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Combining ultrasound and homogenization methods with ethyl acetate as a green solvent, this research designed and optimized an environmentally friendly protocol for cottonseed oil extraction. The extraction parameters were as follows: extraction time (30–90 min), extraction temperature (30–60 °C), and solvent to solid ratio (3:1–6:1 ml/g). The best extraction parameters were determined using the RSM and BBD: 65.67 min, 30.10 °C, and a solvent to solid ratio of 5.6:1. The optimized procedure resulted in 80.44% oil recovery, 80.22% radical scavenging activity, and 5.75% FFA as oleic acid. The most profound terms with the lowest P-values were linear terms of solvent to solid ratio for oil recovery, linear terms of temperature for radical scavenging activity, and linear terms of time and temperature for FFA and PV. This approach promises an effective, green option that enhances oil recovery and oxidative stability while lowering environmental impact, energy consumption, and operational risks with only a tenth of the energy required per gram of oil compared to hexane-based solvent extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: With rising concerns about traditional chemical insecticides, there is growing interest in safer, natural alternatives. Among these options, essential oils have received special attention. While some essential oils are registered through traditional routes for standard biocides, others are registered as low-risk biocides, as they meet specific criteria for minimal risk. This study evaluates and compares the insecticide efficacy of essential oils against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, a major and widespread urban pest. Sixteen essential oils, both registered as low-risk biocides and/or standard biocides, were tested in a topical application experiment. The results showed that, while all essential oils tested were toxic to the cockroaches, their effectiveness varied. Thyme, sweet orange, and lavender oils were the most effective, achieving knockdown in less than 30 s and 100% mortality in 24 h. Linseed and cottonseed oils were the least effective, with 24 h mortality rates of 70% and 40%, respectively. Importantly, some of the oils classified as low-risk were just as effective as others classified as standard biocides, thus suggesting that low-risk classification does not necessarily compromise efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of essential oils as bioinsecticides, emphasizing the importance of considering both insecticidal performance with low-risk attributes. Concerns about the negative effects of traditional insecticides and increasing insecticide resistance have prompted the exploration of botanical alternatives like essential oils (EOs). The registration of biocides is a mandatory procedure, and some regions have established a special status for compounds that meet specific low-risk criteria, which includes certain EOs. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of sixteen EOs, both registered as low-risk biocides and/or standard biocides, against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. A topical application was performed with undiluted EOs (15 µL) on the dorsal surface of awake cockroaches. The results showed significant variations in efficacy, as follows: thyme, sweet orange, and lavender oils were the most effective, achieving 100% mortality within 24 h and a less than 30 s knockdown effect. In contrast, linseed and cottonseed oils were the least effective, resulting in 70% and 40% 24 h mortality. Remarkably, some EOs registered as low-risk biocides performed as well as the ones registered as standard biocides, suggesting that this category does not have to always be at odds with efficacy. Future research should adopt practical, application-driven approaches to ensure bioinsecticides balance performance and safety, meeting both regulatory and consumer demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In this study, novel bioresin was prepared together with epoxy resin with five different plant oils such as soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, and flaxseed oil. The samples were formed by adding jute/flax intraply fiber to the bioresin formed by adding these vegetable oils to the epoxy at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. While producing these composites, vacuum assisted resin transfer molding method was preferred. Tensile, flexural, impact test, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analysis were applied to samples. Moreover, fiber behavior and delamination of composites were examined by morphological analysis. Tensile test outcomes showed cottonseed oil with 40% oil additive and canola oil with 10% oil addition gave higher strength values to the pure epoxy sample. In the impact test, samples with 20% oil added had an average of 2.7–3.44 times higher absorbed energy. Thermal analysis results indicated 10% and 20% oil addition to epoxy raised the glass transition temperature by an average of 6.65–18.6°C and lowered the decomposition temperatures by 11–24°C. These samples, created by adding vegetable oil to the epoxy without chemical treatment, give the composites considerable elasticity and will be used in areas such as the automotive, construction and aerospace industries. Adding plant oil to epoxy creates sustainable and environmentally composite. The usage of plant oils will reduce dependence on petroleum‐based epoxy. The use of plant oil will further pave the way for green composites. Elasticity and energy absorption characteristics of the material are improved. Elongation percent and glass transition temperature of the material improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-milling has been employed in various fields due to its efficiency, flexibility, material, and structural versatility in the machining of small and high-quality parts. However, when micro-milling highly plastic aluminum alloys, it is difficult to produce a smooth surface due to the easy sticking of tools. To solve this problem, a multi-energy field coupling method of adding nano-lubricant to the micro-milling area by minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and modifying the aluminum alloy by cold plasma (CP) was introduced. In this paper, the experiments of CP and h-BN nano-lubricant minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) multi-field coupling assisted (CPNMQL) micro-milling of aluminum alloy 6061-T65 were carried out to analyze 3D surface roughness (Sa), tool texture, milling forces (F x and F y), and surface morphology. The results revealed that the CP could increase the surface microhardness and improve material removal rate; Cottonseed oil with h-BN nanoparticles exhibited superior lubricating properties; The milling forces F x and F y were significantly reduced; Sa (0.029 µm) under CPNMQL condition decreased by 60 %, 72.1 %, 27.5 %, and 53.2 % comparing to dry (0.104 µm), NMQL (0.04 µm), and CP (0.062 µm) conditions. In addition, the smallest and most uniform tool mark texture height and depth of 0.038 µm was obtained under CPNMQL condition, a 76.3 % reduction over dry condition. [Display omitted] • Cold plasma + nano-lubricant multi-energy field coupled micro-milling aluminum alloy. • The influence mechanism of CPNMQL on material machinability was analyzed. • It is proven the CP could promote permeation of NMQL. • It is proven the CP could increase the material removal rate. • The CPNMQL significantly reduced surface roughness Sa (20 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an overview of the main vegetable oils of different botanical origin and composition that can be used for frying