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During the period 2016-2019, 21 Bulgarian and 10 foreign cotton varieties were included in a trial set by the block method design in four replicates and a harvest plot of 20 m2. A cluster analysis was applied to the most important economic traits. It was found that based on the clustering by individual years and on average for four years, the varieties were divided into two or three main clusters, mainly on the traits of seed cotton yield, fiber length and lint percentage. The year conditions have influenced the phenotypic manifestation of the studied traits and have had a significant impact on the genotypes clustering by the individual years. The clustering of the varieties based on the average data for four years showed different degrees of genetic similarity and distance between them and with the standard variety - Chirpan-539. The varieties Helius, Trakia, Philipopolis and Plovdiv, which were highly productive, were genetically very similar and it is appropriate to include them in one selection program together with the varieties Natalia, Dorina, Vega, Perla-267, Kolorit, (Bulgarian selection), Stoneville 112, Deltapine 30 (American) and 791-169 (Greek), which were genetically more distant from them and have shown other valuable traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of Cotton Bolls’ size and shape indicators in geographically distant hybrids F1. It has been established that in hybrid plants obtained by crossing small-boll and large-boll forms, the dominance of the large-boll parent is observed. In the form of a boll in F1 hybrid plants in, all types of inheritance are observed. Significant changes in the shape of the boll are observed in hybrid combinations, where geographically distant samples served as initial forms. It has been established that in F1 plants the inheritance of morphological traits depends on the genetic structure and on the geographical distance of the crossed forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and rising temperatures caused water deficits due to lesser and irregular rainfalls, leading to lower production of crops. Morpho-physiological and yield contributing traits of Upland (G. hirsutim L.) cotton varieties grown under optimal water supply (control) and water deficit (experimental) conditions are presented in the article, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll "a", chlorophyll "b", carotenoids, the amounts of proline, malonyldialdehyde, yield per plant, cotton weight per boll, the number of seeds per boll and the number of bolls per plant and the results of their correlation analysis are presented. Under water deficit conditions, there is a strong positive correlation between the carotenoids in plant leaves and the number of bolls per plant, a strong negative correlation between the number of carotenoids and malonyldialdehyde, a strong negative correlation between malonyldialdehyde in plant leaves and the number of bolls per plant, a strong positive correlation between plant productivity and the number of bolls per plant was found to exist. It has been determined that the varieties of Ishonch and Navbahor-2 are more resistant to water deficit than C-6524 and Tashkent-6 in traits of physiological-biochemical and yield attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family. Therefore, a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels. After that, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars (four K-efficient cultivars, viz., CIM-554, CYTO-124, FH-142, IUB-2013, and one K non-efficient, BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium (0 K2O kg·ha−1 and 50 K2O kg·ha−1) were tested under reduced irrigation (50% available water content; 50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions (100% available water content; 100 AWC). Result: Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K+ efficient cultivars than that in K+ non-efficient cultivars. The GhHAK5aD expression upon K+ deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots, indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K+ uptake in roots, instead of transport of K+ from root to shoot. Similarly, under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%, 4.9%, 2.4%, and 1.4% as compared with BH-212, IUB-2013, CYTO-124, and CIM-554, respectively, in seed cotton yield (SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions. With applied K, the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control. However, the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142, CYTO-124, CIM-554, and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212 (K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha−1. Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit. The increase in micronaire was 3.6%, 4.7%, 7.8%, 3.4%, and 6.7% in BH-212, IUB-2013, CIM-554, CYTO-124, and FH-142, respectively, with K application at 50 kg·ha−1 over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season. Similarly, the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars. The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha−1 as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars. Similarly, water use efficiency (WUE) (40.1%) and potassium use efficiency (KUE) (20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions. Conclusion: Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K+ efficiency in cotton. K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the safety of cotton seeds during the roller ginning process is one of the subjects of research on the dynamic processes of primary processing of raw materials. The study of the work of roller gins first of all showed that the process of roller ginning is based on the interaction of raw cotton, a working roller, a knife, and a breaking organ. This is a component that ensures, at certain interaction, the separation of fiber from the seeds. At the same time, there are probably no physical foundations that could determine the spatial orientation of these four components of the ginning process. In the process of roller ginning in the initial position, the seed is drawn to the slot of the contact gap of the knife-drum due to the tension of the fibers in the contact. Subsequently, the seed is struck with a certain impulse. The separation of the fibers from the seed after the impact of the beater occurs sequentially, not simultaneously. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, the optimum frequency of shock pulse on the seed (f = 18-20) was found to be the most technologically successful in terms of providing the best quality indicators of seeds and fibers. Beating in the resonance mode allows reducing the magnitude of the shock impulse on the seed leading to the reducing degree of damage to the seeds. It is believed that in the initial position, the seeds are drawn to the slit of the contact gap of the knife-drum machine due to the tension of the fibers in the contact. At this moment, the seeds at the end of the strand move only under the action of an elastic restoring force. The active part of the fiber bundle section in a dynamic process can be as little as 0.001 or less. The average value of the compliance coefficient for the raw cotton variety BA-440 was determined experimentally. This allows determining the stiffness coefficient of the volatiles indirectly. According to the obtained parameters, the dynamic state of the system practically falls into the region of parametric resonance, where the motion is unstable. This means that the seeds at the end of the strand increase significantly after the impact of the beater, which leads to the separation of the seeds from the fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypium hirsutum L. is an important cash crop native to the subtropics and is widely cultivated around the world. Low temperature is an important stress that seriously affects seed germination and emergence during planting. In this study, transcriptomic profiles of low-temperature- and normal-temperature-germinated seeds of Xinluzao 25, a variety with low-temperature tolerance and high germination rates, were analyzed and compared. The following results were obtained. (1) A total of 81.06 Gb of clean data were obtained after transcriptome sequencing and assembly, and 76,931 non-redundant Unigene sequences were obtained after data consolidation and concatenation; of these, 69,883 Unigene sequences were annotated. In addition, 55,463 Unigene transcript sequences (72.2%) were annotated for Gene Ontology (GO) classification, and 26,629 genes were involved in 50 metabolic pathways identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. (2) Three main pathways related to low-temperature tolerance of seed germination were identified: starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. Their main molecular functions involve the regulation of abscisic acid and activities of enzymes such as amylase, peroxidase, and oxidoreductase. During germination at low temperature, more genes were down-regulated than up-regulated genes at the protrusion stage (2 mm), and more genes were up-regulated than down-regulated at the germination stage (30 mm) after protrusion. (3) The enzyme activities at the two stages showed that