MEDICAL needs assessment , *TRAFFIC accidents -- Psychological aspects , *INSURANCE statistics , *WOUNDS & injuries , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ECONOMICS , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *TRAFFIC accidents , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Involvement in a compensation process following a motor vehicle collision is consistently associated with worse health status but the reasons underlying this are unclear. Some compensation systems are hypothesised to be more stressful than others. In particular, fault-based compensation systems are considered to be more adversarial than no-fault systems and associated with poorer recovery. This study compares the perceived fairness and recovery of claimants in the fault-based compensation system in New South Wales (NSW) to the no-fault system in Victoria, Australia.Methods: One hundred eighty two participants were recruited via claims databases of the compensation system regulators in Victoria and NSW. Participants were > 18 years old and involved in a transport injury compensation process. The crash occurred 12 months (n = 95) or 24 months ago (n = 87). Perceived fairness about the compensation process was measured by items derived from a validated organisational justice questionnaire. Health outcome was measured by the initial question of the Short Form Health Survey.Results: In Victoria, 84 % of the participants considered the claims process fair, compared to 46 % of NSW participants (χ(2) = 28.54; p < .001). Lawyer involvement and medical assessments were significantly associated with poorer perceived fairness. Overall perceived fairness was positively associated with health outcome after adjusting for demographic and injury variables (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.8, 95 % CI = 1.4 - 5.7, p = .004).Conclusion: The study shows large differences in perceived fairness between two different compensation systems and an association between fairness and health. These findings are politically important because compensation processes are designed to improve recovery. Lower perceived fairness in NSW may have been caused by potential adversarial aspects of the scheme, such as liability assessment, medical assessments, dealing with a third party for-profit insurance agency, or financial insecurity due to lump sum payments at settlement. This study should encourage an evidence informed discussion about how to reduce anti-therapeutic aspects in the compensation process in order to improve the injured person's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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34. Australian perceptions and experiences of international countertrade with some international comparisons
- Author
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Liesch, Peter W. and Palia, Aspy P.
- Published
- 1999
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35. TRADING WITH THE RUSSIANS.
- Author
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Kissinger, Henry A.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL trade , *ECONOMIC forecasting , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *COMMERCIAL policy , *INDUSTRIAL policy , *INTERNATIONAL competition , *COUNTERTRADE - Abstract
Presents information on the East-West trade. Impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on the trade; Reversal of the negotiating balance in the East-West trade; Dependency of the Soviet Union and its satellites on East-West trade; Anticipation by some opponents of East-West trade that a total denial of economic benefits would force the collapse of the Soviet system; Discussion of the position of the industrial democracies to use their economic strength. more...
- Published
- 1982
36. Back to barter?
- Author
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Briggs, Jean A.
- Subjects
COUNTERTRADE ,FOREIGN trade regulation ,BARTER ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article presents information on counter trade. According to James Walsh, an economist with the U.S. Commerce Department, estimates that between 20% and 30% of world trade is now subject to some form of it--buy-back, offset, counter purchase--and that by 2000 the proportion could be 50%. Barter is growing because the world debt crisis is making ordinary trade financing difficult and because the overpriced dollar is squeezing so many developing nations. Banks are also getting into the act. The Export Trading Company Act of 1982 gave them authority to set up their own trading companies to work bilateral or trilateral deals. more...
- Published
- 1984
37. Argument heats up on the payments gap.
- Subjects
BUDGET deficits ,BALANCE of payments ,FOREIGN exchange ,COUNTERTRADE ,BALANCE of payments deficit ,CAPITAL movements - Abstract
The article focuses on arguments on the policy of the U.S. Administration in combating the deficit in the balance of payments. The deficit is estimated at an annual rate of 3.3 billion dollars. One problem cited why the U.S. pay out more in international transactions than it takes in is the fact that the U.S. consistently sells more dollars' worth of goods and services to other countries than it buys from them. more...