worldwide (olive and extra-virgin olive oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil) and their degradation during this process. It is well known that during this culinary technique, oil's major and minor components degrade throughout different reactions, mainly thermoxidation, polymerization and, to a lesser extent, hydrolysis. If severe high temperatures are employed, isomerization to trans fatty acyl chains and cyclization are also possible. The factors conditioning frying medium degradation are addressed, including oil composition (unsaturation degree, fatty acyl chain length and "free" fatty acid content, and presence of beneficial and detrimental minor components), together with frying conditions and food characteristics. Likewise, this review also tackles how the frying oil and other processing conditions may impact on fried food quality (oil absorption, texture, flavor and color). Finally, potential health implications of fried food consumption are briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic changes in the concentrations of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in edible oils subjected to prolonged heating. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector at 254 nm, we measured the concentrations of α-methyl styrene, β-methyl styrene, ortho xylene, meta xylene, para xylene, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, propyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, and iso-butyl benzene in coconut, cottonseed, groundnut, mustard, palm, rice bran, sesame, sunflower, rapeseed, safflower, and soybean oils over heating durations of 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours. The results provide a detailed illustration of the behaviour of these compounds under heat: Mustard oil initially had high concentrations of α-methyl styrene (103.00 µg/Kg) and β-methyl styrene (110.00 µg/Kg) which decreased to 46.00 µg/Kg and 52.00 µg/Kg. Cottonseed oil started with high benzene levels (48.00 µg/Kg) which were significantly reduced to 3.00 µg/Kg. Rice bran oil displayed an initial benzene concentration of 10.00 µg/Kg that reduced to 2.10 µg/Kg. Coconut oil, starting at 36.00 µg/Kg of benzene, saw a reduction to 3.00 µg/Kg. Palm oil began at 21.00 µg/Kg of benzene and decreased markedly to 0.02 µg/Kg. The reduction rates varied, indicating that different oil types have distinct thermal stability and volatile emission behaviours under similar heating conditions. This comprehensive dataset underlines important implications for food safety, especially concerning the selection and use of cooking oils in environments where prolonged heating is common, affecting both culinary quality and occupational health safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and characterization of agricultural byproduct-based biocomposites are an important part of green chemistry. In this work, four-ingredient blends were formulated with the melt blending method. The set of composites (named as CSO series) was made with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the major matrix, washed cottonseed meal (WCSM) as a filler, cottonseed oil (CSO) as a compatibilizer, and glycerol (GLY) as a plasticizer. The morphological analysis showed the homogenous dispersion of the cottonseed byproducts into the PLA matrix to some extent. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that thermal stability was impacted by the ingredient's addition. The functional group analysis of the sample and simulation by Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the chemical interactions of PLA with WCSM in the blend products. CSO was most likely subjected to physical blending into the products. The mechanical strengths of those composites were affected by the ratios of PLA-CSO. Generally, the tensile strengths were in the range of 0.74–2.1 MPa, which indicate its suitability for low-strength biodegradable plant container development. The blend products had a lower water absorption during the water soaking test. This work shows the feasibility of incorporating cottonseed WCSM and CSO into a PLA composite for sustainable agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and characterization of agricultural byproduct-based biocomposites are an important part of green chemistry. In this work, four-ingredient blends were formulated with the melt blending method. The set of composites (named as CSO series) was made with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the major matrix, washed cottonseed meal (WCSM) as a filler, cottonseed oil (CSO) as a compatibilizer, and glycerol (GLY) as a plasticizer. The morphological analysis showed the homogenous dispersion of the cottonseed byproducts into the PLA matrix to some extent. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that thermal stability was impacted by the ingredient’s addition. The functional group analysis of the sample and simulation by Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the chemical interactions of PLA with WCSM in the blend products. CSO was most likely subjected to physical blending into the products. The mechanical strengths of those composites were affected by the ratios of PLA-CSO. Generally, the tensile strengths were in the range of 0.74–2.1 MPa, which indicate its suitability for low-strength biodegradable plant container development. The blend products had a lower water absorption during the water soaking test. This work shows the feasibility of incorporating cottonseed WCSM and CSO into a PLA composite for sustainable agricultural applications.

Background/aim: Breast cancers are one of the most common cancers in women and are responsible for many deaths worldwide. Mast cells are inflammatory cells. Their role in cancers is controversial, and there is limited data on systemic mast cell activation in cancer cases. This study aimed to evaluate systemic mast cell activation in an experimentally induced rat model of breast cancer. Materials and methods: Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into control (n = 6) and mammary tumor (n = 12) groups. In the tumor group, 20 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 1 mL cottonseed oil was administered intragastrically by gavage, and the rats were followed daily until their mammary tumors reached 3 cm in diameter. The control group received only cottonseed oil. Paraffin sections obtained from the mammary tumor tissue were subjected to hematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue staining, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. Mesenteric tissues from each subject were also stained with toluidine blue. The number and activation status of mast cells in mammary tumors and mesenteric tissues were evaluated. Results: Toluidine blue staining showed that activated mast cells were commonly found in tumor tissues. Based on the mesenteric tissue analysis, severe degranulation of the mesenteric mast cells was found in the tumor-induced groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated for the first time that systemic mast cell activation develops in both tumoral and mesenteric tissues in an experimental cancer model. However, it is not known at which stage of tumor development it occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the pressing demand for alternative biofuel in the contemporary world, the production cost of biodiesel has to be decreased. Hence, this work addresses the usage of CaCO3‐rich industrial waste produced in a local paper industry in Assam, India for the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The collected lime sludge waste was subjected to calcination at 800°C for 3 h producing a CaO‐rich catalyst which was then employed in the transesterification