amylase, peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase had higher activities when the seeds germinated at 15°C. In this study, high expression of amylase, peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase genes may be the main cause of increased tolerance to low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability, the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desirable parents. The present study was carried out with six parents crossed in full diallel fashion and generated 30 F1 hybrids. These hybrids were evaluated in two replications in Randomized Block Design at Department of Cotton, TNAU for combining ability and gene action. Diallel analysis was carried out according to Griffing's method-I (parents + F1 + reciprocals) and model-I and Hayman's graphical approach by using INDOSTAT software. Results: Analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that mean square values of GCA, SCA and reciprocals were highly significant for all the traits except for the uniformity index. RG763 and K12 showed highly positively significant GCA effects for most of the yield traits while PA838 and K12 for fibre quality traits, so they were found as best general combiners. PAIG379 × K12 and PDB29 × K12 for yield traits, and PDB29 × PA838, RG763 × PA838, and CNA1007 × RG763 cross combinations for fibre quality traits could be recommended for future breeding programms. Conclusion: The results of both Griffing's and Hayman's approaches showed that non-additive gene action predominates as SCA variance was bigger than GCA variance, so heterosis breeding is thought to be a more fruitful option for enhancing GCA of many traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber cash crop, but its root traits related to phosphorus (P) acquisition, including mycorrhizal root traits, are poorly understood. Eight cotton varieties bred in northwestern China that were released between 1950 and 2013 were grown in pots with or without one arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species (Funneliformis mosseae) at three P supply levels (0, 50 and 300 mg P as KH2PO4 kg−1). Eleven root traits were measured and calculated after 7 wk of growth. The more recent accessions had smaller root diameters, acquired less P and produced less biomass, indicating an (inadvertent) varietal selection for thinner roots that provided less cortical space for AMF, which then increased the need for a high P fertilizer level. At the two lower P levels, the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P and produced more biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants (3.2 vs. 0.9 mg P per plant; 1.8 vs. 0.9 g biomass per plant at P0; 14.5 vs. 1.7 mg P per plant; and 4.7 vs. 1.6 g biomass per plant at P50). At the highest P level, the mycorrhizal plants acquired more P than non-mycorrhizal plants (18.8 vs. 13.4 mg per P plant), but there was no difference in biomass (6.2 vs. 6.3 g per plant). At the intermediate P level, root diameter was significantly positively correlated with shoot biomass, P concentration and the P content of mycorrhizal plants. The results of our study support the importance of the outsourcing model of P acquisition in the root economics space framework. Inadvertent varietal selection in the last decades, resulting in thinner roots and a lower benefit from AMF, has led to a lower productivity of cotton varieties at moderate P supply (i.e., when mycorrhizal, the average biomass of older varieties 5.0 g per plant vs. biomass of newer varieties 4.4 g per plant), indicating the need to rethink cotton breeding efforts in order to achieve high yields without very high P input. One feasible way to solve the problem of inadvertent varietal selection for cotton is to be aware of the trade-offs between the root do-it-yourself strategy and the outsourcing towards AMF strategy, and to consider both morphological and mycorrhizal root traits when breeding cotton varieties.

In the initial position in the process of roll ginning, the seed is drawn to the slot of the contact gap of the knife-drum due to the tension of the fibers. Subsequently, the seed is struck with a certain impulse. The separation of the fibers from the seed after the impact of the beater occurs sequentially, not simultaneously. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, the optimum frequency of the shock pulse on the seed (f = 18-20) was found to be the most technologically successful in terms of providing the best quality indicators of seeds and fibers. Beating in the resonance mode allows to reduce the magnitude of the shock impulse on the seed, leading to a reduction in the degree of damage to the seeds. At this moment, the seeds at the end of the strand move only under the action of an elastic restoring force. The active part of the fiber bundle section in a dynamic process can be as little as 0.001 or less. The average value of the compliance coefficient for the raw cotton variety BA-440 was determined experimentally. This allowed to determine the stiffness coefficient of the volatiles indirectly. According to the parameters obtained, the dynamic state of the system practically falls into the region of parametric resonance, where the motion is unstable. This means that the damaged seeds at the end of the strand enlarge significantly after the impact of the beater, causing the seeds to separate from the fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 14 varieties (CB1-CB14) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds were collected from Cotton Research, Training and Seed multiplication Farm, Sreepur, Gazipur to detect and identify the seed borne fungi by morphological and molecular techniques. The sequence results obtained using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers were compared with NCBI GenBank and BOL database using BLAST analysis. In the present investigation, a total of 29 fungal isolates were morphologically identified from different varieties of cotton seeds, of which 19 fungal isolates were identified by molecular techniques. Among the isolated fungi, Aspergillus subramanianii, A. toxicarius, A. wentii, Penicillium aculeatum, P. citrinum, Rhizomucor sp. and Meyerozyma guilliermondii have been reported as new records for Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt-tolerant composite plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (STC-PGPR) can alleviate salt stress, though its complexity makes its stability and mechanisms in indeterminate-growing crops unclear. We tested STC-PGPR on two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties (G1: Xinluzao 72, G2: Zhongmiansuo 49), with two microbial treatments (B1: none, B2: with STC-PGPR) and three salinity levels (S1: 0 g NaCl kg−1, S2: 4 g NaCl kg−1, S3: 8 g NaCl kg−1). The pot experiment used a three-factor completely randomized design in a greenhouse, with NaCl mixed into the soil before transplanting. STC-PGPR (Paenibacillus polymyxa SC2, Bacillus velezensis DSYZ, Lactobacillus casei DY-3, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DY-4) was applied 14 days post-transplant and during flowering and boll development. STC-PGPR was diluted with water and applied to the rhizosphere. Results showed that under S1, STC-PGPR increased G2's seed cotton dry matter accumulation (Sc) by 25.1 %. Under S2, STC-PGPR increased G1's boll dry matter accumulation (Bo) from 0.21 g to 7.7 g per pot. Other STC-PGPR treatments were less effective due to overdeveloped vegetative organs, highlighting the need for balanced vegetative and reproductive growth. High salinity reduced STC-PGPR effectiveness under S3. Random forest analysis identified crucial indicators regulated by STC-PGPR that significantly affected reproductive organ dry matter accumulation (P<0.001). Bioinformatics and correlation analyses showed biomarkers enriched by STC-PGPR influenced these indicators, not STC-PGPR directly. In S1, G2B2's biomarkers enhanced stomatal conductance, increasing the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and promoting dry matter accumulation. They also increased stem diameter and inhibited vegetative growth, enhancing transport and channeling energy to reproductive organs. In S2, G1B2's biomarkers reduced leaf thickness, increased chlorophyll content to enhance Pn, and extended the maturation period. This enabled cotton to accumulate more photosynthetic products and allocate them to reproductive organs. This study demonstrates that STC-PGPR enhances productivity under salt stress, providing insights for optimizing saline soil cultivation. • Indigenous biomarkers, rather than the compound microbial agent, play a major role. • Biomarkers boost photosynthesis via stomatal conductance in salt-free conditions. • Biomarkers boost photosynthesis via chlorophyll content under moderate salt stress. • Balancing cotton growth at maturity is more important than merely promoting growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous factors that cause reduction in cotton yield and quality, insect attack is one of the major limiting factors for optimum cotton production. Among cotton pest whitefly, jassid and thrips are more important in sucking pests while pink bollworm is very destructive among bollworms. Therefore, the present study was planned to work out the behavior