- Published
- 1963
38. Part III Innovation and Trade-Finance Challengers, 16 Countertrade as Finance
- Author
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Hare Christopher
- Subjects
Part iii ,Economics ,International economics ,Countertrade ,Trade finance - Abstract
Whilst the letter of credit has been the dominant force in the trade-finance area, its utility has increasingly been challenged by technology, regulation, and competition from other financial products. Additionally, there are some circumstances where economic, political, or financial instability makes the letter of credit inapt. This is because the letter of credit requires a certain level of financial stability and an appropriate institutional framework to function properly. In such circumstances, the parties may resort to trade finance mechanisms that can withstand such instability. The prime example is countertrade, whereby goods or services are used to ‘pay’ for goods or services. Whilst this form of transacting is not without its legal difficulties, countertrade may provide a useful trade-finance device in times of crisis, such as the global coronavirus pandemic. more...
- Published
- 2021
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39. The life‐cycle pattern of east‐west countertrade
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Neale, Charles W., Akis, Yesim T., and Pass, Christopher L.
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- 1997
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40. Reviving Traditions in Research on International Market Entry
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Joseph, Sacha
- Published
- 2005
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41. Strategic orientations towards countertrade opportunities in emerging markets
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Egan, Colin and Shipley, David
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
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42. Arms Trade and Economic Development : Theory, Policy and Cases in Arms Trade Offsets
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Jurgen Brauer, Paul Dunne, Jurgen Brauer, and Paul Dunne
- Subjects
- Arms transfers, Defense industries, Economic development, Countertrade
- Abstract
Countries that spend scarce resources to import arms from abroad often require arms sellers to'reinvest'part or all of the proceeds back into the arms-importing country. These so-called'arms trade offsets'are therefore thought to enhance domestic economic development. But does this process actually succeed?This book examines the theory and policy applications of arms trade offsets and looks at more than a dozen case studies drawn from across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The chapters, based on original research and published here for the first time, are all written by leading experts.That an impressive, lucid and cohesive volume such as this will interest defence economists can be taken almost for granted. The book will also be a useful and enlightening read for those interested in international development economics, military studies and policy-makers across the globe. more...
- Published
- 2004
43. OPENNESS DEGREE OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY; ORIENTATION, STRUCTURE, DYNAMICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF ROMANIA.
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Chisăgiu, Livia
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade ,COMMERCIAL policy ,COUNTERTRADE ,IMPORT credit - Abstract
As regards the openness degree of the national economy Romania is positioned not that bad. We make such assertion considering the fact that the openness degree of a national economy towards the foreign competition environment is a positive fact under normal conditions. At times of crisis however it may represent a risk factor: the higher the openness of an economy towards the foreign environment, the higher the exposure towards the pressure in other markets. We have monitored the dynamics of the two flow categories - export, import - for a whole period, with an accent on the change that has occurred during the past few years (under the impact of the accession, and of the crisis). As regards the orientation of the international trade of Romania, we have pointed out the main trading partners, as well as the weight of the trade within the European Community. While examining the structure, we have pointed out the sections of the Combined Catalogue that prevail within the aggregate exports, imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2010
44. Offsets
- Author
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O'Connell, John
- Subjects
INVESTORS ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,CONTRACTS ,COMMODITY exchanges ,EXCHANGE ,CONSUMER goods ,COUNTERTRADE - Abstract
Offsets can refer to financial transactions in which an investor nullifies a requirement imposed by a previous purchase or to an agreement between importers and exporters. An example of the financial transaction offset is when a person buys a future contract for the delivery of a commodity at a specific time and then purchases another contract for the sale of the same commodity at the same future date. The two transactions cancel or offset each other. With respect to import—export agreements, offsets refer to agreements between parties to exchange goods for goods instead of goods for money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2005