of cottonseed oil. The optimized reaction conditions obtained were 5 wt% catalyst concentration, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12 at 65°C temperature, and 3 h of reaction time. The catalyst's reusability was evaluated up to four cycles. Besides, the prepared catalyst has been characterized using Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X‐ray Diffraction (p‐XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques and its basicity was measured using Hammett indicators. Moreover, the biodiesel obtained was characterized with 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C‐NMR, Gas Chromatography‐ Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and FTIR techniques. A biodiesel yield of 98.03% was achieved and the quality of biodiesel formed during the transesterification of CSO also conforms to EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. Thus, our study highlights the sustainability and the potential for future industrial application of paper industrial waste in the production of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocarbon oil collectors used in coking coal flotation are nonrenewable resources, and their collecting performance is difficult to meet current industry needs. In this study, cottonseed oil biodiesel (CSOB) was prepared from cottonseed oil by alkali-catalyzed transesterification, and experimental studies on flotation of 1/3 coking coal were carried out. The results showed that the clean coal yield was about 75% when the use of CSOB was 2000 g t−1. The results of contact angle, FTIR and XPS tests showed that the oxygen-containing groups of CSOB were adsorbed on the hydrophilic spots on the surface of coal particles, and the surface hydrophobicity of coal particles was increased. The ash level of the clean coal with the addition of CSOB during flotation was essentially the same as with the addition of an equivalent amount of diesel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Cottonseed oil is a high‐quality edible oil. A comprehensive analysis of the genetic basis of cottonseed oil formation at the molecular level will greatly promote the molecular improvement of this trait. This study performed a genome‐wide association study involving three modules integrated into the 3VmrMLM framework for cottonseed oil content (COC). In total, 49,533 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were screened across 152 upland cotton accessions. Twenty‐six, 10 and 26 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for COC were respectively detected by the three modules: Single_env, Multi_env and Epistasis. Eight QTNs were simultaneously detected in at least two datasets or by at least two modules, and four genes associated with the stable QTNs were simultaneously enriched in GO and KEGG analyses. Using Multi_env, five QTN‐by‐environment interactions were detected, and six genes were simultaneously enriched in GO and KEGG analyses. Using Epistasis, 10 QTN‐by‐QTN interactions (QQIs) were detected, and eight protein–protein interactions involving six QQIs and eight gene pairs were predicted by a protein–protein interaction analysis. These findings provide novel insights into the genetic basis of COC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of free and total gossypol and the raw nutrient content (crude protein, crude oil, dry matter, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) in cottonseed meals that are produced in Southeastern Anatolia were determined in the present study. Gossypol and raw nutrient content analyses were carried out by using the cottonseed meal samples obtained from 12 different cottonseed oil factories located in Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Batman, Mardin, and Gaziantep. As a result of the present study, free gossypol levels in the cottonseed meal samples were 1937, 1878, 1916, 1845, 1442, and 1528 mg/kg, respectively. The free gossypol contents in the cottonseed meal samples obtained from Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, and Batman provinces were statistically significantly higher when compared to samples obtained from Mardin and Gaziantep (p<0.05). The crude protein and oil levels of the cottonseed meal samples were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the samples had an average protein content of 26% to 32% and an average crude oil content of 4% to 7%. There was no significant difference among the provinces (p>0.05), except for Gaziantep, where the samples had significantly lower oil and significantly higher protein content (p<0.001). The analysis also showed that the dry matter content of all samples varied from 88% to 91%, while the crude ash values averaged between 4% and 7%, which are within the standard range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The pathogenicity of the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, commonly referred to as the green muscardine fungus, has been demonstrated against numerous insect species inhabiting various habitats. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the impact of naturally derived adjuvants on the growth and spore characteristics of M. anisopliae. The natural polysaccharide (guar gum, gum acacia and carboxymethyl cellulose), vegetable oil (groundnut and cottonseed oil) and a synthetic adjuvant were used in the study at three distinct concentrations: 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% v/v or w/v. Among the various adjuvants tested, both gum acacia and guar gum at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% were observed to have a positive impact on the growth of the fungus, resulting in enhanced radial mycelial growth, conidiospore production, surface area coverage, and conidiospore germination. Conversely, this fundamental study highlights the detrimental effects of synthetic adjuvants on the growth and spore characteristics of M. anisopliae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

旨在为环氧棉籽油的制备及其高附加值利用提供理论依据和技术支撑，分别采用无机强酸催化法和有机酸自催化法对棉籽油进行环氧化，考察了不同酸对环氧化反应的催化作用及乳化剂对环氧化工艺的影响。以环氧棉籽油为原料，采用开环一锅法制备羟基化棉籽油，并将其与己二酸发生酯化反应合成棉籽油聚酯，对产物进行了红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表征。结果表明：无机酸中浓硫酸对棉籽油环氧化的催化效果最佳，其次是磷酸，有机酸中甲酸效果最优；乳化剂增加了油-水体系的均匀混合，可适当提高产品的环氧值，但需增加破乳工段；棉籽油聚酯中存在酯基，但仍有未酯化的羟基。综上，量化生产环氧棉籽油可优先考虑甲酸为催化剂，通过环氧棉籽油制备羟基化棉籽油，再与多元酸反应可制备棉籽油聚酯，但存在未酯化的羟基。In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the preparation and high value-added utilization of epoxy cottonseed oil,cottonseed oil was epoxidized by inorganic acid catalysis and organic acid autocatalysis. The catalytic effect of different acids on the epoxidation reaction and the influence of emulsifiers on the epoxidation process were investigated. Hydroxylated cottonseed oil was prepared using epoxy cottonseed oil as raw material by open-loop one pot synthesis method, and then esterified with adipic acid to synthesize cottonseed oil polyester. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that concentrated sulfuric acid had the best catalytic effect on the epoxidation of cottonseed oil, followed by phosphoric acid in inorganic, and formic acid in organic acids had the best effect. Emulsifiers increased the uniform mixing of the oil-water reaction system and appropriately increased the epoxy value of the product. However, an additional step of demulsification was not suitable for quantitative production. Cottonseed oil polyester had ester groups, but still had unesterified hydroxyl groups. In conclusion, quantitative production of epoxy cottonseed oil can prioritize formic acid as a catalyst, and hydroxylated cottonseed oil prepared by epoxy cottonseed oil can react with polyacids to prepare cottonseed oil polyester, but there are still unesterified hydroxyl groups.