of different cotton cultivars i.e., MNH-1086, WEAL-AG-10, SLH-CHANDI, FH-494, MNH-1050, FH-492, WEAL-AG-9, BH-224, VH-418, SLH-Afnan-II, WEAL-AL-AG-CKC3-01, FH-142, FH-414, RH-KING 20, WEAL-AG-20 1(ii), FH-ANMOL, SLH-55, BH-225, UAM-20, FH-498, and WEAL-AG-11 for insect pest infestation and cotton yield as well as its impact on fiber quality. The cultivars differed in their susceptibility to sucking insects and pink bollworm. The lowest whitefly population was observed on genotypes FH-492 (2.48), FH-498 (2.97), and 'FH-494 (2.80) per leaf. The lowest jassid population was recorded on cultivars FH-494 (0.87), FH-498 (0.97), and FH-492 (0.68) per leaf. The lowest thrips infestation was recorded on FH-492, FH-494 and FH-498, having 1.05, 1.13, 1.20 per leaf, respectively. The cultivar FH-492 (0.20) had the lowest number of pink bollworms in left over bolls. The maximum number of bolls per plant was recorded for FH-492 (76.33) and the highest yield was observed in FH-492 (3052.95 Kg/ha). FH-492 has shown remarkable lenience of morphological and entomological features, and resistance to insect pests and CLCuD. The demands of farmers, laborers who harvest crops, and other investors including those in the cotton industry may be met by the introduction of this variety. The present study signifies for recommended as the most suitable commercial cotton cultivars for agro-climatic conditions of Faisalabad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The norm of reaction in qualitative aspect was studied in 31 Bulgarian and foreign cotton cultivars. The results of competitive variety trial carried out at the Field Crops Institute in town of Chirpan during the period 2016 - 2019 were used. The type of their dynamic regression (of their regression curve) and the structure of ecological environments in their dynamic rows were determined, on five traits, in order to characterize the reaction norm of the studied genotypes. It was found that the studied cultivars had in most cases another reaction norm differing considerably from that of the standard variety. The specificity of their reaction was manifested to a smaller extent in regard to its type and more strongly in the structure of ecological environments in their dynamic rows. As regards the individual traits, the reaction norm of cultivars was expressed to varying degrees, depending on their peculiarities. In terms of type of reaction, cultivars 791-169 (similar to the standard variety in 4 characters), Philipopolis, Kris, Darmi, Natalia and T-08 (similar in 3 characters) were the closest to the standard variety. Cultivars Boyana, Nelina, Colorit and C-9070, in which there was no similarity of traits with the standard variety, and other 13 cultivars, similar in only one trait, were the furthest from it. Cultivars from these two groups could be included in one selection program to create new genotypes with a convex type of reaction for most of the traits. The convex type of regression, with the exception of Helius variety, occurred in all cultivars and traits, which was a prerequisite for an effective selection of genotypes with high adaptive ability. With high adaptability and very valuable for the cotton breeding programs were found the cultivars: IPTP Veno and Tabladila-16, with a convex type of dynamic regression in four traits - seed cotton yield, boll weight, fiber ginning out turn and fiber length; Kris, Stoneville 112 and Dorina with a convex type of regression for three traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds of five Bulgarian cotton varieties, stored for one and two years, were subjected to five pre-sowing electromagnetic treatments with different intensity and duration of exposure. It was found that the selected values of controllable factors had stimulating effect on the total length and total mass of sprout and root. The total length of sprout and root increased by 7.5-16.4% (p<0.05), the total mass of sprout and root increased by 7.8-12.7% (p<0.05). The best treatment options were 1[U=(8...5)kV, T =(15...35)s] and 4[U=(6...3)kV, T =(5...25)s]. Electromagnetic treatments had stronger positive effect on seeds stored for one year. Compared to the untreated control, corresponding to each storage period, the electromagnetic impact had stimulating effect for both storage periods: for the total length of sprout and root the increase was by 7.6-21.1% and 2.3-11.0% at option 4; for the total mass of sprout and root it was by 10.8-16.5% at option 1 and 4.5-9.1% at option 4, respectively, at one-year and two-year storage of seeds. In comparison with the control Chirpan-539 variety, untreated seeds, one-year storage, higher values for both studied characteristics were found only for seeds stored for one-year: for the total length of root and sprout at the varieties Natalia, treatment options 1 and 4, Nelina and Helius, options 2 and 4 and Chirpan-539, option 1; for the total mass of root and sprout at the varieties Nelina, options 1, 2 and 3 and Chirpan-539, option 5. Compared to the untreated control corresponding to each variety, the stimulating effect of the pre-sowing electromagnetic treatment for the two characteristics was found for all varieties, for both storage periods. The Helius variety was the most responsive to the electromagnetic impact, with the strongest stimulating effect for both characteristics, at the one-year storage of seeds the total length of sprout and root increased most strongly by 34.8-43.9% at options 1, 4 and 2[U=(6...3)kV, T =(15...35)s], and the total mass of sprout and root increased by 48.5% at options . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological characterization of 47 tetraploid cotton varieties cultivated in different zones of India was carried out over two seasons. The lay out followed randomized block Design and evaluation was done using 36 DUS descriptors in two replications. The visual characters showed uniform expression within the variety for two consecutive years indicating that they were uniform and stable in expression. Eleven out of 37 traits were monomorphic among the varieties. The remaining 26 characters were used for Principal Component Analysis to find the contribution of traits towards total variability. The PCA identified a total of 10 Components with Eigen values more than 1 contributing to a cumulative 77.74 % variability. The first component (PC1) exhibited maximum variability and highly correlated with traits such as leaf shape and petal spot which are also included in the grouping characters of DUS test guideline. The scatter diagram drawn using first two principle components with highest variability as well as the hierarchical cluster analysis performed using all the ten components distinctly classified genotypes in a consistent manner. The grouping of genotypes was attributed to relatively high contribution from few characters or variables which had high positive loadings, distributed among first two components rather than small contribution from each character.

Recent publications have highlighted significant progress in utilizing agronomic interventions to alleviate waterlogging stress in cotton production. Based on these advancements, we provide a concise comment on the effects and underlying mechanisms of various strategies such as utilizing stress-tolerant cotton varieties, applying nitric oxide (NO), and implementing ridge intertillage. Finally, we recommend a combination of measures to enhance cotton's ability to withstand waterlogging and reduce yield losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to investigation of the the development of cotton growing in Azerbaijan that is of great importance both economically and socially. The object of the study is the varieties Ganja-103 and Ganja-110. Sowing was carried out in two ways: ordinary and ridge. Fertilizers were applied in the doses: N100P50K40 and N120P75K50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia is one of cotton-producing countries and export part of its products to the international market. Cotton continued to be cultivated in Ethiopia for many centuries both in irrigation and rain-fed systems. The country has a huge potential to produce cotton in different agroecology that absorbs the large and young work force. Considering the suitable environmental conditions to grow the crop and the availability of cheap manpower, the Ethiopian government has given priority to develop the textile and garment sectors since the last two decades. The existing textile industries in the country are cotton-based and are in their booming stage. On the other hand, availability and quality of raw material is not satisfying the growing demand. In order to support the increasing number of textile and garment industries, supply of quality and enough raw material in a sustainable manner is crucial. Therefore, this review details information based on primary and secondary data, which are related to the country’s potential for cotton production, the characteristics of cotton, available cotton varieties, marketing systems, and cotton initiatives working in the sector. This work also tries to pinpoint multi-dimensional problems facing cotton production, marketing and quality management systems and indicates possible solutions for the betterment of the sector.

Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac is being cultivated in Pakistan. It has been observed that pink bollworm may have developed resistance against single Bt gene (Cry1Ac). For durable resistance, insect resistant NIBGE-1601 cotton harboring double gene Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab construct was developed. There was a need to characterize NIBGE-1601 event for intellectual property rights protection. The Presence of NIBGE Cry1Ac and NIBGE Cry2Ab genes was checked in NIBGE-1601 cotton plants through PCR, while there was no amplification using primers specific for Monsanto events (MON531, MON15985, MON1445). Using genome walking technology, NIBGE-601 event has been characterized. Event-specific primers of NIBGE-1601 were designed and evaluated to differentiate it from other cotton events mentioned above. NIBGE-1601 event detection primers are highly specific, therefore, can detect NIBGE 1601 event at different conditions using single or multiplex PCR. In the qualitative PCR, using NIBGE-1601 event specific primers, 0.05 ng was the limit of detection for NIBGE-1601double gene cotton genomic DNA. Thus event characterization and development of event-specific diagnostics will help in breeding new cotton varieties resistant to cotton bollworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia is one of cotton-producing countries and export part of its products to the international market. Cotton continued to be cultivated in Ethiopia for many centuries both in irrigation and rain-fed systems. The country has a huge potential to produce cotton in different agroecology that absorbs the large and young work force. Considering the suitable environmental conditions to grow the crop and the availability of cheap manpower, the Ethiopian government has given priority to develop the textile and garment sectors since the last two decades. The existing textile industries in the country are cotton-based and are in their booming stage. On the other hand, availability and quality of raw material is not satisfying the growing demand. In order to support the increasing number of textile and garment industries, supply of quality and enough raw material in a sustainable manner is crucial. Therefore, this review details information based on primary and secondary data, which are related to the country's potential for cotton production, the characteristics of cotton, available cotton varieties, marketing systems, and cotton initiatives working in the sector. This work also tries to pinpoint multi-dimensional problems facing cotton production, marketing and quality management systems and indicates possible solutions for the betterment of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study was performed in 2015-2016 in order to determine how the foliar application of sulfur helped reduce the effects of long-term water stress in Carisma variety cotton plants in different periods of development, namely vegetative growth (VG), flowering and boll development (FB), and boll opening (BO) periods. Methods and Results: The study was set up in randomized complete block with three replications. Development periods (OOO, TTT, TOO, OTT, OTO, TOT) were assigned to main plots and sulfur doses (S0: Control, S1: 150 ml da-1, S2: 250 ml da-1, S3: 350 ml da-1) were assigned to sub-plots. Measurements were made on stomatal conductance, as well as evaporatranspiration and yield to evaluate the physiological effects of water stress. The average amounts of irrigation water used in each full irrigation were 127.5 and 138 mm respectively, for the treatment years. As for the evaporatranspiration values, in the first treatment year it was found between 304 and 1012 mm and in the second year from 256 to 1070 mm. Stomatal conductance values ranged from 269 to 1067 mmol m-2 s -1 in the first year and from 205 to 407 mmol m-2 s -1 in the second year with the highest stomatal conductance value obtained from full irrigation (TTT) during all growth periods in both years. Conclusions: The effects of sulfur dosage on stomatal conductance and yield varied due to exposure to long-term water stress at different developmental periods; however, generally speaking, the doses of S1 and S2 cause these values to increase. Significance and Impact of the Study: In the Amik Plain, there was no detailed study to determine how foliar sulfur applications changed the stomatal conductance of cotton when drip-irrigated and subjected to water stress during the different development stages. This research revealed in what dose sulfur should be given to reduce the effects of longterm water stress in Carisma variety cotton plants in Amik plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and instability in area, production and yield of cotton in Maharashtra was assessed before and after introduction of Bt cotton varieties. The study aims to know the growth behavior of cotton production over the years. The contribution of area and productivity towards cotton production was measured by decomposing the cotton production series. The method proposed by Minhas and Vidhyanathan and reframed by Sharma was employed. The compound growth rate was estimated on the basis of fit using non-linear model i.e. exponential. The fitted equation was estimated using marquardt algorithms. Cuddy-Della Valle instability index was employed to estimate the instability in area, production and yield of cotton. The analysis was carried out using SAS macro available on IASRI web site with the help of SAS 9.3 software. Results revealed that, area, production and productivity of cotton were increased significantly after the introduction of Bt hybrids technology. The enhancement in productivity of cotton after the adoption of Bt hybrids technology by farmers was associated with the moderate instability. The productivity of cotton was moderately fluctuating from one year to another year. These fluctuations were also seen in cotton production. Bt cotton hybrids improved the yield and production and in some extent were also responsible for area expansion but the yield and production performance of cotton after the introduction of Bt was not stable. Enhancement in yield was the major factor responsible for improvement in cotton production in Maharashtra state compared to area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of cotton varieties in beekeeping, we have been able to determine the nectar and honey yield per hectare for several years Cotton nectaries produce highly concentrated carbohydrates, nectarines, amino acids and fatty acids. Unlike other types of plants. In different varieties of cotton, there are 4 types of nectaries (intra-cup, bract, sub-bract, and leaf), and the number and concentration of nectarium are different for all types. Nectar productivity of fine fiber varieties is significantly higher than that of medium fiber varieties. Nectar is an important nutrient source for insects and pathogens due to its high sugar content. Several methods of nectar determination were used to determine the number of angles of cotton varieties planted in the country, such as "tube" and "washing." On average, honey yield of these varieties is 50-60 kg per hectare. It is understood from the research results that cotton varieties have high honey and nectar productivity in Uzbekistan environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was carried out during 2020 season on the laboratory at Cotton Technology Research Division, Cotton Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, to investigate the effect of two Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 80 and Giza 94), and two promising cotton hybrids, i.e. hybrid cotton No. 1 [(G83xG80)xG89]Austrian and hybrid cotton No. 2 [(G89xK)xG86]xG94 on fiber and yarn technological properties under using the new technique of the ring spinning system at yarn count of 40's with 4.0 twist multiplier. The obvious results of this investigation can be summarized as follows: The differences between the studied Egyptian cotton genotypes in all fiber and yarn technological properties were significant, except micronaire value and fiber maturity were not significantly affected by cotton varieties under study during 2020 season. The promising hybrid 2 significantly recorded the highest upper half mean length (mm), fiber mean length (mm), fiber uniformity index (%), fiber bundle strength (g/tex) and lea count strength product vice versa, it gave lowest short fiber index (%), yarn evenness and No. of neps/100 m. Giza 94 cotton variety recorded maximum fiber stiffness (g/tex) and fiber brightness degree (Rd %), however it gave lowest fiber elongation percentage and fiber yellowness degree (+b). Maximum short fiber index (%), fiber yellowness degree (+b), yarn evenness and No. of neps/100 m as well as, the minimum upper half mean length (mm), fiber mean length (mm), fiber uniformity index (%), fiber bundle strength (g/tex), fiber stiffness (g/tex), fiber toughness (g/tex), fiber brightness degree (%) and lea count strength product which obtained from Giza 80 cotton variety. The fiber which obtained from promising hybrid 1 recorded greatest fiber elongation percentage and fiber toughness (g/tex). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out at during 2019 and 2020 seasons on the laboratory at Cotton Technology Research Division, Cotton Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, to investigate the effect of six Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 92, Giza 96, Giza 86, Giza 94, Giza 95 and Giza 90) and three categories of short fiber content (5.50, 6.75 and 8.25 %) which obtained from three lint cotton grades, i.e. fully good, good and fully good fair respectively, from each cotton variety on fiber and yarn quality measurements under using the new technique of the ring spinning system. Extra long staple as Giza 92 and Giza 96 significantly recorded the maximum upper half mean length (UHML), fiber bundle strength (FBS), lea count strength product at yarn count of 40's (LCSP40), lea count strength product at yarn count of 60's (LCSP60), single yarn strength at yarn count of 40's (SYS40), single yarn strength at yarn count of 60's (SYS60) and yarn evenness at yarn count of 60's (YE60) as well as gave the lowest short fiber index (SFI), fiber elongation percentage (FEP), micronaire value (MIC), trash area (TA) and trash content (TC) in both seasons. The greatest fiber uniformity index (FUI), MIC and fiber maturity (FM) as well as the minimum yarn evenness at yarn count of 40's (YE40) and YE60 in both seasons were obtained from Giza 86 cotton variety. Giza 94 cotton variety recorded the highest fiber brightness degree (Rd) as well as the lowest linear density (LD), fiber yellowness degree (+b), LCSP60 and SYS60 in both seasons. The highest SFI and +b were obtained from Giza 95 cotton variety in both seasons. Giza 90 cotton variety gave the highest FEP, LD, TA, TC and YE40, as well as gave the lowest UHML, FUI, FBS, FM, RD, LCSP40 and SYS40 in both seasons. Increasing short fiber content from 5.50, 6.75 to 8.25 % caused significant increments in SFI, FEP, +b, TA, TC, YE40 and YE60. On the other hand, UHML, FUI, FBS, MIC, FM, LD, Rd, LCSP40, LCSP60, SYS40 and SYS60 were significantly decreased in both seasons. Giza 92 cotton variety at fewest short fiber content (5.50 %) gave the maximum FBS, SYS40 and SYS60, while at highest short fiber content (8.25 %) recorded the minimum MIC and the highest YE60 in both seasons. Giza 96 cotton variety at lowest short fiber content gave the highest UHML, LCSP40 and LCSP60, as well as gave the lowest SFI, FEP, TA and TC in both seasons. The maximum FUI, MIC, FM as well as the lowest YE40 and YE60 in both seasons were produced from Giza 86 cotton variety with lowest short fiber content. The maximum Rd and lowest +b were obtained from Giza 94 cotton variety at lowest short fiber content, while, with the same cotton variety with highest short fiber content recorded the lowest LD, LCSP60 and SYS60 in both seasons. The fibers which obtained from Giza 95 cotton variety with highest short fiber content significantly recorded the greatest SFI and +b in both seasons. The maximum FEP, TA, TC, YE40 as well as the minimum UHML, FUI, FBS, FM, Rd, LCSP40 and SYS40 were obtained from Giza 90 cotton variety when used highest short fiber content, while, under the same cotton variety at lowest short fiber content recorded the highest LD in both seasons. There were significant negative correlation coefficients between (SFI, FEP, +b, TA, TC and YE40) and (UHML, FUI, FBS, MIC, FM, LD, Rd, LCSP40 and SYS40). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses relation between fiber quality parameters and yarn quality, presenting results of the quality assessment of Pakistan’s five popular cotton varieties. Abadgar-901 was found to have highest effective length followed by Tarzen-1 when compared to other fibers studied and the Sattari showed the least effective length. Whereas, Tarzen-1 showed highest tenacity, Sindh-1 was second to that, yet Nayab-78 showed the least strength of the studied cotton fibers. Further, it was also found that except Nayab-78, all the other cotton varieties were found to have fineness value of premium cotton standards, however, Nayab proved to be a coarse fiber, Sindh-1 was finest fiber of them all. Moreover, Sattari was found to be the whitest in color when measured for CIE and Berger whiteness index, Nayab-78 followed it just after and the Abadgar proved to be the least white compared to the studied cotton varieties.

Cotton is one of the most commercial crops playing a key role in economic, political and social affairs of the world. To alleviate environmental stress-related yield reductions, a better understanding of the relative sensitivities of pollen development, dehiscence, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, fertilization, and subsequent boll development is needed. Number of pollen grains viable to germinate at the time of germination after their deposition on stigma is an important event in the process of fertilization leading to formation of fruits and seeds. Progress in identifying the sensitivities of these developmental stress responses has been hampered in part by the lack of a rapid and reliable method of germinating Gossypium varieties pollen in vitro. Since pollen grains of a large number of species readily germinate invitro on a simple medium, in-vitro germination has been extensively used in studies on structural and physiological details of germination and tube growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintenance is considered essential in breeding program to maintain high quality properties and prevent any deterioration for these traits. Thus, study of off-type plants under commercial scale is a must to isolate these plants. Two varieties (Giza 86 and Giza 88) and their off-types were collected from commercial cotton area. The original maintained varieties and their off-types were grown during 2015, 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Significant differences were observed between (Giza 86 and Giza 88) and their off-types for all traits except for (F.S) in Giza 86. Genetical comparison was done by using a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and genetic relationships between genotypes were estimated using the cluster analysis. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among all genotypes under study for growth, earliness, yield and its components as well as fiber properties. The off-types showed more vigorous growth while Giza 86 and Giza 88 (pure) gave the highest values of earliness, yield and fiber traits. The cluster analysis based on all studied traits showed two main groups, Giza 86 (pure) represented the first group. Meanwhile, the off-types represented the rest groups. Giza 88 (pure) revealed the same results. Dissimilarity between the (Giza 86, Giza 88) and their off-types were the highest. The results cleared that the mean performance of the standard varieties Giza 86 and Giza 88 exhibited the best values for most traits, while the off-types had the worst values of both yield and fiber traits, especially Fiber length (F.L.), Fiber fineness (F.F.), Yellowness (+b) and Brightness (RD%). This obligates the cotton breeders to exclude the off-type plants from the fields of original cotton varieties, during the purification of seed certification fields of cotton varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar 'Acala 1517‐21' (Reg. no. CV‐144, PI 693757). Acala 1517‐21 was derived from a single plant selection in F3 from a bi‐parental cross between LA05307029 and AU‐5491. This new cultivar was tested in eight replicated field trials in New Mexico in 2012–2017 and 21 tests across 12 states of the Cotton Belt in 2016–2017. In New Mexico, Acala 1517‐21 yielded similarly to medium‐staple cultivars or transgenic commercial Acala cultivars including 'PHY 725 RF', 'PHY 755 WRF', 'PHY 764 WRF', 'FM 2322GL', and 'FM 1830GLT'. Compared with 'Acala 1517‐08', Acala 1517‐21 averaged 12.9% higher lint yield and 11.5% higher lint