45. Countertrade.
- Author
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O'Connell, John
- Subjects
COUNTERTRADE ,COMMERCIAL products ,IMPORTS ,PAYMENT systems ,BARTER ,CONTRACTS ,FOREIGN exchange - Abstract
An arrangement in which partial or total payment for imports is made in the form of goods or services rather than money. Countertrade is also sometimes referred to as compensatory trade. There are a large number of countertrade arrangements ranging from informal barter between willing buyers and sellers to a number of different types of contractual agreements between governments or business organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2005
46. Compensatory trade.
- Author
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O'Connell, John
- Subjects
IMPORTS ,PAYMENT systems ,COUNTERTRADE ,PAYMENT ,CONTRACTS ,FOREIGN exchange ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
An arrangement in which partial or total payment for imports is made in the form of goods or services rather than money. Compensatory trade is another name for countertrade. There are a large number of compensatory arrangements, ranging from informal barter between willing buyers and sellers to different types of contractual agreements between governments or business organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2005
47. Switch trade.
- Author
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O'Connell, John
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade ,PURCHASING ,CONSUMER goods ,COUNTERTRADE ,PAYMENT ,CONTRACTS ,MONEY ,IMPORTS - Abstract
When an importer cannot fulfill an agreement to purchase goods from an exporter, the importer may be allowed to transfer the contract or ÒswitchÓ it to another importer. When this occurs there is no guarantee the original payment terms of the contract will be met. For example, it is not uncommon for the new importer to pay for goods with other goods. Exporters allow switching to occur in order to complete the transaction. When switching results in goods being traded for goods instead of a monetary payment, the contract becomes one of COUNTERTRADE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2005
48. Incentives.
- Subjects
LABOR incentives ,COMMERCIAL policy ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,COUNTERTRADE - Abstract
Presents an overview of business incentives in Singapore as of June 2005. Schemes and types of assistance available for a company; Examples of industry-specific incentives; Information on the Countertrade Pioneer Status Scheme, launched in 1986 to promote Singapore as a base for countertrade activities. more...
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- 2005
49. SALES LAW BEYOND SALES CONTRACTS: APPLICABILITY AND APPLICATIONS OF THE CISG TO NON-SALES TRANSACTIONS (THE CASE OF COUNTERTRADE AND BARTER TRANSACTIONS)
- Author
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Marco Torsello
- Subjects
Vendita internazionale ,Uniform Law ,Contratto internazionale di servizi ,Contratti con causa mista ,Barter ,Contratto internazionale di permuta ,Vendita internazionale, Diritto uniforme, Contratti con causa mista, Contratto internazionale di permuta, Contratto internazionale di servizi ,Sales Law ,Commerce ,Barter Transactions ,International Service Agreements ,Diritto uniforme ,Mixed Contracts ,Countertrade Transactions ,Sales Law, Uniform Law, Mixed Contracts, Countertrade Transactions, Barter Transactions, International Service Agreements ,Business ,Countertrade - Abstract
n/a
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
50. Mandated defence offsets: can they ever deliver?
- Author
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Markowski, Stefan and Hall, Peter
- Subjects
- *
DEFENSIVE (Military science) , *MILITARY readiness , *MILITARY strategy , *DEFENSE industries , *DEFENSE procurement , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Defenceoffsetsare elements of defence procurement dealsadditionalto the primary content. Offsets are usually expected to yield technological or industrial benefits to the purchasing country (e.g. countertrade, technology transfers, or additional jobs) and military buyers often require suppliers to make offsets available “cost-free.” The authors argued previously that such strategies achieve little of value to buyers that lack market power and are unnecessary otherwise, since purchasers with the market power to extract more value for money from foreign suppliers can do so anyway. This article also focuses on the supply side of offset deals. The USA is the world's largest defence offsets supplier but the US government opposes offsets demands as economically inefficient and trade distorting. Even if offsets are inefficient and trade distorting, they may still benefit a materiel-exporting country such as the USA as they may induce exports and create associated benefits for the offsets provider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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