This study described the quality detection and rapid identification of frying oil waste points based on gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). A total of 48 volatile substances were identified, among which the levels of 11 components, including 2-pentylfuran, 2-butylfuran, and 2-hexanone, increased with prolonged frying time after 40 h in cottonseed oil. Conversely, the levels of hexanal, heptanal, and E,E-2,4-heptadienal decreased as frying time extended. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between volatile substances of the oil and acid value (p < 0.05) and polar components with volatile substances (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences in the types and contents of flavor substances were observed in cottonseed oil at different frying times (including before and after reaching the discard point) (p < 0.05). Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) results clearly showed that the cottonseed oil samples at different frying times were well distinguished by the volatile compounds; moreover, discriminant model analysis indicated a model accuracy rate of 100%. These results showed the potential of GC-IMS-based approaches in discriminating the waste points of frying oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) not only serves as a primary textile fiber crop but also as a vital oilseed crop. It stands as the world's fifth-largest oil crop and is rich in essential fatty acids. At present, the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of cottonseed oil have been extensively studied in cotton. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (HACD) is the third rate-limiting enzyme in the elongase complex, which plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA). However, the members of the HACD family and their roles in cottonseed oil remain uncharacterized in cotton. This study identified that G. arboreum and G. raimondii have two HACD genes, while four HACD genes exists in G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense. The phylogenetic relationships of the 12 HACD genes from the four cotton species further divided them into two subfamilies. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis revealed that members of the HACD family were relatively conserved during the evolution of cotton, but members within the same subfamily exhibited more similar structures. Homology and collinearity analysis suggest whole-genome duplication/segmental duplication may be a key factor in the amplification of the cotton HACD gene family. The qRT-PCR analysis of high-oil and low-oil genotype found significant differences in the expression levels of GhHACD1-4, which indicates GhHACD1-4 is expected to participate in the lipid oil biosynthesis process. Subcellular localization experiments confirmed the presence of the GhHACD2 inendoplasmic reticulum. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of co-expressed genes of GhHACD1 and GhHACD2 genes were conducted to confirm their potential involvement in fatty acid elongation and oil biosynthesis. Furthermore, transgenic overexpression analysis of GhHACD2 caused a 5.02% decrease in oil content compared with the control in yeast, while the levels of C28:0, C30:0, and VLCFAs were significantly improved. This study characterizes HACD gene family members in cotton and provides rich genetic resources for increasing cottonseed oil content and improving the nutritional value of cottonseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Cottonseed oil (CSO) is higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) than many liquid plant oils. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining effects of CSO on markers of lipid metabolism and evaluate lipid and lipoprotein effects of incorporating CSO into a healthy dietary pattern using regression equations. Data Sources A systematic search was conducted for RCTs comparing CSO with a non-CSO comparator in any population. Data Analyses The Katan regression equation was used to predict lipid/lipoprotein changes when incorporating CSO into a US-style healthy eating pattern at 25 to 100% of the total oil allowance (ie, 27 g/2000 kcal) compared with average American intake (NHANES 2017 to 2020 pre-COVID pandemic). Results In total, 3 eligible publications (n = 2 trials), with 58 participants that provided 44% and 30% of total energy as CSO, were included. Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; ≈ –7.7 mg/dL) and triglycerides (≈ –7.5 mg/dL) were lower after 5 days of a CSO-enriched diet vs olive oil (OO). In a 56-day trial, CSO lowered total cholesterol (TC; ≈ –14.8 mg/dL), LDL-C (≈ –14.0 mg/dL), and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≈ –14.2 mg/dL) vs OO. Postprandially, angiopoietin-like protein-3, -4, and -8 concentrations decreased with CSO and increased with OO intake. Compared with average American intake, a healthy eating pattern with 27 g of CSO was estimated to lower TC (–8.1 mg/dL) and LDL-C (–7.3 mg/dL) levels, with minimal reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (–1.1 mg/dL). Compared with the healthy eating pattern, incorporating 27 g of CSO was predicted to increase TC and LDL-C levels by 2.4 mg/dL. Conclusion Limited high-quality research suggests CSO may improve lipid/lipoprotein levels compared with OO. Cholesterol predictive equations suggest CSO can be incorporated into a healthy dietary pattern without significantly affecting lipids/lipoproteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene-edited crops and livestock have the potential to transform food systems by providing resilience to climate change, pest and disease resistance, and the enhancement of nutrients in feed and food in a time-efficient and precise way. In 2023, the UK Parliament passed the Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Bill, paving the way for gene-edited products to be farmed in England and sold, providing they could have theoretically been produced via traditional breeding. In this paper, we describe the possible risks of gene-edited products for consumption using four case studies of gene-edited organisms: increased vitamin D tomatoes, reduced linoleic acid cottonseed oil, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) resistant pigs and reduced-asparagine wheat. Assuming that the only requirement for an organism to be a Precision-Bred Organism (PBO) is that no transgenic material remains within the organism and that the edit could have, in theory, occurred spontaneously or through traditional breeding methods, then all our case studies would likely be defined as PBOs. We also conclude that the food safety risks of these products appear to be similar to those that society accepts in traditionally bred organisms used for food and feed. However, PBOs that possess markedly altered nutrient profiles may require a dedicated identity-preserved retail chain and/or labelling to avoid unintended over-consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC), particularly benzene and derivatives, in edible oils and the effects of heating duration on the behavior of these compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography. The study measures the concentrations of benzene and substituted benzenes in fresh mustard, cottonseed, rice bran and palm oils upon heating. It explores VOC emissions during deep frying with edible oils and its potential health risks.