percentage, with a similar boll weight, fiber length, length uniformity, elongation, micronaire, and short fiber content. However, Acala 1517‐21 had similar or slightly lower fiber strength with significantly lower strength and elongation in one test. Compared with commercial transgenic and nontransgenic cultivars across the Cotton Belt, Acala 1517‐21 had consistently longer and stronger fibers or lower micronaire readings. Acala 1517‐21 represents a high‐yielding upland cotton cultivar with high lint percentage and a long staple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'UA212ne' (Reg. no. CV‐143, PI 692970) is a conventional, nectariless cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar released by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in September 2018. The cultivar represents an ongoing effort to develop improved genotypes having enhanced yield, yield components, earliness, host plant resistance, and fiber properties. The nectariless trait effectively reduces population densities of tarnished plant bug, the major insect pest in Arkansas cotton. UA212ne was compared with 'DP 393' and 'UA48' for 4 yr at four test sites in Arkansas. Across all test sites, lint yields of UA212ne was 8.4 and 13.6% higher than those of DP 393 and UA48, respectively, with higher relative yields on silt loam soils than on clay soils. In the 2016 Regional Breeders' Network Test, UA212ne produced lint yields equal to the highest yielding line at each location. Yields of UA212ne were produced with highly efficient yield components, namely very high values of lint percentage, lint index, fibers per seed, and fiber density. Host plant resistance traits that have been measured on UA212ne include bacterial blight resistance, Verticillium wilt tolerance, and resistance to tarnished plant bug. This combination of host plant resistance and yield components should lead to more stable yield production across contrasting environments. Fiber quality of UA212ne exceeded that of DP 393 but was lower than UA48 and was similar to that of 'UA222'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research works have been in north and south districts of Surkhandaya region, South Uzbekistan in between 2017-2019. Damage to the cotton crop of cotton shredder bug was carried out in special entomologic cages at different times. The experiments were conducted in the Bukhara-102 cotton variety which was planted in 90 cm rows. Special entomologic cages are 120 cm X 120 cm X 120 cm and it puts to 10 cotton plants Adult cotton shredder bugs were placed at 0 (cultivation time of cotton), 10, 30, 50 (early), and 0 (control), 3, 5, and 10 in cultivation late time of the plant. In experiments, the reduction of cotton yield relative to the control was calculated at each decade of the month. According to the results of the study, Creontiades paiiidus increased in the number of cotton during early shading caused the reduction of cotton yield by 62.5, 89.6, 94.8% compared to the control, and by 12.5, 26.9, 34.9%. Creontiades paiiidus is widely multiplied on cotton fields near of the Amu Darya, and in July-August the number ranges from 500 to 1000 insects per 100 plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aims to make use of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV) remote sensing image technology platform to obtain the phenotypic information of field crop height through rapid, non - destructive and high - throughput methods, which is of great significance for the growth monitoring and yield prediction of cotton varieties (lines) . [Method] In this paper, UA V is equipped with high - definition digital camera to form a low - altitude remote sensing platform and low - altitude UAV remote sensing technology was used to obtain regional high - precision remote sensing images for 110 cotton varieties ( lines) in the flowering and boll period planted in the cotton breeding test field base of Xinjiang Agricultural University, Shawan County, Xinjiang, and measured the actual plant height of the ground manually. Firstly, we used the Pix4 D mapper and the high - definition digital image to generate the Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) of the study area. Then, based on DOM and high - definition DSM, the Kriging interpolation method was used to generate the discrete Digital Elevation Model ( DEM) of the study area. The Crop Height Model ( CHM) of the study area was obtained by the difference between the high - definition DSM and the discrete DEM of the study area. Finally, regression analysis was carried out using the measured plant height ( H) of different varieties (lines) and the CHM of the extracted cotton. [Results] The DOM could quickly and non - destructively monitor the growth, leaf color trait differences and distribution of cotton varieties (lines) at the flower - boll stage. According to the DEM and cotton plant height distribution maps extracted by DSM and Kriging interpolation, the overall terrain of the study area was relatively flat, and the height difference was only 0. 5 m. The constructed plant height model R² reached 0. 8469, and the verification model R² also reached 0. 7581, indicating that the drone equipped with a digital camera had a good applicability for cotton plant height measurement. [ Conclusion] The DEM generated by DOM, DSM and Kriging interpolation method generated by UAV images is used to extract cotton plant height (CHM) at flowering stage, which reaches relatively high accuracy. It provides a new research method for large - scale observation of cotton field plant height, which proves that the experimental research method is feasible . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture technique was used to develop a regeneration procedure in local Pakistani cotton varieties. Three cotton varieties Coker 312, CEMB66 and Klean cotton were cultured on MS media supplemented with vitamins and growth regulators. The results showed that the regeneration potential of Coker 312 was higher, CEMB 66 moderate while Klean cotton lacks the cotton regeneration potential. The molecular analysis identified the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase3 (SERK3) gene and its expression analysis confirmed that it plays role for embryo formation through tissue culture. Its low expression resulted in calli to die rather than forming embryos. Therefore, SERK3 gene is considered important for callus induction and its development into primary embryogenic and embryogenic stage. Further investigations will be helpful to understand the mechanism of regeneration potential of cotton through tissue culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgenic (Bt) varieties have improved the control of key insect pests, Helicoverpa spp. (Noctuidae), and reduced pesticide use within Australian cotton crops. Approval to use Bt cotton varieties in Australia required assurance that they would have no significant adverse impact on non‐target invertebrates resident in cotton fields. However, little is known of any influences that Bt cotton might have on non‐target invertebrates, especially beneficial species, found elsewhere in cotton production landscapes. We collected large numbers of Helicoverpa eggs, larvae and pupae in various major crop types in several cotton production regions in eastern Australia over 26 years and reared them to determine parasitoid frequencies. In addition, more limited collections were made on minor crops, exotic weeds and native vegetation (the latter also surveyed in inland Australia). The most common parasitoids found in crops included Trichogramma spp. and Chelonus spp. (for eggs), Microplitis demolitor, Heteropelma scaposum, Chaetophthalmus sp. and Carcelia sp. (for larvae) and H. scaposum and Ichneumon promissorius (for pupae). Larval parasitoid communities on weeds were similar to those found on crops. Greater parasitoid frequencies were often found in eggs, larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa in crops surveyed after the advent of Bt cotton, compared with earlier years. Similar patterns were found for larvae on the common weed, Echium plantagineum, and native daisies (Asteraceae). No negative associations involving parasitoids and the use of Bt cotton were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TKA 9102/3 is a high yielding superior medium staple G.arboreum cotton culture developed at Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti in the year 2017 for winter rainfed vertisol tracts of Tamil Nadu. It is also suitable for low rainfall zone (<250 mm