Glycerol is a versatile substance used in food, beverages, cosmetics, and technical applications. It can be derived from fats and oils through 4 different reactions, including: transesterification, directed hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and saponification. Glycerol derived from fat hydrolysis yields superior quality and quantity when compared to saponification. The resulting glycerol water is purified and concentrated through evaporation to yield crude glycerol with a concentration of 86-88%. Two distinct methods are recognized for further improving quality of glycerol: distillation, and the purification of glycerol water through the ion exchange process followed by evaporation. The goal of this research was to improve the purification process of glycerol, for obtaining premium-quality glycerol without the need for distillation, through the utilization of cations. Several combinations of activated carbon and clay were tested, and it was determined that a combination of 70:30 yielded the optimal results, considering the amount of glycerol and ash content. Technological parameters such as reaction durations, pH, and process temperatures were investigated, and it was discovered that the appropriate combination was a process duration of more than 40 minutes, a pH value of 2, and a temperature of 70°C. Besides, it was also determined that the concentration and quality of glycerol derived from cottonseed oil can be enhanced through distillation or purification with cationite. Moreover, different concentrations of glycerol on the elaboration of gingerbread were tested, and the conclusion is that adding 5% of the resulting glycerol to the gingerbread recipe could ensure better preservation of its quality during its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cottonseed oil, soft in taste and golden in color, plays a crucial role in various foods. In addition, cottonseed oil has attracted much attention due to its unique fatty acid properties, anti-inflammatory and heart protective properties. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the genetic mechanism that regulates the biosynthesis of cottonseed storage oil, carry out key gene mining, and select high-quality cotton varieties with high oil content. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis tools, whole genome sequencing has become simpler and more efficient, genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) has become a key tool for studying complex traits. This paper introduces the principle and research advantages of GWAS, discusses the progress of its application in the research of different oil crops and cotton characters. Some suggestions for future genetic studies of cottonseed oil related traits were put forward. The existing problems were discussed and prospected in order to provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the genetic basis of cottonseed oil traits and marker-assisted breeding by GWAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipids are categorized into two types: hydratable phospholipids and non-hydratable phospholipids. This study examines the hydratable and non-hydratable phospholipids in cottonseed oil, as well as the types of degumming and their impact on the content of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. During water degumming, hydratable phospholipids are removed, but non-hydratable phospholipids remain. Water-hydratable phospholipids constitute 78-83% of the total phospholipids in cottonseed oil. However, water degumming does not sufficiently reduce the cottonseed oil's phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium content. Acid degumming reduced the phosphorus content by 17.1 mg.kg-1, calcium by 11.1 mg.kg¹, and magnesium by 14.2 mg.kg-1. The total degumming process significantly reduced the levels of accompanying substances in cottonseed oil. After the total degumming process, the phosphorus content was less than 12.4 mg.kg-1, calcium was 7.4 mg.kg-1, and magnesium was reduced to 1.1 mg.kg-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green surfactants have significant potential for improving environmental remediation methods. The aim of the present study was to formulate a green natural detergent containing the biosurfactant produced by Starmerella bombicola ATCC 22214 grown in 1.2% canola oil, 10% sucrose, and 0.5% corn steep liquor. The biosurfactant reduced surface tension to 31.84 mN/m and was produced at a yield of 22 g/L. Twelve formulations were proposed using cottonseed oil as the natural solvent and different stabilisers (vegetable wax, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and sodium alginate). The detergent was evaluated for its emulsifying capacity and stability over a 10-day period. Ecotoxicity was investigated using the marine recruitment test on metal plates covered with paint into which the biosurfactant was incorporated as well as tests with a microcrustacean and vegetable seeds. The formulation designated H, consisting of 1% biosurfactant, 40% cottonseed oil, and 2% hydroxyethyl cellulose, achieved the best results. The formulation exhibited both stability and emulsifying capacity (100% of petroleum). The ecotoxicity tests revealed the safety of the natural detergent. The detergent achieved satisfactory oil dispersion and solubilised 98% of the oil impregnated on the rock. The results indicate that the natural detergent holds promise for efficiently cleaning up environmental areas contaminated with oil and petroleum products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amides of cottonseed oil and diethanolamine were synthesized in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 mole ratios and the structures of the substances were confirmed using infrared spectroscopy. Physicochemical properties were also studied. Conservative liquids were developed by adding 3, 5 and 10% of the obtained amides into T-30 oil. Corrosion tests involved immersing metal plates in conservative liquids within a hydrochamber, seawater, and 0.001% H2SO4 solution. The studies revealed that synthetic amides can be used to develop conservative liquids of high protective efficiency. The best results were obtained by 10% solutions. It was determined that metal plates immersed in a 10% solution of amide in a mole ratio of 1:2 were protected from corrosion during 205 days in "Г-4" hydrochamber, 165 days in seawater, and 160 days in a 0.001% H2SO4 solution. Taking into account that the optimum composition created as a result of research is more favorable from an economic point of view, turbine oil was used as a solvent medium, and the obtained results met the demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) genes belong to the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily, catalyze the terminal step of triglyceride (TAG) hydrolysis, converting monoacylglycerol (MAG) into free fatty acids and glycerol. Results: In this study, 30 MAGL genes in upland cotton have been identified, which have been classified into eight subgroups. The duplication of GhMAGL genes in upland cotton was predominantly influenced by segmental duplication events, as revealed through synteny analysis. Furthermore, all GhMAGL genes were found to contain light-responsive elements. Through comprehensive association and haplotype analyses using resequencing data from 355 cotton accessions, GhMAGL3 and GhMAGL6 were detected as key genes related to lipid hydrolysis processes, suggesting a negative regulatory effect. Conclusions: In summary, MAGL has never been studied in upland cotton previously. This study provides the genetic mechanism foundation for the discover of new genes involved in lipid metabolism to improve cottonseed oil content, which will provide a strategic avenue for marker-assisted breeding aimed at incorporating desirable traits into cultivated cotton varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, new types of food products are being developed, including fatty foods, functionally oriented in terms of biological value for the human body, adhering to the principles and rules of healthy nutrition. The compositions of vegetable oils containing various ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids (cotton, corn, rapeseed and linseed) are considered. The qualitative and quantitative composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids of individual fats was investigated by gas chromatography. It was found that the ratio of fatty acids in the individual oils was not optimal. Based on the quantitative composition of individual fatty acids in cottonseed and lynx oils, the optimal composition of blends of these oils was calculated to obtain blends in which the ratio of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids is 10:1 and 5:1. Samples of the obtained vegetable oil blends were tested to determine their organoleptic and physicochemical parameters. At the same time, the measured quality indicators of the obtained blends (acidity and peroxide values) do not exceed the standardised values. The developed cotton blends of vegetable oils contain polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-6 and ω-3, corresponding to the recommended levels for a healthy diet, and can be used to create food additives based on vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiesel synthesis using cottonseed oil with aluminum-promoted sulfated zirconia catalyst was studied to analyze the quality of fuel produced. The various catalyst weight percent studied produced more than 75% biodiesel yield. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of biodiesel provides a C-O strong stretch of esters at 1745.520cm-1. The ester peak was observed at 1745cm-1, CH peaks from 2800cm-1 to 3000cm-1, and the OH- peak was absent, indicating the long fatty acid esters chain. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis shows the presence of methyl ester of tetradecanoic acids, hexadecanoic acids, and octadecadienoic acids, which make up the majority of the composition and 8, 11-octadecadienoic acids methyl ester makes up 58% of the product biodiesel. The physical properties were determined for biodiesel which provides a flashpoint at 172oC and fire point at 197oC. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance observation of the singlet signal of proton at 3.640ppm signals the availability of methyl ester group in biodiesel synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Gossypol and its derivatives represent a class of toxic and immunosuppressive compounds that are naturally synthesized in cottonseed. These compounds pose several health hazards to humans and animals, such as heart and lung damage, breathing difficulties, and death in swine. In poultry, gossypol reduces egg production and slows growth. Studies have also shown that gossypol can indirectly harm humans and animals through the food chain. Although several physical and chemical approaches are adopted to reduce gossypol levels in cottonseed before food and feed processing, these techniques are expensive. Therefore, genetically regulating gossypol production in cotton could provide a cheaper alternative. Summary: Cotton (Gossypium spp.), the most important fiber crop, is cultivated in over a hundred countries to provide raw materials for the growing textile industry. The seed obtained after delinting cotton is a rich source of protein with a vast potential for oil and feed production. Cottonseed oil production is estimated at 5.08 million metric tons and is expected to generate over 6.56 billion United States Dollars in revenue by 2029. The cake from defatted cottonseed is used as animal feed and food supplements. However, the contamination of gossypol in cottonseed limits its use. Gossypol ingestion impairs weight gain and causes anorexia, respiratory distress, and death under extreme exposure. This review highlights the significance of cottonseed oil and meal; the pharmacological uses and impact of gossypol; the chemistry, toxicity, and bioactivity of gossypol; and the physical and chemical methods used in gossypol removal during feed and food supplement processing. In addition, the biosynthetic pathway of gossypol and attempts to genetically transform some key regulators of this pathway to produce glandless cottonseed or reduce the gossypol levels in the seed are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice bran and rice bran wax of the KJ CMU107 rice strain were investigated as potential tablet lubricants in a directly compressed tablet formulation. Stabilized full-fatted rice bran (sFFRB), stabilized defatted rice bran (sDFRB), and rice bran wax (RBW) extracted and purified from crude rice bran oil (cRBO) were tested. Two commercial lubricants, including magnesium stearate (MGS) and hydrogenated cottonseed oil (HVO), were employed as the standards in the formulated mixtures, which contained spray-dried rice starch (SDRS) as a diluent. The tableting was carried out for each formulation, and the obtained tablets were physically and mechanically evaluated. Among the parameters investigated were the general appearance, ejection force, weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The powder flow was also determined for each formulation. The results showed that the tablet ejection forces for all the lubricated formulations (58–259 N) were significantly lower than that of the non-lubricated control formulation (349 N). The use of sFFRB as a lubricant at 0.5–2.0% w/w could lower the ejection force up to 78%, but the hardness reduced so drastically that the formulations failed the friability test due to the chipping of the tablets' edges. Moreover, sDFRB performed significantly better as the use at 0.5–1.0% w/w in the formulation helped to lower the ejection forces by up to 80% while maintaining the changes in the tablet hardness within 10%. RBW functioned effectively as a tablet lubricant at a concentration of 0.5% w/w, yielding tablets with good strength comparable to standard HVO lubricant while helping to reduce the ejection force by 82%. In formulations with good lubrication, i.e., friability < 1%, the powder flow was improved, and the tablet disintegration times were within the same range as the control and HVO formulations. In conclusion, sDFRB displayed a lubricant property at concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0% w/w, with slightly negative effects on the tablet hardness. RBW from KJ CMU107 rice was an effective tablet lubricant at 0.5% w/w, with no effect on tablet hardness. Both materials can be further developed for use as commercial lubricants in direct compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) -3, -4, and -8 