rainfall during cropping season), marginal fertility areas of coastal belt and black cotton soil tracts of Tamil Nadu. TKA 9102/3 is a hybrid derivative of the cross between K 11 and K 9. It has recorded an average seed cotton yield of 193 kg/ha as against the existing variety K 11 (1066 kg/ha). The yield of TKA 9102/3 is 11.9 per cent higher than K 11. TKA 9102/3 recorded moderate boll weight (2.7 g) and superior medium staple fibre quality of 27.7 mm 2.5 % span length and bundle strength of 22.1 g/tex than check K 11 (24.0 mm and 21.4 g/tex). TKA 9102/3 is resistant to leaf hopper and moderately resistant to thrips. It is also tolerant to drought and has recorded the maximum yield potential of 2365 kg kapas per hectare under rainfed condition. Hence, the culture TKA 9102/3 was released as K 12 for the coastal rainfed and black cotton soil areas of Tamil Nadu during 2017 from Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological characterization of 47 tetraploid cotton varieties cultivated in different zones of India was carried out over two seasons. The lay out followed randomized block Design and evaluation was done using 36 DUS descriptors in two replications. The visual characters showed uniform expression within the variety for two consecutive years indicating that they were uniform and stable in expression. Eleven out of 37 traits were monomorphic among the varieties. The remaining 26 characters were used for Principal Component Analysis to find the contribution of traits towards total variability. The PCA identified a total of 10 Components with Eigen values more than 1 contributing to a cumulative 77.74 % variability. The first component (PC1) exhibited maximum variability and highly correlated with traits such as leaf shape and petal spot which are also included in the grouping characters of DUS test guideline. The scatter diagram drawn using first two principle components with highest variability as well as the hierarchical cluster analysis performed using all the ten components distinctly classified genotypes in a consistent manner. The grouping of genotypes was attributed to relatively high contribution from few characters or variables which had high positive loadings, distributed among first two components rather than small contribution from each character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aimed to screen out good cotton varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting in Hami area. [Method]Nine cotton varieties were used as experimen s for two years, and the agronomic traits, dry matter dynamics, leaf area index, quality, yield and yield components of different cotton varieties were discussed and analyzed. [Result] The plant height of each variety was between 73.7 and 94.5 cm, the first fruit node was between 5.14 and 6.80 cm, the highest height at the beginning of the festival was Xinluzhong 55, and the second was Hanfeng 668. The largest number of fruit branches of the Hangfeng 668 was 9.67-10.21. The maximum dry matter quality per plant ranged from 118.5 to 167.7 g, and the growth rate was the fastest of Hanfeng 668, followed by Xinluzhong 55.Leaf area index showed a quadratic parabolic dynamic change, reaching its peak at boll stage, reaching 4.04-4.89. The micronaire value reached grade A of Hanfeng 668 and Xinluzhong 55, which were 4.03 and 4.20 respectively, and the fiber length of each treatment was 26.73-30.57 mm. The highest yield of seed cotton was 538.7 and 548.0 kg/667 m2 in Hanfeng 668, followed by Xinluzhong 55, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments. [Conclusion] Considering all factors, Hanfeng 668 and Xinluzhong50 were the best performance, there were suitable for planting under the machine mining mode in Hami cotton area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important crop worldwide cultivated for natural fiber and vegetable oil purposes. Artificial selection for pyramiding desirable traits in cotton varieties has a great influence on molecular evolution of cotton genome and species. Population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) are two important attributes that shed light on the underlying molecular evolution and genetic diversity of a plant species cultivated in a particular ecological region. In this study, population structure and linkage disequilibrium were assessed among 25 cotton cultivars from two important ecological regions (Central Punjab and South Punjab) in Pakistan. The 25 cultivars were genotyped with 92 primer pairs of simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Population structure was assessed by STRUCTURE 2.0 software. Linkage disequilibrium was assessed by TASSEL 2.1 software. The STRUCTURE analysis revealed three subpopulations. Sixty-six pairs of loci (0.83%) showed a significant LD (P = 0.001, 푟2 > 0.1). At 푟 = 0.001, three LD haplotypic blocks were identified on chr. 11 (A11), 16 (D7), and 23 (D9), indicating that artificial selection has had a strong influence on the molecular evolution of cotton crop in a specific ecological region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton plant contains fruits called capsules or bolls, in which the cotton fiber grows, and after the growth stages, the fibers appear through separating the carpels. This research investigated the required force to pick the cottonseed from four cotton variety (Golestan, Khorshid, Sajedi, and Kashmar) in three levels of moisture (three harvesting times) and three revolutions (1500, 2500 and 3500 rpm). To measure this force, designed and manufactured a device similar to a spindle cotton picker and using the actual needle of John Deere machine 9920. The bolls were tested in different revolution and moisture levels with the device. The results of experiments showed that the cross-effects of variety on speed, harvesting time on variety and harvesting time on speed were significant in picking fibers. Considering the revolution of needle and variety, the most appropriate revolution for the Golestan, Khorshid and Kashmar varieties is 3500rpm, and the most appropriate revolution for Sajedi is 2500 rpm. In addition, the results showed that there is a significant difference in the different harvesting times of the khorshid variety. But, there was no significant difference in Golestan and Sajedi varieties between different harvest times. Kashmar variety showed the strongest force in the first harvesting time and the weakest force in the third harvesting time. However, the minimum picking force was obtained for Golestan variety as 0.399 N at 2500 rpm; in different harvesting times, the khorshid variety had the minimum force (0.251 N) and the Golestan variety had the maximum force (0.891 N) during the first harvesting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information is lacking on sulfur (S) nutrition characteristics of contemporary cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars and their responses to S fertilization in the United States. The objective of this study was to develop S fertilizer recommendations and S sufficiency ranges for contemporary cotton cultivars with high yielding potentials. Sixteen field trials were conducted on cotton across west Tennessee during 2014–2016. Five S application rates of 0, 11.2, 22.4, 33.6, 44.8 kg ha−1 were examined in a randomized complete block design with four replicates at each location-year. Lint yield was significantly increased by 8.5–9.8% with S applications of 11.2, 22.4, 33.6, 44.8 kg ha−1 in the soils with low S. Soil residual S level after harvest was significantly enhanced only at the highest rate of 44.8 kg S ha−1. However, lint yield or soil residual S did not respond to S application in the medium S soils. Leaf S concentrations of 3.9–8.2 g kg−1 at late bloom were needed for 95–100% of the highest yield in the low S soils, which were different from the current S sufficiency range of 3.0–9.0 g kg−1 being used in diagnosing cotton S nutrition. In conclusion, application of 11.2 kg S ha−1 is beneficial and adequate for cotton grown on low S soils. The S sufficiency range at late bloom was narrower for contemporary cotton cultivars than conventional cotton varieties. Sulfur management needs to be more accurate for contemporary cotton cultivars due to their narrower S sufficiency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The composition and intensity of soil phosphorus forms played an important role in improving the phosphorus bio-avail-ahilitv of crop and the utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer. This paper aimed to investigate the possibility and potential of application rate of P fertilizer, which provide a technical support for cotton production system. [ Method]The experiments applied 4 rates of P fertilizer [0 kg/hm2 ( P0) , 75 kg/hm2 ( P75 ) , 150 kg/hm2 ( PI50) , 400 kg/hm2 ( P400) ] were conducted to investigate the content of soil inorganic P in different soil layers during the critical periods of cotton phosphorus nutrition of three cotton cultivars ( XLZ57 , XLZ50, XLZ13). [ Result ] Compared with the control treatment(P0) , the Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Ca10-P, Fe-P, Al-P in seedling stage root layer (0 -20 cm soil layer) under the low P level ( P75) averagely increased by 68.5 % , 42. 