are regulators of lipid metabolism and have been shown to respond to changes in dietary fats. It is unknown how ANGPTLs respond to cottonseed oil (CSO) and olive oil (OO) consumption in a population with hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CSO vs. OO consumption on fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses in adults with hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesized that CSO would have lower fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses compared with OO. Forty-two adults with high cholesterol completed a single-blind, randomized trial comparing CSO (n = 21) vs. OO (n = 21) diet enrichment. An 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention provided ∼60% of the volunteers' total energy expenditure (∼30% of total energy expenditure as CSO or OO). The remaining 40% was not controlled. Fasting blood draws were taken at pre-, mid-, and postintervention visits. Volunteers consumed a high saturated fat meal followed by 5 hours of blood draws pre- and postvisits. Fasting ANGPTL3 had a marginally significant treatment by visit interaction (P =.06) showing an increase from pre- to postintervention in CSO vs. OO (CSO: 385.1 ± 27.7 to 440.3 ± 33.9 ng/mL; OO: 468.2 ± 38.3 to 449.2 ± 49.5 ng/mL). Both postprandial ANGPTL3 (P =.02) and ANGPTL4 (P <.01) had treatment by visit interactions suggesting increases from pre- to postintervention in OO vs. CSO with no differences between groups in ANGPTL8. These data show a worsening (increase) of postprandial ANGPTLs after the OO, but not CSO, intervention. This aligns with previously reported data in which postprandial triglycerides were protected from increases compared with OO. ANGPTLs may mediate protective effects of CSO consumption on lipid control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04397055). Adults with hypercholesterolemia participated in a trial of provided diets rich in CSO (PUFA rich) or OO (MUFA rich). Plasma responses for ANGPTLs were compared before and after diet interventions. Increases in meal responses of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 were found after OO, but not CSO, diets which may help control triglycerides. Abbreviations: ANGPTL, angiopoietin-like protein; CSO, cottonseed oil; MUFA, monounsaturated fat; OO, olive oil; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat. Created with BioRender.com. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study the impact of camphor oil premixing with intake air on compression ignition (CI) engine characteristics powered with jatropha oil and cottonseed oil. The experiment is conducted on the direct injection compression engine attached to the premixing setup. The investigation reveals that premixing of camphor oil with cottonseed oil and jatropha oil escalates the thermal brake efficiency to 35.02% and 33.62% and brings down the brake‐specific energy consumption to 10.27 and 10.70 kJ kWh−1. At all loading conditions, the premixing of camphor oil and the rise of camphor oil in premixing proportions increase the volumetric efficiency and cut the exhaust gas temperature. 20% premixing of camphor oil with cottonseed oil and jatropha oil drops the smoke opacity emissions by 22.23% and 11.86% and NO emission by 23.27% and 14.59%, respectively, at full load conditions. Further, it shows a 27.60% and 21.14% hike in CO emissions and a 31.34% and 31.87% hike in HC emissions at full load conditions. The in‐cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and mean gas temperature increase with increasing the energy share of camphor oil in premixing. Overall, the premixing of camphor oil shows better CI engine attributes except HC and CO emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pavement industry has been increasingly encouraged to adopt a more circular approach, associating economic development with a more responsible use of natural resources, due to the significant impacts that its activities impose, particularly on the environment and financial resources. One practice aligned with the circular economy trend is the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures. Several methods have been adopted to increase the amount of RAP without compromising the mechanical performance of recycled asphalt mixtures, with particular emphasis on warm mix additives and animal and vegetable oils. In this study, the incorporation of zeolite and cottonseed oil in different proportions in these mixtures was evaluated. Blending charts were used to establish the maximum recycling rates based on the critical temperatures of bio-binders formulated with cottonseed oil. For this research, two sets of recycled asphalt mixtures were analyzed: one with 15 %, 25 %, and 33 % RAP, containing 4 %, 6 %, and 10 % cottonseed oil, respectively, and another with 15 %, 25 %, and 33 % RAP, containing 0.3 % zeolite. The mixtures were evaluated for both mechanical performance and circularity aspects through an integrated analysis of mechanical properties (tensile strength, resilient modulus, moisture damage, Cantabro abrasion, flow number, fatigue life) and the Mixture Circularity Index (MCIRAM). All recycled mixtures, regardless of the type of additive, demonstrated satisfactory mechanical performance in all tests conducted. The integrated analysis of mechanical and circularity dimensions identified that the recycled asphalt mixture containing 0.3 % zeolite and 25 % RAP is the most advantageous, as it met the mechanical criteria and exhibited good environmental performance. Among the mixtures with bio-binder, the combination containing 33 % RAP and 10 % cottonseed oil exhibited superior mechanical performance and demonstrated greater circularity.

An important energy source for industry and transportation is diesel fuel. Nonetheless, the use of diesel fuel has been connected to a number of environmental problems, such as climate change and air pollution. The purpose of this data set research is to extract oil from castor seeds and cottonseeds using a mechanical press method to use as lubricant. The oil is refined to remove impurities and improve its quality once it is extracted. The next step was determining the fatty acid content of castor oil, cottonseed oil, and cottonseed oil (50%) mixed with castor seed oil (50%) using gas chromatography (Agilent 7890B) with a mass spectroscopy detector (Agilent 5977A MSD, USA) and the European standard (EN 14103:2011). There were thirteen (13) significant methyl esters of fatty acids found. Furthermore, to make sure they met the specifications needed for dependable engine operation, the reference diesel and the diesel fuel with 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% bio additives (mixed cottonseed oil, 50%; and caster seed oil, 50%) were characterized. It was subsequently determined that the physicochemical properties, including density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, and total sulfur, complied with stated ASTM requirements. The results of the investigation showed that the fatty acid profile of combined cotton and caster has the advantage of both oils' quality, with all of its physicochemical properties falling within the ASTM recommendations for diesel fuel. In order to improve lubricity in diesel engines, 50% of caster seed oil and 50% of mixed cottonseed oil were used as bio-additives.

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is the major by-product of the cottonseed oil extraction process with high protein content. However, the presence of free gossypol (FG) in CSM severely restricts its utilization in the food and animal feed industries. The development of a biological strategy for the effective removal of FG in CSM has become an urgent need. In this study, three bacterial laccases including CotA from Bacillus licheniformis, CueO from Escherichia coli, and LcLac from Loigolactobacillus coryniformis were heterologously expressed and investigated for their FG degradation ability. The results showed that CotA laccase displayed the highest FG-degrading capacity among the three laccases, achieving 100% FG degradation at 37 °C and pH 7.0 in 1 h without the addition of a redox mediator. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the hepatotoxicity of FG was effectively eliminated after oxidative degradation by CotA laccase. Furthermore, the addition of CotA laccase could achieve 87% to 98% FG degradation in defatted CSM within 2 h. In conclusion, CotA laccase can be developed as an effective biocatalyst for the detoxification of FG in CSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial reduction in the cost of biodiesel production necessitates the identification of less expensive lipid-bearing substrates and a cost-effective process. The present study demonstrates the use of biomass suspension of Aspergillus sps. as a whole-cell catalyst for the generation of various alkyl esters from acid oil and cottonseed oil with different alcohols (methanol to decanol) as acyl acceptors. The yield of alkyl esters increased from methanol (79%) to pentanol (87%), followed by a decrease from hexanol (80%) to decanol (55%) in the case of acid oil. The extent of transesterification was significantly higher [P < 0.05] in case of acid oil, with most of the acyl acceptors as compared to cottonseed oil. The study reveals the potential use of biomass suspension of fungus as a catalyst and acid oil as an alternative, low-cost bearing, and quality feedstock for the generation of biodiesel for a diverse variety of industrial/commercial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted cottonseed meal (CSM), the residue of cottonseeds after oil extraction, is a major byproduct of the cotton industry. Converting CSM to biochar and utilizing the goods in agricultural and environmental applications may be a value-added, sustainable approach to recycling this byproduct. In this study, raw CSM was transformed into biochar via complete batch slow pyrolysis at 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C. Thermochemical transformation of phosphorus (P) in CSM during pyrolysis was explored. Fractionation, lability, and potential bioavailability of total P (TP) in CSM-derived biochars were evaluated using sequential and batch chemical extraction techniques. The recovery of feed P in biochar was nearly 100% at ≤550 °C and was reduced to <88% at 600 °C. During pyrolysis, the organic P (OP) molecules predominant in CSM were transformed into inorganic P (IP) forms, first to polyphosphates and subsequently to orthophosphates as promoted by a higher pyrolysis temperature. Conversion to biochar greatly reduced the mobility, lability, and bioavailability of TP in CSM. The biochar TP consisted of 9.3–17.9% of readily labile (water-extractable) P, 10.3–24.1% of generally labile (sequentially NaHCO3-extractable) P, 0.5–2.8% of moderately labile (sequentially NaOH-extractable) P, 17.0–53.8% of low labile (sequentially HCl-extractable) P, and 17.8–47.5% of residual (unextractable) P. Mehlich-3 and 1 M HCl were effective batch extraction reagents for estimating the "readily to mid-term" available and the "overall" available P pools of CSM-derived biochars, respectively. The biochar generated at 450 °C exhibited the lowest proportions of readily labile P and residual P compounds, suggesting 450 °C as the optimal pyrolysis temperature to convert CSM to biochar with maximal P bioavailability and minimal runoff risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of renewable fuels as an alternative to fossil fuels is increasing due to environmental problems such as the decrease in the reserves of fossil fuels, their presence in certain regions, air pollution and global warming. Two important parameters of biodiesel fuel, which is one of these fuel types, such as high viscosity and density, negatively affect its use. One of the ways to overcome this negative situation is to improve the fuel properties by adding nano fuel additives into biodiesel. In this study, titanium dioxide nano fuel additive was added to biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil at the rates of 50 ppm and 75 ppm. Specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and cylinder pressure values, which are the basic performance parameters of the fuel mixtures, were determined in a single cylinder engine at 1800 rpm at 4 different engine loads. According to C100 fuel SFC decreased by 5.03% and 6.29% at 10 Nm load, respectively in CTi-50 and CTi-75 fuels. This improvement rate was 8.73% and 12.58% at 40 Nm load. BTE increased by 8.97% and 13.17% with NPs additives. Thanks to the thermophysical properties of the titanium dioxide fuel additive, the combustion reaction has improved and cylinder pressure increased. It was determined in the study that it positively affected the engine performance and fuel economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel has been defined as an alternative fuel that has the potential to be used instead of diesel fuel for years. In case of complete combustion reaction in engines, the products released do not directly threaten human health. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel has worse combustion performance due to some fuel properties. Therefore, incomplete combustion products such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), smoke emission and complete combustion products such as CO2 are thrown into the atmosphere. In this study, the changes in exhaust emissions of 50 ppm and 75 ppm Ag2O NPs were experimentally examined to improve the adverse combustion performance and emission characteristics of cottonseed oil methyl ester. In experiments, nano additive improved the thermal conductivity, mass dissipation and heat transfer of the test fuels, and resulted in reducing of CO emissions as it provided a higher oxidation rate of hydrocarbon molecules. Due to the improvement in the combustion reaction, CO2 emission increased with product of complete combustion. The increase in CO2 emissions was 3.17% and 3.97% for CAg-50 and CAg-75 fuels, respectively, when compared to C0 fuel at 40 Nm load. The NPs additive increased the lower calorific value of the fuel and cylinder temperature. This situation caused increase of NOx emissions by 3.69% and 7.47% CAg-50 and CAg-75 fuels 40 Nm load. Adding of NPs in base fuel reduced to viscosity and density provided better atomization. So a reduction in smoke emission was obtained with NPs addition by 35.09% and 47.32% in CAg-50 and CAg-75 fuels, respectively, compared to C0 fuel at 10 Nm load, while 7.45% and 19.43% at 40 Nm load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upland cotton is the fifth-largest oil crop in the world, with an average supply of nearly 20% of vegetable oil production. Cottonseed oil is also an ideal alternative raw material to be efficiently converted into biodiesel. However, the improvement in kernel oil content (KOC) of cottonseed has not received sufficient attention from researchers for a long time, due to the fact that the main product of cotton planting is fiber. Previous studies have tagged QTLs and identified individual candidate genes that regulate KOC of cottonseed. The regulatory mechanism of oil metabolism and accumulation of cottonseed are still elusive. In the current study, two high-density genetic maps (HDGMs), which were constructed based on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 231 individuals, were used to identify KOC QTLs. A total of forty-three stable QTLs were detected via these two HDGM strategies. Bioinformatic analysis of all the genes harbored in the marker intervals of the stable QTLs revealed that a total of fifty-one genes were involved in the pathways related to lipid biosynthesis. Functional analysis via coexpression network and RNA-seq revealed that the hub genes in the co-expression network that also catalyze the key steps of fatty acid synthesis, lipid metabolism and oil body formation pathways (ACX4, LACS4, KCR1, and SQD1) could jointly orchestrate oil accumulation in cottonseed. This study will strengthen our understanding of oil metabolism and accumulation in cottonseed and contribute to KOC improvement in cottonseed in the future, enhancing the security and stability of worldwide food supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils are often associated with well-known varieties like sunflower, olive, and corn. However, there are lesser-known options worth exploring to appreciate their distinct qualities. One such overlooked oil is cottonseed oil, derived from the Malvaceae cotton family plant. In a recent study, we delved into the rheological behavior of cottonseed oil. Similar to many vegetable oils, it exhibits a non-Newtonian behavior, making it a viable alternative to mineral oils. The rheological analysis was conducted using the Brookfield RVDV III Ultra Rheometer, with shear rates incrementally increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]