0 % , -17.6%, 38. 8 % , 60. 5 % , and in blooming-boiling stage root layer (0 - 20 cm soil layer) averagely increased by 52.8%, 18.8%, -17.7%, 38.3%, 44. 7 % , respectively; Under the proper P level (P150) , in seedling stage averagely increased by 148. 9 % , 88. 1 % , -31.5%, 65. 5 % , 46. 7 % , in blooming-boiling stage averagely increased by 113.7 % , 54.5 % , 29.4 % , 77.6 % , 27. 7 % , respectively; Under the surplus P level (P400), in seedling stage averagely increased by 58. 6 % , 53.4 % , 44.4 % , 105. 8 % , 32. 8 % , in blooming-boiling stage averagely increased by 52. 3 % , 19.3 % , 40. 8 % , 143.8 %, 13.7 %, respectively. Under the different phosphorus conditions, the soil Ca8-P, Ca10-P, Fe-P contents of XLZ50 were higher than that of XLZ57 and XLZ13, the soil Ca2-P and Al-P contents of XLZ57 were higher than that of XLZ50 and XLZ13 in seedling stage, and the soil Ca8-P, Ca10-P contents of XLZ50 were higher than that of other two cotton varieties, the Ca2-P, Fe-P and Al-P contents of XLZ57 were higher than that of other two cotton varieties in blooming-boiling stage. [ Conclusion] Different phosphorus application levels and different genotypes of cotton have different effects on soil inorganic phosphorus accumulation, soil Ca2-P content in the 150 kg P2O5/hm2 treatment was highest, and the soil Ca2-P content of XLZ57 was higher than that of XLZ50 and XLZ13 during the critical periods in the 75-150 kg P2O5/hm2 treatment. Therefore, rational application of phosphorus fertilized (150 kg P2O5/hm2 ) and selecting of cotton varieties( XLZ57) can improve the available phosphorus source in soil, and improve the phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Managing agricultural pests that use multiple host plant species is a challenge when individuals move between host plants in natural vegetation and agricultural environments. The green mirid (Creontiades dilutus) Stål (Hemiptera: Miridae) is endemic to Australia and routinely invades cotton from local uncultivated vegetation, but may also originate from remote locations in the arid continental interior. This bug is polyphagous and highly mobile, which contributes to its pest status in cotton L. (Malvaceae) systems as well as its persistence in arid environments with sparsely distributed ephemeral host plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate how C. dilutus individuals use a variety of host species across remote arid regions and highly managed agricultural landscapes. Structured field surveys spanning vast areas across the Simpson Desert in the arid heart of Australia, as well as subcoastal cotton production systems, were designed to evaluate host use across environments that share few plant species. High numbers of C. dilutus were collected from Cullen australasicum (Schltdl.) J.W.Grimes (Fabaceae) (perennial hosts) and Goodenia cycloptera R.Br. (Goodeniaceae) (ephemeral hosts) in the desert following rain. In agricultural environments, C. dilutus bugs were mostly found on irrigated Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) (lucerne), and to a lesser extent Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Fabaceae) near rivers. Significantly, bugs were on these plants prior to the planting of cotton across all environments surveyed. These data allow inferences relating host use, host abundance, and insect migration to one another to understand the connection that C. dilutus bugs have between arid and agricultural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review was to summarize the results obtained in Bulgaria and other countries on the impact of mineral fertilization on cotton yield. All authors confirm that a signifi cant increase in seed-cotton yield was achieved by both using new varieties and through optimal fertilization. Nitrogen as a nutrient is of great importance for cotton productivity. Nitrogen fertilization leads to stronger increase in leaf area, dry matter accumulation, boll size and number of bolls. Accumulated nitrogen mainly depends on formed dry matter. At low nitrogen rates yield increased at higher phosphorus level. Suppressant effect of high nitrogen rates on growth and development is emphasized in richer soil and under excessive moisture when maturity is delayed. A number of authors have found genotypic specificity of cotton yield as dependent on fertilization rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verticillium dahliae causes disease symptoms in its host plants; however, due to its rapid variability, V. dahliae is difficult to control. To analyze the reason for this pathogenic differentiation, 22 V. dahliae strains with different virulence were isolated from a cotton farm. The genetic diversity of cotton varieties make cotton cultivars have different Verticillium wilt resistance, so the Xinluzao 7 (susceptible to V. dahliae), Zhongmian 35 (tolerant), and Xinluzao 33 (resistant) were used to investigate the pathogenicity of the strains in a green house. Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) assays, Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) PCR, and pathogenicity analysis showed that SHZ-4, SHZ-5, and SHZ-9 had close kinship and significantly different pathogenicity. Transcriptome sequencing of the three strains identified 19 of 146 unigenes in SHZ-4_vs_ SHZ-5, SHZ-5_vs_ SHZ-9, and SHZ-4_vs_ SHZ-9. In these unigenes, three proteinase and four polysaccharide degrading hydrolases were found to be associated with the pathogenicity. However, due to a number of differentially expressed genes in the transport, these unigenes not only played a role in nutrition absorption but might also contribute to the resistance of sugar-induced hyperosmosis. Moreover, the tolerance ability was positively related to the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. This resistance to sugar-induced hyperosmosis might help V. dahliae to access the nutrition of the host. The pathogenicity of V. dahliae correlated with the resistance of sugar-induced-hyperosmosis, which provides clues for the cultivation of V. dahliae resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcription factors (TFs) and transcriptional regulators are important switches in transcriptional networks. In recent years, the transcriptional regulator TIE1 (TCP interactor containing EAR motif protein 1) was identified as a nuclear transcriptional repressor which regulates leaf development and controls branch development. However, the function and regulatory network of GhTIE1 has not been studied in cotton. Here, we demonstrated that GhTIE1 is functionally conserved in controlling shoot branching in cotton and Arabidopsis. Overexpression of GhTIE1 in Arabidopsis leads to higher bud vigor and more branches, while silencing GhTIE1 in cotton reduced bud activity and increased branching inhibition. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed that GhTIE1 directly interacted with subclass II TCPs (GhBRC1, GhBRC2, and GhTCP13) in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of GhBRC1 , GhBRC2 , and GhTCP13 in mutant brc1 -2 partially rescued the mutant phenotype and decreased the number of branches, showing that these TCPs are functionally redundant in controlling branching. A transient dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that GhTIE1 repressed the protein activity of GhBRC1 and GhTCP13, and thereby decreased the expression of their target gene GhHB21. Gene expression level analysis in GhTIE1 -overexpressed and silenced plants also proved that GhTIE1 regulated shoot branching via repressing the activity of BRC1 , HB21 , HB40 , and HB53. Our data reveals that shoot branching can be controlled via modulation of the activity of the TIE1 and TCP proteins and provides a theoretical basis for cultivating cotton varieties with ideal plant types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]